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O artigo procura investigar um tema pouco explorado na historiografia brasileira: o associativismo negro no Rio de Janeiro no contexto da Primeira República. A partir de um amplo levantamento em fontes jornalísticas, foi possível reconstituir, ainda que em breves apontamentos, a trajetória de várias agremiações fundadas por negros e dedicadas às lutas e mobilizações pelos direitos - civis, políticos e sociais - desse segmento populacional.

Descriptions in Northern Sotho textbooks of past tense formation and the many alternations of the past tense suffix have traditionally been based on the phonological environment to which * -ile is affixed. Explanations were never offered as to why, within the same phonological environment, the past tense suffix could realise different past tense forms. The realisation of more than one form in similar phonological environments has been interpreted as exceptions. Following on the valuable contribution of Bastin (1983), this article illustrates how, when affixed to similar vowel-consonant phonological environments constituted by simple stem material versus an extension occurring in a stem, the past tense suffix in Northern Sotho reacts differently. This is seen as indicating that simple verb stems and extended verb stems were historically treated differently during past tense formation. Although the boundaries between the two strategies that were followed have become blurred due to analogy and lexicalisation, there is ample language data to support this notion. The research reflected in this article was aimed at building a lexical transducer for the formation of Northern Sotho past tense verbs and serves to augment rather inadequate existing grammatical descriptions of past tense formation. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 2008, 26(2): 217–234

Gottfried Wilhelm Osann (1796–1866) was a German scientist most renowned for his work in chemistry and physics. However, inspired by Goethe’s work on color, he published a paper on simultaneous color contrast in 1833 using a method that is similar to that of later authors: reflection of an achromatic spot from an angled piece of glass. He wrote at least four more papers on color contrasts, in 1836 using essentially the same method as credited to others. We provide a description and translation of Osann’s 1833 paper and the relevant part of his 1836 paper, say why these papers are interesting and important, give some biographical information about Osann, comment on the fate of Osann’s papers, and describe Osann’s other papers on color.

While Dhammaloka's very public career as ‘the Irish Pongyi’ (monk) c.1900–1911 was played out mainly in Burma, he also travelled extensively in other parts of Asia. There is independent evidence of his visit to Tokyo in the autumn of 1902, from which he emerged a ‘Lord Abbot’, and some information on his several months in Bangkok in 1903. Dhammaloka's activities in Singapore, where in 1903–1904 he successfully established a Buddhist Mission and free school can also be documented. Other reports, still uncorroborated, place Dhammaloka at various times in Penang, Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Hong Kong, Ceylon, India, Nepal and—far less convincingly—in Lhasa and Melbourne. In this paper I review Dhammaloka's activities in three very different socio-religious contexts: Japan, Siam and Singapore, between 1902 and 1905. Japan in 1902 was an autonomous, emerging modern imperial power; Singapore was an entrepot British trading colony; and Siam was guarding its independence as an Asian Buddhist kingdom. Unlike in the West, ...

The aim of much linguistic research is to determine the grammar and the lexicon of a certain language L. The spoken variant of L – in so far as it is considered at all – is generally taken to be just another projection of the same grammar and lexicon. We suspect that this assumption may be wrong. Our suspicion derives from our contrastive analyses of four corpora, two Swedish and two Danish (covering spoken as well as written language), suggesting that – in the dimensions of frequency distribution, word type selection, and distribution over parts of speech – the mode of communication (spoken versus written) is much more significant as a determining factor than even the choice of language (Swedish versus Danish).

Abstract This essay is a “post-review,” that is, it surveys some forty book notes, reviews, and comments on Robert Bellah’s Religion in Human Evolution (2011). Because of its unusual breadth in scope the book has received praise as a magnum opus. Main issues of critical contention include the work’s minimal engagement with other evolutionary approaches in the study of religion\s, the relevance of its evolutionary perspective for the chapters on the Axial Age, and the concept of the Axial Age.

This study investigates task-related variation in learner performance in a computer-assisted language learning (CALL) environment. For our study, we collected data from 15 beginner and then intermediate second language (L2) learners of German who worked on 3 distinct activity types over 16 months: free composition, translation, and sentence building. Study results reveal that grammatical accuracy with respect to German word order was significantly higher with the meaning-focused task type (i.e., free composition) for both the beginner and intermediate levels. Moreover, proficiency level also had a significant effect on L2 word order accuracy: Beginner students performed significantly better than intermediate learners on the two form-focused task types (i.e., translation and sentence building). With the ultimate goal of understanding learner performance as it relates to different task types and success in CALL, this article provides possible explanations of these study results and suggests areas for future development of task design in CALL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]