In the course of several decades at the Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad, fundamental studies in the field of neurosciences were of great importance and continually up-to-date with global scientific achievements. These studies were applied by using the stereotactic method, single unit recording and electroencephalography. Laboratory of Neurophysiology was established in 1965 and since 1978 microelectrode and microiontophoretic techniques important for the registration and analysis of the activity of individual neurons were fully developed. Under the great influence of Russian neurophysiological school (P.K. Anokhin, K.V. Sudakov) the emphasis was on the study of the theory of Anokhin’s functional systems. Recently, epilepsy, brain ischemia and the influence of different medications, auxiliary medicinal products and physical agents (electromagnetic radiation) on central nervous system, behaviour, learning and investigated pathological conditions have been studied. Scientific collaboration with renowned institutions in the country and abroad was established, numerous scientific projects were relized, expert international meetings were organized and numerous significant studies were published. These results have often been the basis for further clinical investigations and the improvement of preventive or curative treatment of patients. Researchers from the Laboratory participated in the education of new generations of neurophysiologists encouraging their scientific curiosity and love for fascinating mechanisms of nervous system functioning.