Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The International Hi...arrow_drop_down
image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
The International History Review
Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY NC ND
Data sources: Crossref
image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
versions View all 3 versions
addClaim

This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

You have already added 0 works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.

The Rise of the Cultural Treaty: Diplomatic Agreements and the International Politics of Culture in the Age of Three Worlds

Authors: Benjamin G. Martin;

The Rise of the Cultural Treaty: Diplomatic Agreements and the International Politics of Culture in the Age of Three Worlds

Abstract

Beginning in the late 1950s, observers noted that states around the world were entering into cultural treaties—bilateral agreements promoting exchange and cooperation in a range of ‘cultural’ fields—at an accelerating rate. This article combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to offer an international overview of the growth in cultural treaty-making as a means of exploring the role of ‘culture’ in the conduct of interstate relations during the age of the Cold War and decolonization. The article first reconstructs the international history of how ‘cultural agreements’ were defined, and on that basis proposes a historically accurate way of categorizing them. Applying this categorization to data from the electronic World Treaty Index, it then presents a descriptive statistical analysis of how often, when, and by which states cultural agreements were signed between 1935 and 1980, identifying six major trends. The article concludes with a discussion of how to account, at the level of the international system, for these trends, suggesting that the mid-century rise of the cultural treaty reflected a distinctive historical conjuncture in which the statist and cultural-nationalist implications of such agreements made them seem a valuable diplomatic tool for certain states—to a degree not seen before or since.

Country
Sweden
Related Organizations
Keywords

treaties, Cultural Studies, History, cultural agreements, Sociology and Political Science, Cold War, Cultural diplomacy, decolonization, Historia

84 references, page 1 of 9

1. UNESCO, Index of Cultural Agreements (Paris: UNESCO, 1962), 7.

2. UNESCO General Conference Third Session (Beirut, 1948), resolution 6.91; Fourth Session (Paris, 1949), resolution 6.91-6.911.

3. UNESCO General Conference, Fifth Session (Florence, 1950), resolution 34.2-34.22. These steps are narrated in UNESCO General Conference, Sixth Session, 'Report by the Director-General on Measures Taken by the Secretariat with a View to Collection, Publication and Analysis of Cultural Agreements at Present in Force (6C/ PRG/19)', May 7, 1951, 224272, UNESCO Digital Archive.

4. UNESCO, Recueil des accords culturels / Collection of Cultural Agreements (Paris: UNESCO, 1951).

5. UNESCO, Index. The official resolution of UNESCO's General Conference calling on the Director-General to oversee the preparation of an Index of Cultural Agreements is Resolution 6.12 (1960), in Records of the General Conference, 11th session, Paris, 1960: Resolutions (Paris, 1961), 63, available online at: https://unesdoc.unesco. org/ark:/48223/pf0000114583. See also 'Note on Unesco's collection of cultural agreements' in UNESCO, UNESCO Handbook of International Exchanges, vol. 2 (Paris: UNESCO, 1967), 68-71.

6. The Cuba-USSR cultural agreement (12 Dec. 1960) is published in United Nations Treaty Series (henceforth UNTS), vol. 421, 3. The Cuban-Soviet joint communique (19 Dec. 1960) is published in English translation in United States Department of State, The Castro Regime in Cuba (Washington, DC: Department of State, 1961), Annex A.

7. India-USSR (12 Feb. 1960): UNTS, vol. 392, 153. Indonesia-USSR (28 Feb. 1960): UNTS, vol. 392, 191.

8. The others were with Egypt (13 Jan.), the People's Republic of China (23 July), North Korea (29 Aug.), Guinea (15 Oct.), Romania (28 Oct.), North Vietnam (2 Dec.) and Czechoslovakia (22 Dec.). Cultural agreements with Albania, Poland, East Germany and Hungary followed in the first half of 1961.

9. Brazil-Mexico (20 Jan. 1960): UNTS, vol. 789, 211. Argentina-Mexico (26 Jan.): UNTS vol. 635, 79. Mexico-Chile (28 January 1960): UNTS, vol. 1364, 103.

10. India-Yugoslavia (11 March 1960): https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/LegalTreatiesDoc/YU60B1387.pdf. Yugoslavia signed cultural agreements in 1960 also with Poland (15 Feb.), Greece (1 March), Mexico (26 March) and Italy (3 Dec.).

  • BIP!
    Impact byBIP!
    citations
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    3
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
  • citations
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    3
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
    Powered byBIP!BIP!
Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
3
Top 10%
Average
Average
hybrid
Related to Research communities
Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage