You have already added 0 works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
You have already added 0 works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=undefined&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
The Rise of the Cultural Treaty: Diplomatic Agreements and the International Politics of Culture in the Age of Three Worlds
The Rise of the Cultural Treaty: Diplomatic Agreements and the International Politics of Culture in the Age of Three Worlds
Beginning in the late 1950s, observers noted that states around the world were entering into cultural treaties—bilateral agreements promoting exchange and cooperation in a range of ‘cultural’ fields—at an accelerating rate. This article combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to offer an international overview of the growth in cultural treaty-making as a means of exploring the role of ‘culture’ in the conduct of interstate relations during the age of the Cold War and decolonization. The article first reconstructs the international history of how ‘cultural agreements’ were defined, and on that basis proposes a historically accurate way of categorizing them. Applying this categorization to data from the electronic World Treaty Index, it then presents a descriptive statistical analysis of how often, when, and by which states cultural agreements were signed between 1935 and 1980, identifying six major trends. The article concludes with a discussion of how to account, at the level of the international system, for these trends, suggesting that the mid-century rise of the cultural treaty reflected a distinctive historical conjuncture in which the statist and cultural-nationalist implications of such agreements made them seem a valuable diplomatic tool for certain states—to a degree not seen before or since.
- Uppsala University Sweden
treaties, Cultural Studies, History, cultural agreements, Sociology and Political Science, Cold War, Cultural diplomacy, decolonization, Historia
treaties, Cultural Studies, History, cultural agreements, Sociology and Political Science, Cold War, Cultural diplomacy, decolonization, Historia
84 references, page 1 of 9
1. UNESCO, Index of Cultural Agreements (Paris: UNESCO, 1962), 7.
2. UNESCO General Conference Third Session (Beirut, 1948), resolution 6.91; Fourth Session (Paris, 1949), resolution 6.91-6.911.
3. UNESCO General Conference, Fifth Session (Florence, 1950), resolution 34.2-34.22. These steps are narrated in UNESCO General Conference, Sixth Session, 'Report by the Director-General on Measures Taken by the Secretariat with a View to Collection, Publication and Analysis of Cultural Agreements at Present in Force (6C/ PRG/19)', May 7, 1951, 224272, UNESCO Digital Archive.
4. UNESCO, Recueil des accords culturels / Collection of Cultural Agreements (Paris: UNESCO, 1951).
5. UNESCO, Index. The official resolution of UNESCO's General Conference calling on the Director-General to oversee the preparation of an Index of Cultural Agreements is Resolution 6.12 (1960), in Records of the General Conference, 11th session, Paris, 1960: Resolutions (Paris, 1961), 63, available online at: https://unesdoc.unesco. org/ark:/48223/pf0000114583. See also 'Note on Unesco's collection of cultural agreements' in UNESCO, UNESCO Handbook of International Exchanges, vol. 2 (Paris: UNESCO, 1967), 68-71.
6. The Cuba-USSR cultural agreement (12 Dec. 1960) is published in United Nations Treaty Series (henceforth UNTS), vol. 421, 3. The Cuban-Soviet joint communique (19 Dec. 1960) is published in English translation in United States Department of State, The Castro Regime in Cuba (Washington, DC: Department of State, 1961), Annex A.
7. India-USSR (12 Feb. 1960): UNTS, vol. 392, 153. Indonesia-USSR (28 Feb. 1960): UNTS, vol. 392, 191.
8. The others were with Egypt (13 Jan.), the People's Republic of China (23 July), North Korea (29 Aug.), Guinea (15 Oct.), Romania (28 Oct.), North Vietnam (2 Dec.) and Czechoslovakia (22 Dec.). Cultural agreements with Albania, Poland, East Germany and Hungary followed in the first half of 1961.
9. Brazil-Mexico (20 Jan. 1960): UNTS, vol. 789, 211. Argentina-Mexico (26 Jan.): UNTS vol. 635, 79. Mexico-Chile (28 January 1960): UNTS, vol. 1364, 103.
10. India-Yugoslavia (11 March 1960): https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/LegalTreatiesDoc/YU60B1387.pdf. Yugoslavia signed cultural agreements in 1960 also with Poland (15 Feb.), Greece (1 March), Mexico (26 March) and Italy (3 Dec.).
citations This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).3 popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.Top 10% influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).Average impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.Average citations This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).3 popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.Top 10% influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).Average impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.Average Powered byBIP!