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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Charleux, Isabelle;

    A partir de quelques exemples précis, nous poserons dans cet article la question du statut de l'artiste et de l'artisan dans la société mongole ancienne, et de leur adaptation à la demande l'icônes et d'objets bouddhiques. Nous soulèverons enfin la question de la part des artisans chinois dans une production religieuse contrainte par l'iconométrie tibétaine, et donc de l'existence d'un art religieux proprement mongol. La réintroduction du bouddhisme en Mongolie au XVIe siècle et la croissance rapide de l'institution religieuse entraîna une demande nouvelle en statuaire, peinture, architecture et objets de culte. Dans un premier temps, les icônes étaient offertes par les monastères tibétains et la cour chinoise, tandis que l'on employait les Chinois qualifiés vivant en territoire mongol à la construction et à la décoration de temples. Des ateliers de peinture et de sculpture mongole apparaissent, sans doute formés par les Chinois et des Tibétains, tandis que les moines eux-mêmes apprenaient dans leur cursus religieux des notions de peinture et d'architecture. Certains devinrent des artistes célèbres et totalement polyvalents en peinture, et sculpture comme en construction de temples et de stûpa, tel le célèbre Zanabazar. D'autres, s'ils n'étaient pas artistes, étaient capables de diriger des chantiers et de passer des commandes en vérifiant le respect strict de l'iconométrie bouddhique.La peinture et la statuaire en bois, en pierre, en terre et en papier-mâché était généralement une production locale : des moines formés à la peinture décoraient les murs et réalisaient des thangkas, et l'on commandait à des orfèvres mongols, souvent itinérants à l'intérieur des bannières, la vaisselle et les objets rituels. Ces artisans vivaient principalement de leurs troupeaux et recevaient des dons de nourriture en échange de leurs œuvres, l'art étant traditionnellement une activité domestique d'appoint pratiquée à la commande.Les sources révèlent que les nombreux charpentiers et menuisiers itinérants, ainsi que nombre d'orfèvres, forgerons et peintres étaient chinois. Ces artisans semblent avoir été particulièrement nombreux en Mongolie-Intérieure, et sont peut être les auteurs des grandes peintures murales de style sinisant réalisées dans une dizaine de temples de Höhhot et de la région au XVIIe siècle. La demande croissante de la part des monastères, mais aussi des particuliers, moines et laïcs, en icônes pour leurs autels, dut inciter les artisans chinois à se tourner vers ce nouveau marché en pleine expansion. La concurrence des œuvres fabriquées par les artisans chinois a-t-elle fait décliner une production domestique ? Par ailleurs, la grande statuaire en cuivre et en bronze exige un haut degré de spécialisation et la participation de nombreux artisans, et s'accommode mal avec le nomadisme pastoral. Dès le XVIIe siècle apparaissent des ateliers organisés en corporations dans les villes de Höhhot et de Dolonnor, fondés par des Chinois venant souvent du Shanxi. Rapidement leur production s'exporte dans toute la Mongolie, la Bouriatie et même la Chine et le Tibet, concurrençant les grands ateliers de Pékin. La statuaire fait ainsi l'objet de commerce et d'échange dans toute l'aire d'influence tibétaine. Du XVIIIe au début du XXe siècle, Dolonnor reste le principal centre de production et d'exportation, tandis que se forment des écoles plus locales, comme celle d'Ourga à la fin du XIXe siècle. A l'exception des peintures murales, le corpus d'œuvres mongoles conservées dans les monastères et les musées est hétéroclite en raison de la grande mobilité des œuvres : les statues fabriquées au Tibet y côtoient des pièces venant de Chine et de toute la Mongolie, si bien qu'il est difficile d'établir une typologie de cet art généralement qualifié de “ sino-tibétain ”. May we speak of Mongol art?Mongol images and monasteries from the 16th to the early 20th centuryIsabelle CharleuxThis paper addresses the twin issues of the status and the “nationality” of artists and artisans in traditional Mongol society, especially in the religious sphere. In particular, it examines the role of foreign artisans in the religious production, and therefore raises the question of the very existence of a purely Mongol religious art.The 16th century Buddhist revival and the subsequent rapid growth of the Mongol religious institution created a new demand for temples, images, paintings, and other religious paraphernalia. At first, images were offered by Tibetan monasteries and the Chinese court to the Mongols; at the same time Chinese immigrants built temples and palaces at the Southern Mongol princely courts. Subsequently, painting and sculpture workshops developed in Mongolia, and the monks themselves learnt painting and architecture in Buddhist academies. Some of them, such as Zanabazar, became famous polyvalent artists. Other were not artists but nonetheless managed artistic production by commissioning works and supervising artists in the strict respect of Tibetan iconometry. But, besides the Mongols progressive rise in the process of artistic production, there also existed differences in status between different productions. Painting, wooden, clay and papier-mâché statues were locally made by monks or lay artists, while bronze statues were made in professional workshops or by itinerant craftsmen. Chinese craftsmen, especially metalworkers and carpenters, but also painters, were numerous in Southern Mongolia. The growing demand in construction, statues and ritual objects attracted craftsmen from Northern China. At first, they were itinerant, and later they settled near monasteries. The production of large copper and bronze statuary, which requires a high degree of specialisation and the participation of numerous artisans, was not really suited to pastoral nomadism. Workshops organised in corporations developed during the 17th century. Mongols were first numerous in this art, but Chinese craftsmen replaced them in the 18th and 19th centuries. The famous workshops of Dolonnor and Beijing exported large bronze images to Mongolia, Buriatia, China and Tibet. Kökeqota and Urga had a more local production. Buddhist statuary was therefore the object of trade and exchange in all the Tibetan Buddhist world. Did the competition of Chinese craftsmen in the 18th and 19th centuries contribute to the decline of domestic production? May religious art objects produced by Chinese artisans for their Mongol patrons be considered Mongol?

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    Other literature type . 2008
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      Other literature type . 2008
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    Authors: Praquin, Nicolas;

    La thèse s’articule en deux parties distinctes. Le découpage est thématique et non chronologique. La recherche s’inscrit majoritairement dans les courants et traditions de recherche visant à explorer la fonction représentative de la comptabilité.La première partie s’intéresse à la protection du créancier « type », représentant symbolique de l’intérêt général, de l’épargne et des « tiers » ; elle vise à montrer comment la comptabilité est progressivement devenue un enjeu social lorsqu’il a été décidé de substituer à la responsabilité personnelle illimitée des associés la seule garantie en capital des apports ; la nécessité de protéger l’intérêt général contre certaines pratiques jugées abusives contraint les tribunaux à rendre des décisions qui modèlent partiellement la comptabilité.Dans ce cadre judiciaire et législatif, trois formes d’acteurs principaux s’affrontent ou coopèrent ; premièrement, les affairistes et leur conception de la comptabilité tournée vers une anticipation du résultat et une dissimulation de leurs méthodes comptables ; deuxièmement, les juges et leurs décisions qui doivent déterminer, entre anachronisme naissant et modernisme excessif, les pratiques comptables qu’ils jugent les plus adaptées à l’intérêt général ; troisièmement, le corps législatif, auquel peuvent appartenir des membres de la première catégorie, qui oscille entre la défense d’intérêts catégoriels et la prise en compte de l’intérêt général. A ceux-là s’ajoutent les commentateurs, principalement des jurisconsultes, mais également des praticiens comptables.Dans cette première partie, la comptabilité s’inscrit bien souvent en creux des pratiques et des discours ; elle se dévoile subrepticement, par touches successives. Elle est rarement au cœur des intentions ; elle semble plutôt constituer un passage obligé pour des acteurs sociaux, soit peu soucieux de faire état de procédés précieusement dissimulés, soit peu enclin à s’y intéresser car jugée trop technique ou trop éloignée de leurs préoccupations ou de leurs champs de compétence. La comptabilité apparaît alors comme un objet de légitimation sociale : légitimation de décisions jurisprudentielles puisque son interprétation détermine l’orientation de l’arrêt de la Cour ; légitimation politique, lorsqu’il s’agit de justifier l’abandon de la responsabilité illimitée personnelle, une réduction du rôle des commissaires de surveillance ou de ne pas communiquer les comptes aux assemblées d’obligataires. Ces problématiques sont articulées en trois chapitres distincts.La seconde partie cherche à comprendre la façon dont les créanciers individuels – obligataires, banques, Etat – se sont – ou ne se sont pas – emparés de la comptabilité pour protéger leurs intérêts spécifiques ; la comptabilité devient ici un mode opératoire de protection dans le jeu transactionnel entre les parties prenantes de l’entreprise ; la capacité à agir des créanciers et à transformer l’objet comptable est alors déterminante. The thesis is divided into two distinct parts. The division is thematic and not chronological. This research is mainly set in the traditions of research that aim to explore the representative functions of accounting.The first part focuses on the protection of the "typical" creditor, symbolic representation of the general interest, savings and "related parties"; it aims to show how accounting has gradually become a social issue when it was decided to replace the unlimited personal liability of the partners with the only guarantee of the capital; the need to protect the public interest against certain practices deemed abusive forces the courts to make decisions that partially shaped accounting.In this judicial and legislative framework, three main forms of actors compete or cooperate; firstly, the businessmen and their conception of accounting oriented towards an anticipation of benefits and a concealment of their accounting methods; secondly, the judges and their decisions which must determine, between incipient anachronism and excessive modernism, the accounting practices they judge the most adapted to the general interest; thirdly, the legislature, to which may belong members of the first category, which oscillates between the defense of categorial interests and the consideration of the general interest. To these are added the commentators, mainly jurisconsults, but also accounting practitioners.In this first part, accounting is often in the hollow of practices and speeches; it is revealed surreptitiously, by successive keys. It is rarely at the heart of intentions; rather, it seems to be a necessary step for social actors, either careless to mention concealed processes, or not inclined to be interested in because it is considered to be too technical or too far away from their concerns or their fields of competence. Accounting thus appears as an object of social legitimation: legitimization of judicial decisions since its interpretation determines the orientation of the Court's judgment; political legitimacy, when it comes to justify the abandonment of unlimited personal liability, reducing the role of supervisory commissioners or not reporting to bondholders' meetings. These issues are articulated in three separate chapters.The second part seeks to understand how individual creditors - bondholders, banks, government - have - or have not - used accounting to protect their specific interests; accounting becomes here a mode of operation of protection in the transactional game between the stakeholders of the company; the creditors' ability to act and transform the accounting object is then decisive.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    Other literature type . 2003
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Other literature type . 2003
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Pécout, Thierry;

    En Provence angevine, la création de la Chambre des comptes par l’ordonnance de Brignoles de 1297 sanctionne un processus de mise en place d’instances de contrôle des comptes et suscite l’émergence progressive de spécialistes du jugement des comptes, les maîtres rationaux. Leur fonction et leurs prérogatives s’élaborent face aux auditeurs et rationaux, elles se professionnalisent et prennent une dimension politique dans le courant du XIVe siècle. Le profil des maîtres rationaux les rapproche des juges plutôt que des hommes des comptes, leur recrutement procède principalement des oligarchies urbaines provençales mais aussi du Regno. Reti Medievali Rivista, Vol 20 No 2 (2019)

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Reti Medievali Open ...arrow_drop_down
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    Reti Medievali Open Archive
    Other literature type . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.6092/1593-2...
    Article . 2019
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 2019
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Reti Medievali Rivista
    Article . 2019
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Article . 2019
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Reti Medievali Open ...arrow_drop_down
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      Reti Medievali Open Archive
      Other literature type . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.6092/1593-2...
      Article . 2019
      License: CC BY
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      Other literature type . 2019
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      Reti Medievali Rivista
      Article . 2019
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      Article . 2019
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    Authors: Chankowski, Véronique;

    Libérée de la tutelle athénienne en 314 avant notre ère, dans les remaniements géopolitiques qui marquent les débuts de la période hellénistique dans le monde égéen, Délos construit peu à peu son indépendance politique et économique. La communauté des Déliens redéfinit au cours des e et e siècles la place centrale que l’île n’a cessé d’occuper dans les circulations économiques, financières et culturelles de la Méditerranée. Cette étude s’appuie principalement sur les sources épigraphiques comptables, plus de cinq cents comptes et inventaires gravés qui furent exposés dans le sanctuaire d’Apollon, mais aussi sur les sources numismatiques et les vestiges archéologiques du front de mer, pour réenvisager la question de la place de Délos dans l’économie hellénistique. Loin d’être une exception à écarter des séries, la documentation délienne est le révélateur de situations économiques égéennes et témoigne des capacités des communautés grecques à s’adapter au changement dans des époques troublées. Derrière les chiffres gravés sur la pierre apparaissent des communautés humaines et des sociétés dont les activités économiques éclairent d’un jour nouveau l’histoire de cette partie de la Méditerranée. Freed from Athenian guardianship in 314 BCE, at a time of geopolitical changes which marked the beginnings of the Hellenistic period in the Aegean world, Delos gradually built up its political and economic independence. The Delian community redefined, during the third and second centuries, the central place that the island had constantly occupied in the economic, financial and cultural flows of the Mediterranean. This study is mainly based on epigraphic accounting sources, including more than five hundred accounts and engraved inventories that were visible in the sanctuary of Apollo, but also on numismatic sources and archaeological remains on the seafront, in order to re-consider the question of Delos’ place in the Hellenistic economy. Far from being an exception to be excluded from serialized comparisons, the Delian documentation is indicative of Aegean economic situations and demonstrates the capacities of the Greek communities to adapt to change in troubled times. Behind the figures engraved on the stone appear human communities and societies whose economic activities shed new light on the history of this part of the Mediterranean.

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    OpenEdition
    Book . 2020
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    Authors: Besnard, Blandine;

    Abandonné progressivement depuis les années 1970, le patrimoine vernaculaire de la région de l’intérieur de l’Oman vit ses derniers feux et il y a urgence à collecter des données tant ethnologiques qu’architecturales avant que celles-ci ne tombent définitivement dans le domaine de l’Histoire et de l’Archéologie.C’est dans cette optique qu’une prospection visant à relever les aménagements dédiés à l’évacuation de l’eau au sein de trois quartiers traditionnels de briques crues de l’intérieur de l’Oman (Birkat al‑Mawz, Izkī et al‑Ḥamrā’) a été réalisée en mars 2020.Cette prospection a permis de mettre en lumière les techniques et les aménagements liés à l’évacuation des eaux dans ces quartiers traditionnels omanais qui n’avaient jamais fait l’objet d’une attention particulière, mais également d’ouvrir des perspectives ethnoarchéologiques, une discipline qui postule que l’ethnographie permet d’enrichir l’interprétation de données archéologiques, voire l’absence de ces dernières.Sur 359 installations recensées, les gargouilles représentent 99 % de l’échantillon. L’absence d’installation au sol (puisard, canalisation, égout) a notamment montré que des solutions très simples en matière de gestion de l’eau au sein d’une architecture de briques, permettaient de dépasser la dichotomie des couples absence/défaillance ou présence/performance générée par la partialité des données archéologiques. Gradually abandoned since the 1970s, the vernacular heritage of the interior region of Oman is experiencing its last fires and there is an urgent need to collect both ethnological and architectural data before they definitely fall into the domain of History and Archaeology.With this in mind, a survey aiming to identify water drainage installations in three traditional mud-brick neighbourhoods in the interior of Oman (Birkat al‑Mawz, Izkī and al‑Ḥamrā') was carried out in March 2020.This survey highlighted the techniques and facilities related to water drainage in traditional Omani neighbourhoods that had never been the subject of any particular attention, but also opened up ethnoarchaeological perspectives, a discipline that postulates that ethnography can enrich the interpretation of archaeological data, or even the absence of the latter.Out of 359 identified installations, gargoyles represent 99% of the sample. The absence of ground installations (e.g. sump, drain, sewer) showed that very simple solutions for water management within a brick architecture made it possible to overcome the dichotomy of absence/failure or presence/performance pairs generated by the bias of archaeological data. International audience

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    Article . 2020
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    Article . 2020
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    Authors: Buchsenschutz, Olivier;

    L. Olivier poursuit avec acharnement son analyse de l’archéologie allemande sous le troisième Reich, et plus particulièrement sur l’attitude des archéologues allemands vis-à-vis de la France (2004). Nos collègues, explique-t-il en substance, auraient largement profité des moyens mis à leur disposition par le pouvoir et auraient, consciemment ou non, véhiculé son idéologie. Un premier article (2000), qui avait suscité une vive réaction de P. Brun (Brun 2003), expliquait que le concept d’une so...

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    Authors: CUNIN, Olivier;

    The main purpose of this study is the development of the relative chronology of the wide architectural program of Jayavarman VII whose kingdom included aIl of Cambodia and an ample part of Thailand, at the end of 12th century. The construction of the general chronology of the monuments known to belong to the Bayon style are based on an archaeological analysis of the principal temples of this period supplemented by a stylistic study based on work of Ph. Stem [Ph. Stem, 1965]. These results are complemented and partially validated by an archeometric study relating to the magnetic behavior of the sandstone, principal material of which these monuments are built. The local and global chronology of the monuments of the Bayon style allows bringing to light four typological classes of temples goveming the whole of the architectural program of Jayavarman VII. Moreover, it has been possible to deduce w hich parts of this program was executed since 1191, date of dedication of Preah Khan of Angkor. This test of the absolute dating of the monuments of the Bayon style is the result of the comparative analysis of the relative chrono log y of Ta Pro hm and Preah Khan of Angkor with their description and the distribution of their divine population as it was described in the inscriptions of their respective stele. Cette étude a pour principal objectif l'élaboration de la chronologie relative du vaste programme architectural i de Jayavarman VII dont le royaume englobait la totalité du Cambodge et une large partie de la Thaïlande à-la fin du XII" siècle. La construction de la chronologie générale des monuments dits du style du Bayon s'est appuyée sur une analyse archéologique des principaux temples de cette période complétée par une étude stylistique basée sur les travaux de Ph. Stem [Ph. Stem, 1965]. Ces. résultats ont été complétés et partiellement validés par une étude archéométrique portant sur le comportement magnétique du grès, principal matériau constituant ces monuments. La chronologie locale et globale des monuments du style du Bayon a permis la mise au jour de quatre classes typologiques de temples régissant l'ensemble du programme architectural du Jayavarman VII. Il a été, de plus, possible de déduire quelles parties de celui-ci était exécutée dès 1191, date de consécration du Preah Khan d'Angkor. Cet essai de datation absolue des monuments du style du Bayon découle de l'analyse comparative de la chronologie relative de Ta Prohm et du Preah Khan d'Angkor avec leur description et la distribution de leur population divine qui en ont été faites dans les inscriptions de leur stèle respective.

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    Hal-Diderot
    Other literature type . 2004
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      Hal-Diderot
      Other literature type . 2004
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    Authors: Gregor, Thierry;

    La monumentalité des édifices médiévaux, églises, cathédrales, châteaux nous permet, en réalisant des comparaisons avec les chantiers et les pratiques actuelles, d’entrevoir l’impact des activités de construction sur le corps des bâtisseurs médiévaux en Occident du XIe au XVe siècle. Mais le corps dans le chantier médiéval nous est également connu au travers des miniatures. Bien plus que les monuments, qui nous obligent à imaginer les efforts réalisés et endurés, ces miniatures montrent le corps en activité, le corps qui travaille, et laissent entrevoir le corps qui subit, le corps qui souffre dans le port de charges lourdes et par l’utilisation d’outils spécifiques pour le transport de ces charges. Au-delà de ce que les miniaturistes ont représenté, ces traumatismes plus ou moins violents demeurent encore plus visibles lorsque des individus sont découverts lors de fouilles archéologiques et nous laissent voir directement certaines des pathologies liées au port de charges lourdes. The hugeness of the medieval buildings, churches, cathedrals and castles allows us, by making some comparisons with the construction sites and nowadays practises, to see the impact of the building activities on the bodies of medieval builders in the West from the 11th to the 15th century. But the body in the medieval construction site is also known thanks to the miniatures. Much more than the monuments that let us imagine the efforts to do and to put up with, those miniatures show the moving body, the working body and let us see the enduring and suffering body when the builders have to hold heavy loads and when they use specific tools in the carrying of those loads. Beyond what the miniaturists showed, those traumatisms which are more or less violent, stay more visible when the persons are discovered during archaeological excavations which let us directly observe some pathologies linked to the carrying of heavy loads.

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    Hyper Article en Ligne
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Authors: Rosaria Iounes-Vona;

    Giovan Francesco Straparola (1480-1557 ca.) was accused of plagiarism since he arranged from latin into vernacular twenty-three novellas of the jurist Morlini, included in his collection Le piacevoli notti. This paper aims to highlight Straparola’s personal and creative way to readapt Morlini’s quotations: he is the worthy representative of a mannerist writing which escapes from the accusation stood against him, through different strategies.

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    Article . 2018
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    Authors: Chopin, Hervé; Gaillard, Charlotte; Kilgallon, Victoria; Baud, Anne; +11 Authors

    Le remploi – abordé comme la réutilisation ou le recyclage d’objets ou de matériaux variés – est un phénomène fréquemment rencontré, notamment dans l’analyse des constructions anciennes. Pratiqué de tout temps, il s’inscrit dans la chaîne opératoire ordi-naire de la construction. Malgré cette apparente banalité, le regard de l’archéologue ne peut pas toujours en saisir la présence. Il faut en effet qu’il revête un caractère manifeste: il se voit, se repère, lorsque son matériau, sa forme, sa finition, détonne avec le reste de la maçonnerie. Il devient alors évident et nous rappelle son omniprésence dans le bâti. Observé comme le résultat d’un processus dont on perçoit difficilement toutes les étapes, le remploi ne procède pourtant pas d’une récupération hasardeuse. Les matériaux sont choisis, tout comme leur destination dans la construction. À ce titre, le choin de Fay – calcaire froid extrait des carrières du Bugey (Ain) –, fournit un exemple de remploi bien identifié dans les villes de Lyon (Rhône) et de Vienne (Isère). Abondamment utilisée dans les constructions monumentales antiques, cette pierre aux qualités recherchées (facilité de polissage, résistance à la compression et au gel, modules de taille importante) est largement remployée dès l’Antiquité et tout au long du Moyen Âge. Le croisement de plus de 60ans de données archéologiques et de sources textuelles inédites permet de restituer une partie de la chaîne opératoire, depuis sa récupération jusqu’à sa nouvelle mise en œuvre. Son étude met en lumière la diversité des facteurs qui conduisent à ce remploi: ils sont esthétiques, techniques ou encore économiques. Elle permet de questionner la propriété des gisements et le contexte juridique qui encadre ces pratiques. Derrière l’exemple du choin de Fay, l’économie du remploi peut être ainsi abordée dans toute sa complexité. The reuse-recycling of objects and materials is a phenomenon frequently identified in ancient constructions. However, despite its apparent banality, archaeologists are not always able to recognize this practice. It can be seen and identified only when the material and its form and finishing deviate from the rest of the masonry. It then becomes evident and we are reminded of its ubiquity in buildings. Though the stages of the reuse-recycling process are difficult to perceive, this practice is not the result of random material recuperations. The materials are selected, as is their destination in the construction. The “choin de Fay” – a cold limestone extracted from the Bugey quarries – provides a well-identified example of reuse-recycling in the cities of Lyon and Vienne. Abundantly used in Antique monumental constructions, this stone with desirable qualities (ease of polishing, resistance to compression and frost, large pieces) was widely reused-recycled in Antiquity and throughout the Middle Ages. Based on a confrontation of more than 60 years of archaeological data and bibliographic sources, it was possible to reconstruct part of the chaîne opératoire (production sequence) from the recuperation of the material until its new use. This study thus reveals the diverse esthetic, technical and economic factors leading to reuse-recycling. It addresses questions concerning resource site ownership and the legal context surrounding these practices. The example of “choin de Fay” thus offers an opportunity to study the complexity of the practice of reuse-recycling. National audience

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    Authors: Charleux, Isabelle;

    A partir de quelques exemples précis, nous poserons dans cet article la question du statut de l'artiste et de l'artisan dans la société mongole ancienne, et de leur adaptation à la demande l'icônes et d'objets bouddhiques. Nous soulèverons enfin la question de la part des artisans chinois dans une production religieuse contrainte par l'iconométrie tibétaine, et donc de l'existence d'un art religieux proprement mongol. La réintroduction du bouddhisme en Mongolie au XVIe siècle et la croissance rapide de l'institution religieuse entraîna une demande nouvelle en statuaire, peinture, architecture et objets de culte. Dans un premier temps, les icônes étaient offertes par les monastères tibétains et la cour chinoise, tandis que l'on employait les Chinois qualifiés vivant en territoire mongol à la construction et à la décoration de temples. Des ateliers de peinture et de sculpture mongole apparaissent, sans doute formés par les Chinois et des Tibétains, tandis que les moines eux-mêmes apprenaient dans leur cursus religieux des notions de peinture et d'architecture. Certains devinrent des artistes célèbres et totalement polyvalents en peinture, et sculpture comme en construction de temples et de stûpa, tel le célèbre Zanabazar. D'autres, s'ils n'étaient pas artistes, étaient capables de diriger des chantiers et de passer des commandes en vérifiant le respect strict de l'iconométrie bouddhique.La peinture et la statuaire en bois, en pierre, en terre et en papier-mâché était généralement une production locale : des moines formés à la peinture décoraient les murs et réalisaient des thangkas, et l'on commandait à des orfèvres mongols, souvent itinérants à l'intérieur des bannières, la vaisselle et les objets rituels. Ces artisans vivaient principalement de leurs troupeaux et recevaient des dons de nourriture en échange de leurs œuvres, l'art étant traditionnellement une activité domestique d'appoint pratiquée à la commande.Les sources révèlent que les nombreux charpentiers et menuisiers itinérants, ainsi que nombre d'orfèvres, forgerons et peintres étaient chinois. Ces artisans semblent avoir été particulièrement nombreux en Mongolie-Intérieure, et sont peut être les auteurs des grandes peintures murales de style sinisant réalisées dans une dizaine de temples de Höhhot et de la région au XVIIe siècle. La demande croissante de la part des monastères, mais aussi des particuliers, moines et laïcs, en icônes pour leurs autels, dut inciter les artisans chinois à se tourner vers ce nouveau marché en pleine expansion. La concurrence des œuvres fabriquées par les artisans chinois a-t-elle fait décliner une production domestique ? Par ailleurs, la grande statuaire en cuivre et en bronze exige un haut degré de spécialisation et la participation de nombreux artisans, et s'accommode mal avec le nomadisme pastoral. Dès le XVIIe siècle apparaissent des ateliers organisés en corporations dans les villes de Höhhot et de Dolonnor, fondés par des Chinois venant souvent du Shanxi. Rapidement leur production s'exporte dans toute la Mongolie, la Bouriatie et même la Chine et le Tibet, concurrençant les grands ateliers de Pékin. La statuaire fait ainsi l'objet de commerce et d'échange dans toute l'aire d'influence tibétaine. Du XVIIIe au début du XXe siècle, Dolonnor reste le principal centre de production et d'exportation, tandis que se forment des écoles plus locales, comme celle d'Ourga à la fin du XIXe siècle. A l'exception des peintures murales, le corpus d'œuvres mongoles conservées dans les monastères et les musées est hétéroclite en raison de la grande mobilité des œuvres : les statues fabriquées au Tibet y côtoient des pièces venant de Chine et de toute la Mongolie, si bien qu'il est difficile d'établir une typologie de cet art généralement qualifié de “ sino-tibétain ”. May we speak of Mongol art?Mongol images and monasteries from the 16th to the early 20th centuryIsabelle CharleuxThis paper addresses the twin issues of the status and the “nationality” of artists and artisans in traditional Mongol society, especially in the religious sphere. In particular, it examines the role of foreign artisans in the religious production, and therefore raises the question of the very existence of a purely Mongol religious art.The 16th century Buddhist revival and the subsequent rapid growth of the Mongol religious institution created a new demand for temples, images, paintings, and other religious paraphernalia. At first, images were offered by Tibetan monasteries and the Chinese court to the Mongols; at the same time Chinese immigrants built temples and palaces at the Southern Mongol princely courts. Subsequently, painting and sculpture workshops developed in Mongolia, and the monks themselves learnt painting and architecture in Buddhist academies. Some of them, such as Zanabazar, became famous polyvalent artists. Other were not artists but nonetheless managed artistic production by commissioning works and supervising artists in the strict respect of Tibetan iconometry. But, besides the Mongols progressive rise in the process of artistic production, there also existed differences in status between different productions. Painting, wooden, clay and papier-mâché statues were locally made by monks or lay artists, while bronze statues were made in professional workshops or by itinerant craftsmen. Chinese craftsmen, especially metalworkers and carpenters, but also painters, were numerous in Southern Mongolia. The growing demand in construction, statues and ritual objects attracted craftsmen from Northern China. At first, they were itinerant, and later they settled near monasteries. The production of large copper and bronze statuary, which requires a high degree of specialisation and the participation of numerous artisans, was not really suited to pastoral nomadism. Workshops organised in corporations developed during the 17th century. Mongols were first numerous in this art, but Chinese craftsmen replaced them in the 18th and 19th centuries. The famous workshops of Dolonnor and Beijing exported large bronze images to Mongolia, Buriatia, China and Tibet. Kökeqota and Urga had a more local production. Buddhist statuary was therefore the object of trade and exchange in all the Tibetan Buddhist world. Did the competition of Chinese craftsmen in the 18th and 19th centuries contribute to the decline of domestic production? May religious art objects produced by Chinese artisans for their Mongol patrons be considered Mongol?

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    Authors: Praquin, Nicolas;

    La thèse s’articule en deux parties distinctes. Le découpage est thématique et non chronologique. La recherche s’inscrit majoritairement dans les courants et traditions de recherche visant à explorer la fonction représentative de la comptabilité.La première partie s’intéresse à la protection du créancier « type », représentant symbolique de l’intérêt général, de l’épargne et des « tiers » ; elle vise à montrer comment la comptabilité est progressivement devenue un enjeu social lorsqu’il a été décidé de substituer à la responsabilité personnelle illimitée des associés la seule garantie en capital des apports ; la nécessité de protéger l’intérêt général contre certaines pratiques jugées abusives contraint les tribunaux à rendre des décisions qui modèlent partiellement la comptabilité.Dans ce cadre judiciaire et législatif, trois formes d’acteurs principaux s’affrontent ou coopèrent ; premièrement, les affairistes et leur conception de la comptabilité tournée vers une anticipation du résultat et une dissimulation de leurs méthodes comptables ; deuxièmement, les juges et leurs décisions qui doivent déterminer, entre anachronisme naissant et modernisme excessif, les pratiques comptables qu’ils jugent les plus adaptées à l’intérêt général ; troisièmement, le corps législatif, auquel peuvent appartenir des membres de la première catégorie, qui oscille entre la défense d’intérêts catégoriels et la prise en compte de l’intérêt général. A ceux-là s’ajoutent les commentateurs, principalement des jurisconsultes, mais également des praticiens comptables.Dans cette première partie, la comptabilité s’inscrit bien souvent en creux des pratiques et des discours ; elle se dévoile subrepticement, par touches successives. Elle est rarement au cœur des intentions ; elle semble plutôt constituer un passage obligé pour des acteurs sociaux, soit peu soucieux de faire état de procédés précieusement dissimulés, soit peu enclin à s’y intéresser car jugée trop technique ou trop éloignée de leurs préoccupations ou de leurs champs de compétence. La comptabilité apparaît alors comme un objet de légitimation sociale : légitimation de décisions jurisprudentielles puisque son interprétation détermine l’orientation de l’arrêt de la Cour ; légitimation politique, lorsqu’il s’agit de justifier l’abandon de la responsabilité illimitée personnelle, une réduction du rôle des commissaires de surveillance ou de ne pas communiquer les comptes aux assemblées d’obligataires. Ces problématiques sont articulées en trois chapitres distincts.La seconde partie cherche à comprendre la façon dont les créanciers individuels – obligataires, banques, Etat – se sont – ou ne se sont pas – emparés de la comptabilité pour protéger leurs intérêts spécifiques ; la comptabilité devient ici un mode opératoire de protection dans le jeu transactionnel entre les parties prenantes de l’entreprise ; la capacité à agir des créanciers et à transformer l’objet comptable est alors déterminante. The thesis is divided into two distinct parts. The division is thematic and not chronological. This research is mainly set in the traditions of research that aim to explore the representative functions of accounting.The first part focuses on the protection of the "typical" creditor, symbolic representation of the general interest, savings and "related parties"; it aims to show how accounting has gradually become a social issue when it was decided to replace the unlimited personal liability of the partners with the only guarantee of the capital; the need to protect the public interest against certain practices deemed abusive forces the courts to make decisions that partially shaped accounting.In this judicial and legislative framework, three main forms of actors compete or cooperate; firstly, the businessmen and their conception of accounting oriented towards an anticipation of benefits and a concealment of their accounting methods; secondly, the judges and their decisions which must determine, between incipient anachronism and excessive modernism, the accounting practices they judge the most adapted to the general interest; thirdly, the legislature, to which may belong members of the first category, which oscillates between the defense of categorial interests and the consideration of the general interest. To these are added the commentators, mainly jurisconsults, but also accounting practitioners.In this first part, accounting is often in the hollow of practices and speeches; it is revealed surreptitiously, by successive keys. It is rarely at the heart of intentions; rather, it seems to be a necessary step for social actors, either careless to mention concealed processes, or not inclined to be interested in because it is considered to be too technical or too far away from their concerns or their fields of competence. Accounting thus appears as an object of social legitimation: legitimization of judicial decisions since its interpretation determines the orientation of the Court's judgment; political legitimacy, when it comes to justify the abandonment of unlimited personal liability, reducing the role of supervisory commissioners or not reporting to bondholders' meetings. These issues are articulated in three separate chapters.The second part seeks to understand how individual creditors - bondholders, banks, government - have - or have not - used accounting to protect their specific interests; accounting becomes here a mode of operation of protection in the transactional game between the stakeholders of the company; the creditors' ability to act and transform the accounting object is then decisive.

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    Authors: Pécout, Thierry;

    En Provence angevine, la création de la Chambre des comptes par l’ordonnance de Brignoles de 1297 sanctionne un processus de mise en place d’instances de contrôle des comptes et suscite l’émergence progressive de spécialistes du jugement des comptes, les maîtres rationaux. Leur fonction et leurs prérogatives s’élaborent face aux auditeurs et rationaux, elles se professionnalisent et prennent une dimension politique dans le courant du XIVe siècle. Le profil des maîtres rationaux les rapproche des juges plutôt que des hommes des comptes, leur recrutement procède principalement des oligarchies urbaines provençales mais aussi du Regno. Reti Medievali Rivista, Vol 20 No 2 (2019)

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    https://doi.org/10.6092/1593-2...
    Article . 2019
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    Reti Medievali Rivista
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      https://doi.org/10.6092/1593-2...
      Article . 2019
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    Authors: Chankowski, Véronique;

    Libérée de la tutelle athénienne en 314 avant notre ère, dans les remaniements géopolitiques qui marquent les débuts de la période hellénistique dans le monde égéen, Délos construit peu à peu son indépendance politique et économique. La communauté des Déliens redéfinit au cours des e et e siècles la place centrale que l’île n’a cessé d’occuper dans les circulations économiques, financières et culturelles de la Méditerranée. Cette étude s’appuie principalement sur les sources épigraphiques comptables, plus de cinq cents comptes et inventaires gravés qui furent exposés dans le sanctuaire d’Apollon, mais aussi sur les sources numismatiques et les vestiges archéologiques du front de mer, pour réenvisager la question de la place de Délos dans l’économie hellénistique. Loin d’être une exception à écarter des séries, la documentation délienne est le révélateur de situations économiques égéennes et témoigne des capacités des communautés grecques à s’adapter au changement dans des époques troublées. Derrière les chiffres gravés sur la pierre apparaissent des communautés humaines et des sociétés dont les activités économiques éclairent d’un jour nouveau l’histoire de cette partie de la Méditerranée. Freed from Athenian guardianship in 314 BCE, at a time of geopolitical changes which marked the beginnings of the Hellenistic period in the Aegean world, Delos gradually built up its political and economic independence. The Delian community redefined, during the third and second centuries, the central place that the island had constantly occupied in the economic, financial and cultural flows of the Mediterranean. This study is mainly based on epigraphic accounting sources, including more than five hundred accounts and engraved inventories that were visible in the sanctuary of Apollo, but also on numismatic sources and archaeological remains on the seafront, in order to re-consider the question of Delos’ place in the Hellenistic economy. Far from being an exception to be excluded from serialized comparisons, the Delian documentation is indicative of Aegean economic situations and demonstrates the capacities of the Greek communities to adapt to change in troubled times. Behind the figures engraved on the stone appear human communities and societies whose economic activities shed new light on the history of this part of the Mediterranean.

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    Authors: Besnard, Blandine;

    Abandonné progressivement depuis les années 1970, le patrimoine vernaculaire de la région de l’intérieur de l’Oman vit ses derniers feux et il y a urgence à collecter des données tant ethnologiques qu’architecturales avant que celles-ci ne tombent définitivement dans le domaine de l’Histoire et de l’Archéologie.C’est dans cette optique qu’une prospection visant à relever les aménagements dédiés à l’évacuation de l’eau au sein de trois quartiers traditionnels de briques crues de l’intérieur de l’Oman (Birkat al‑Mawz, Izkī et al‑Ḥamrā’) a été réalisée en mars 2020.Cette prospection a permis de mettre en lumière les techniques et les aménagements liés à l’évacuation des eaux dans ces quartiers traditionnels omanais qui n’avaient jamais fait l’objet d’une attention particulière, mais également d’ouvrir des perspectives ethnoarchéologiques, une discipline qui postule que l’ethnographie permet d’enrichir l’interprétation de données archéologiques, voire l’absence de ces dernières.Sur 359 installations recensées, les gargouilles représentent 99 % de l’échantillon. L’absence d’installation au sol (puisard, canalisation, égout) a notamment montré que des solutions très simples en matière de gestion de l’eau au sein d’une architecture de briques, permettaient de dépasser la dichotomie des couples absence/défaillance ou présence/performance générée par la partialité des données archéologiques. Gradually abandoned since the 1970s, the vernacular heritage of the interior region of Oman is experiencing its last fires and there is an urgent need to collect both ethnological and architectural data before they definitely fall into the domain of History and Archaeology.With this in mind, a survey aiming to identify water drainage installations in three traditional mud-brick neighbourhoods in the interior of Oman (Birkat al‑Mawz, Izkī and al‑Ḥamrā') was carried out in March 2020.This survey highlighted the techniques and facilities related to water drainage in traditional Omani neighbourhoods that had never been the subject of any particular attention, but also opened up ethnoarchaeological perspectives, a discipline that postulates that ethnography can enrich the interpretation of archaeological data, or even the absence of the latter.Out of 359 identified installations, gargoyles represent 99% of the sample. The absence of ground installations (e.g. sump, drain, sewer) showed that very simple solutions for water management within a brick architecture made it possible to overcome the dichotomy of absence/failure or presence/performance pairs generated by the bias of archaeological data. International audience

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    Authors: Buchsenschutz, Olivier;

    L. Olivier poursuit avec acharnement son analyse de l’archéologie allemande sous le troisième Reich, et plus particulièrement sur l’attitude des archéologues allemands vis-à-vis de la France (2004). Nos collègues, explique-t-il en substance, auraient largement profité des moyens mis à leur disposition par le pouvoir et auraient, consciemment ou non, véhiculé son idéologie. Un premier article (2000), qui avait suscité une vive réaction de P. Brun (Brun 2003), expliquait que le concept d’une so...

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    Authors: CUNIN, Olivier;

    The main purpose of this study is the development of the relative chronology of the wide architectural program of Jayavarman VII whose kingdom included aIl of Cambodia and an ample part of Thailand, at the end of 12th century. The construction of the general chronology of the monuments known to belong to the Bayon style are based on an archaeological analysis of the principal temples of this period supplemented by a stylistic study based on work of Ph. Stem [Ph. Stem, 1965]. These results are complemented and partially validated by an archeometric study relating to the magnetic behavior of the sandstone, principal material of which these monuments are built. The local and global chronology of the monuments of the Bayon style allows bringing to light four typological classes of temples goveming the whole of the architectural program of Jayavarman VII. Moreover, it has been possible to deduce w hich parts of this program was executed since 1191, date of dedication of Preah Khan of Angkor. This test of the absolute dating of the monuments of the Bayon style is the result of the comparative analysis of the relative chrono log y of Ta Pro hm and Preah Khan of Angkor with their description and the distribution of their divine population as it was described in the inscriptions of their respective stele. Cette étude a pour principal objectif l'élaboration de la chronologie relative du vaste programme architectural i de Jayavarman VII dont le royaume englobait la totalité du Cambodge et une large partie de la Thaïlande à-la fin du XII" siècle. La construction de la chronologie générale des monuments dits du style du Bayon s'est appuyée sur une analyse archéologique des principaux temples de cette période complétée par une étude stylistique basée sur les travaux de Ph. Stem [Ph. Stem, 1965]. Ces. résultats ont été complétés et partiellement validés par une étude archéométrique portant sur le comportement magnétique du grès, principal matériau constituant ces monuments. La chronologie locale et globale des monuments du style du Bayon a permis la mise au jour de quatre classes typologiques de temples régissant l'ensemble du programme architectural du Jayavarman VII. Il a été, de plus, possible de déduire quelles parties de celui-ci était exécutée dès 1191, date de consécration du Preah Khan d'Angkor. Cet essai de datation absolue des monuments du style du Bayon découle de l'analyse comparative de la chronologie relative de Ta Prohm et du Preah Khan d'Angkor avec leur description et la distribution de leur population divine qui en ont été faites dans les inscriptions de leur stèle respective.

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    Other literature type . 2004
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      Hal-Diderot
      Other literature type . 2004
      Data sources: Hal-Diderot
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    Authors: Gregor, Thierry;

    La monumentalité des édifices médiévaux, églises, cathédrales, châteaux nous permet, en réalisant des comparaisons avec les chantiers et les pratiques actuelles, d’entrevoir l’impact des activités de construction sur le corps des bâtisseurs médiévaux en Occident du XIe au XVe siècle. Mais le corps dans le chantier médiéval nous est également connu au travers des miniatures. Bien plus que les monuments, qui nous obligent à imaginer les efforts réalisés et endurés, ces miniatures montrent le corps en activité, le corps qui travaille, et laissent entrevoir le corps qui subit, le corps qui souffre dans le port de charges lourdes et par l’utilisation d’outils spécifiques pour le transport de ces charges. Au-delà de ce que les miniaturistes ont représenté, ces traumatismes plus ou moins violents demeurent encore plus visibles lorsque des individus sont découverts lors de fouilles archéologiques et nous laissent voir directement certaines des pathologies liées au port de charges lourdes. The hugeness of the medieval buildings, churches, cathedrals and castles allows us, by making some comparisons with the construction sites and nowadays practises, to see the impact of the building activities on the bodies of medieval builders in the West from the 11th to the 15th century. But the body in the medieval construction site is also known thanks to the miniatures. Much more than the monuments that let us imagine the efforts to do and to put up with, those miniatures show the moving body, the working body and let us see the enduring and suffering body when the builders have to hold heavy loads and when they use specific tools in the carrying of those loads. Beyond what the miniaturists showed, those traumatisms which are more or less violent, stay more visible when the persons are discovered during archaeological excavations which let us directly observe some pathologies linked to the carrying of heavy loads.

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    Hyper Article en Ligne
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Authors: Rosaria Iounes-Vona;

    Giovan Francesco Straparola (1480-1557 ca.) was accused of plagiarism since he arranged from latin into vernacular twenty-three novellas of the jurist Morlini, included in his collection Le piacevoli notti. This paper aims to highlight Straparola’s personal and creative way to readapt Morlini’s quotations: he is the worthy representative of a mannerist writing which escapes from the accusation stood against him, through different strategies.

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    DOAJ
    Article . 2018
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    Authors: Chopin, Hervé; Gaillard, Charlotte; Kilgallon, Victoria; Baud, Anne; +11 Authors

    Le remploi – abordé comme la réutilisation ou le recyclage d’objets ou de matériaux variés – est un phénomène fréquemment rencontré, notamment dans l’analyse des constructions anciennes. Pratiqué de tout temps, il s’inscrit dans la chaîne opératoire ordi-naire de la construction. Malgré cette apparente banalité, le regard de l’archéologue ne peut pas toujours en saisir la présence. Il faut en effet qu’il revête un caractère manifeste: il se voit, se repère, lorsque son matériau, sa forme, sa finition, détonne avec le reste de la maçonnerie. Il devient alors évident et nous rappelle son omniprésence dans le bâti. Observé comme le résultat d’un processus dont on perçoit difficilement toutes les étapes, le remploi ne procède pourtant pas d’une récupération hasardeuse. Les matériaux sont choisis, tout comme leur destination dans la construction. À ce titre, le choin de Fay – calcaire froid extrait des carrières du Bugey (Ain) –, fournit un exemple de remploi bien identifié dans les villes de Lyon (Rhône) et de Vienne (Isère). Abondamment utilisée dans les constructions monumentales antiques, cette pierre aux qualités recherchées (facilité de polissage, résistance à la compression et au gel, modules de taille importante) est largement remployée dès l’Antiquité et tout au long du Moyen Âge. Le croisement de plus de 60ans de données archéologiques et de sources textuelles inédites permet de restituer une partie de la chaîne opératoire, depuis sa récupération jusqu’à sa nouvelle mise en œuvre. Son étude met en lumière la diversité des facteurs qui conduisent à ce remploi: ils sont esthétiques, techniques ou encore économiques. Elle permet de questionner la propriété des gisements et le contexte juridique qui encadre ces pratiques. Derrière l’exemple du choin de Fay, l’économie du remploi peut être ainsi abordée dans toute sa complexité. The reuse-recycling of objects and materials is a phenomenon frequently identified in ancient constructions. However, despite its apparent banality, archaeologists are not always able to recognize this practice. It can be seen and identified only when the material and its form and finishing deviate from the rest of the masonry. It then becomes evident and we are reminded of its ubiquity in buildings. Though the stages of the reuse-recycling process are difficult to perceive, this practice is not the result of random material recuperations. The materials are selected, as is their destination in the construction. The “choin de Fay” – a cold limestone extracted from the Bugey quarries – provides a well-identified example of reuse-recycling in the cities of Lyon and Vienne. Abundantly used in Antique monumental constructions, this stone with desirable qualities (ease of polishing, resistance to compression and frost, large pieces) was widely reused-recycled in Antiquity and throughout the Middle Ages. Based on a confrontation of more than 60 years of archaeological data and bibliographic sources, it was possible to reconstruct part of the chaîne opératoire (production sequence) from the recuperation of the material until its new use. This study thus reveals the diverse esthetic, technical and economic factors leading to reuse-recycling. It addresses questions concerning resource site ownership and the legal context surrounding these practices. The example of “choin de Fay” thus offers an opportunity to study the complexity of the practice of reuse-recycling. National audience

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