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The following study serves to develop consciousness about the smaller, not very well-known,emigration from the two southern Swedish cities of Växjö and Kalmar, which are situated inthe province of Småland, to Germany between 1865 and 1914. By using the digital archive ofEmiWeb, the gender, age and marital status of the emigrants have been analyzed and theyhave been categorized into three different social classes depending on the title or occupationthey had at the time of emigration. Furthermore, the results of the research of the two citieshave been compared with each other which resulted in a lot of similarities between the citieswhere the greatest part of the emigrants were between the ages of 20 and 29, unmarried, andpart of the working class. Overall, every age group was represented which also includedindividuals over the age of 50 and children between the ages of 0 and 9. Members of themiddle class and bourgeoisie were also present but to a lesser extent. Concerning the gender among the emigrants, the results of this study show that the proportion of women is greaterthan that of men, foremost in the first of the five periods in which this study is divided. Altogether this study provides a deeper insight and understanding of which people emigratedto Germany. However, the number of unregistered emigrants hinders the capacity to present areliable and comprehensive generalization about them.

The way in which humanity’s past is categorized has a considerable impact on people’s perceptions of history. Hence, it is crucial for history professors to reflect on and be aware of how various periodizations may affect their teaching. This paper comprises an overview of research concerning periodization and its potential influence on history teaching. Our aspiration is that professional educators will greatly benefit from the information presented. The majority of the research has been found by utilizing the databases ERC, ERIC and SwePub. Remaining material have either been introduced to us during previous courses at Malmö University or been encountered as cited sources in previously chosen research articles. All relevant information has been utilized in the construction of this overview, and there has been no valuation regarding researchers’ potential standpoints on the matter. Our investigation has made visible that periodizations, regardless of their design, tend to be exclusionary and misleading. The eurocentric periodization in particular has been repeatedly criticized by historians due to its evident glorification of the Occident. The eurocentrism frequently tied to periodization often impinges on history teaching materials; something which is bound to affect pupils’ perceptions of the past. In an increasingly globalized world,diverse ideas of history have come to collide in heterogeneous classrooms. Therefore, it is imperative for teachers to discuss various understandings of bygone days with their students. In spite of its apparent flaws, research indicates that periodization is a necessity after all. The division of the past into manageable chunks constitutes a vital foundation most requisite for pupils’ learning. Surprisingly, a deficient amount of research has been conducted regarding periodization and its relation to history teaching. Needless to say, the subject deserves further recognition, as periodization is a historiographical tool used almost everywhere. 

This study aims to analyze the motif of Julia Margaret Cameron’s photograph The Rosebud Garden of Girls from 1868 regarding its literary sources, codes and how the women are depicted. The purpose is to find out whether the photograph romanticize or challenge the Victorian conventions. The applied method is Erwin Panofskys iconographical and iconological analysis methods. The theoretical framework consists of art historian Griselda Pollocks report regarding private and public spheres and how women and men are divided between these. Art historian Leena-Maija Rossi’s reasoning concerning female masquerade has also contributed a theoretical basis. The result shows a paradoxical picture of the Victorian view on women and how this is reflected in The Rosebud Garden of Girls. 

In this learning materials analysis I will be going through the following Swedish curriculums, lgy70, lpf94 and lgy70 and at least two textbooks from each curriculum. The purpose of this essay is to find out if there has been any changes in the textual content regarding colonialization in the Swedish textbooks in the subject of history at Swedish high school´s. This is based on a postcolonial theory. It will be carrried out with the help of the postcolonial theorist Edward Said, and his concepts of "we" and "them" will be important. In this essay I have analyzed teaching materials in the subject of history, while using qualitative methods. Conclusions have been made about how the number of pages devoted to colonialism changed over time, from having been the highest during lgy70 to decrasing during lpf94, then increasing again during lgy11. This work has also counted the number of times that diffrent countries/areas are being mentioned in the teaching materials in order to get answers about which countries/areas have been given the most amount of space, where you can see that Africa, Europe and Great Britain are generally mentioned the most number of times. By using my text analzysis, I have also been able to receive answers about how colonialism has changed in the Swedish teaching materials over time. It can be seen that depending on how clearly the curriculums considers colonialism/imperialism to be included reflects into the content of the textbooks.

During the 9th and 10th centuries large amounts of Islamic coins arrived in Scandinavia. Most of them were used as silver in a bullion-economy and were often fragmented because of this. However, their use was not limited to only economic purposes because we see large amounts of pendants made of these coins. By suspending a coin with a loop or only a hole you transform it into something completely different, something that has a new meaning. This new meaning is the focus of this thesis and by analysing graves where Islamic coin pendants were deposited, we can conclude how they were thought of and used. In this thesis I conclude that Islamic coin-pendants were used as status objects during the Viking-age, by both elite and non-elite people in Uppland. The Islamic inscriptions on the coins were most likely not understood and probably only seen as symbols and patterns similarly to other European coin-pendants.

The paper reports an historical-archaeological study of a place in Stockholm’s Old Town that has been associated with German immigrants since the 12th century. Today’s Juno Quarter was once the site of a hall that hosted the ceremonies and feast-day celebrations of the Saint Gertrud guild. Historical sources say it was the largest of some 20 guildhouses in medieval Stockholm, yet nothing is known about its size and shape, or whether and how it was incorporated into the chapel built on the site in 1580 or the church that stands there today, built in 1682. Drawing on the ideas and techniques of buildings archaeology, the undercroft is analysed with the aim of situating the place of the guildhouse in the space of medieval Stockholm, at the crossroads between royal power (it lay down the hill from the castle), clerical power (it was in the shadow of the Blackfriars monastery, dismantled after the Reformation) and commercial power (it would have overlooked the harbour where the Baltic Sea met Lake Mälaren, on which iron ore was transported from the north, bound for the continent). With the use of analogies, the place that the Stockholm Germans made for themselves is situated in the larger context of a medieval Europe undergoing dynamic urbanisation, and the rise of a cosmopolitan mercantile class.

Toxic language on the internet and what is often referred to in everyday terms as cyberbullying includes insults, threats and offensive language. Toxic language is particularly noticeable on social media. It is possible to detect toxic language on the internet with the help of machine learning in the form of, among other things, Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, which automatically recognize typical characteristics of toxic language. Previous Swedish research has investigated the presence of toxic language on social media using machine learning, but there is still a lack of research on the increasingly popular platform TikTok. Through the study, the authors intend to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of toxic comments on TikTok using both a machine learning technique and manual methods. The study is meant to provide a better understanding of what young people encounter in the comments on TikTok. The study applies a mixed method in a document survey of 69 895 comments. Hatescan was used to automatically classify the likelihood of toxic language appearing in the comments. Based on this probability, a section of the comments could be sampled and manually analysed using theory, leading to both quantitative and qualitative findings. The results of the study showed that the prevalence of toxic language was relatively small, with 0.24% of 69 895 comments considered toxic based on an automatic and manual analysis. The type of toxic language that occurred the most in the study was shown to be obscene language, the majority of which contained swear words. Toxiskt språk på internet och det som ofta i vardagliga termer benämns som näthat innefattar kränkningar, hot och stötande språk. Toxiskt språk är särskilt märkbart på sociala medier. Det går att upptäcka toxiskt språk på internet med hjälp av maskininlärning som automatiskt känner igen typiska särdrag för toxiskt språk. Tidigare svensk forskning har undersökt förekomsten av toxiskt språk på sociala medier med hjälp av maskininlärning, men det saknas fortfarande forskning på den allt mer populära plattformen TikTok. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka förekomsten och särdragen av toxiska kommentarer på TikTok med hjälp av maskininlärning och manuella metoder. Studien är menad att ge en bättre förståelse för vad unga möts av i kommentarerna på TikTok. Studien applicerar en mixad metod i en dokumentundersökning av 69 895 kommentarer. Maskininlärningsmodellen Hatescan användes för att automatiskt klassificera sannolikheten att toxiskt språk förekommer i kommentarerna. Utifrån denna sannolikhet analyserades ett urval av kommentarerna manuellt, vilket ledde till både kvantitativa och kvalitativa fynd. Resultatet av studien visade att omfattningen av toxiskt språk var relativt liten, där 0,24% av 69 895 kommentarer ansågs vara toxiska enligt en både automatiserad och manuell bedömning. Den typ av toxiskt språk som mest förekom i undersökningen visades vara obscent språk, som till majoriteten innehöll svordomar.

The purpose of the study is to present a valid definition of how the struggle against the Cathars was portrayed in papal propaganda between 1179-1236. This is seen as important because of the contradictory state of research and deserves an answer. One line in the research field claims it was a genocide, another claims it was not and another line claims that the whole idea of a genocide definition in this struggle is anachronistic. This study seeks to explore how this struggle against the Cathars could be explained in its time as well as an explanation for our time. The results shows that the main goal was to defend the Church and its unity, one sub goal was to convert and to offer opportunities for renunciation, and another sub goal was annihilation. The sources admit that both an eradication of the view if self and of the collective group were a general line. The Cathars could make an apology, if they did they escaped death. The study claims it was not a genocide because of this. But an intention was eradication. This is seen as a tenable historical definition. It´s an example of religious persecution in it´s most violent form. The study further claims that the organization and planning were systematic in order to accomplish the goals. There are some aspects of these results that indicate that new knowledge has been presented. The society was characterized by religious intolerance, the actions of the papacy must be seen in this context.

The purpose with this essay has been to analyze and discuss how Nils Quensel in conjunction with the Kejne-affair was portrayed in Swedish newspaper articles during the 1950’s, and also to show how the heteronorm is expressed in the articles' portrayals of Quensel. The essay has used a qualitative text analysis as a method. The essay is also based on queer theory with a focus on the concept of heteronormativity. The essay's questions dealt with how Quensel is portrayed in the newspapers and how the heteronorm is expressed. The second question was about how the papers differ in how they have written about Quensel. This essay has shown that there are differences and also similarities when it comes to how a person can be portrayed in newspapers with different political orientations, and also how big a role the media, in this case the Swedish press, play and have played in society. Generalizations are made based on how a newspaper chooses to portray a person and which also affects the public and society's norms, which in turn affects how people see themselves and others. This essay has also shown the importance of source criticism as the essay is a living example of how false accusations can have major consequences not only for the affected person but also for other people in the society. Telling and teaching younger children early how the media works and what consequences the media can have on people is therefore of great relevance.