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The human brain can be seen as an ensemble of interconnected neurons, more or less specialized to solve different cognitive and motor tasks. In computer science, the term deep learning is often applied to signify sets of interconnected nodes, where deep means that they have several computational layers. Development of deep learning is essentially a quest to mimic how the human brain, at least partially, operates.In this thesis, I will use machine learning techniques to tackle two different domain of problems. The first is a problem in natural language processing. We improved classification of relations within images, using text associated with the pictures. The second domain is regarding heart transplant. We created models for pre- and post-transplant survival and simulated a whole transplantation queue, to be able to asses the impact of different allocation policies. We used deep learning models to solve these problems.As introduction to these problems, I will present the basic concepts of machine learning, how to represent data, how to evaluate prediction results, and how to create different models to predict values from data. Following that, I will also introduce the field of heart transplant and some information about simulation.

During the 25 years before the First World War in 1914 two different kinds of peace movements, one bourgeois-liberal and one socialist, were organised to fight militarism and war. The two movements – represented by the International Peace Bureau and the Second International, respectively – grew in size between 1889 and 1914. At the beginning of 1914, IPB organized over 200 peace associations, representing approximately one million members. The socialist labour movement, on their part, gathered around four million members, and different social democratic parties were active in most European parliaments. The numbers of newspapers and affiliated associations, like trade unions, are difficult to count but were numerous. In view of the outbreak of the war in 1914, these popular anti-war movements and their leading organisations, which did their best to rally public opinion against war, appear to have been complete failures. However, the picture is far more complicated. The growing international peace movement actually had a significant impact on public debate at the turn of the last century – and their efforts reverberated throughout much of the 1900s. An in-depth analysis of this movement and its agency, strategy and conceptual world reveals new perspectives on the ongoing debate on how to form a persuading agenda and how to influence public opinion and the governments. This is interesting because it can teach us, today, about attempts to withstand ongoing arms race and harmful nationalism.The purpose of the present thesis is to systematically examine how and why different perspectives on the burning issue of peace versus war were discussed and practiced by the bourgeois and socialist peace movements at an international level between 1889 and 1914, and to compare the actions of the movements with each other. The comparison between the two movements is the most important methodological element of the dissertation. The thesis makes a contribution in three different research areas, shedding new light on questions of agency, strategy and on the “conceptual worlds” of the two movements. As such, the thesis presents new knowledge about the formative period of the international peace struggle. It is argued that in a time of militarism, imperialism and Western domination, various resistance movements were created to bring forth challenging ideas about peace. On a more general level, this study has also aimed to contribute to understanding how the emergence of international social movements during the decades around the turn of the century meant various new forms of political struggle and opinion formation.

Esta tesis es una compilación de cuatro publicaciones en las que se abarca con una perspectiva a largo plazo los mecanismos familiares de reproducción social y las tendencias generales de desigualdad socioeconómica en el área de Barcelona entre los siglos XV y XX. Los mecanismos familiares de reproducción social se entienden como los elementos económicos, institucionales, legales, políticos y/o culturales que las familias utilizan para mantener, mejorar y/o transmitir el status social heredado y/o adquirido. Estos se canalizan a través de la influencia familiar de dos medios principales, la transmisión o movilidad social intergeneracional (de ascendientes a descendientes) y la movilidad social intrageneracional (de un individuo a lo largo de su ciclo vital). En este sentido, la reproducción social está interrelacionada con los niveles de desigualdad socioeconómica existentes en diferentes contextos históricos. Se han utilizado datos de la Barcelona Historical Marriage Database (1481-1880) así como la Sant Feliu de Llobregat Longituinal Demographic Database (1828-1940), todo ello en el seno de dos proyectos de investigación, el ‘Five Centuries of Marriages’ y ‘Tecnología e innovación ciudadana en la construcción de redes sociales históricas para la comprensión del legado demográfico’ (XARXES) respectivamente. Entre los hallazgos más importantes de esta tesis se puede concluir que la transmisión intergeneracional preindustrial era alta, sobre todo en el grupo de los campesinos y de los artesanos y principalmente para los primeros hijos como cabría esperar para una sociedad de Antiguo Régimen donde el sistema hereditario se basaba en el heredero único. Sin embargo, pese a que el sistema hereditario por definición se basaba en la desigualdad entre hermanos/as, no se ha observado desclasamiento de los hermanos y hermanas no herederos. De hecho, se aprecia como las hermanas serán las que se casarán más fuera de su grupo social de origen, un hecho refuerza la importancia de la unidad familiar de “casa” en las sociedades agrícolas catalanas como la historiografía apunta. No obstante, durante la industrialización. se encuentran evidencias empíricas del declive del sistema de heredero único, ya que la progresión social de hermanos no herederos enseñó mejor trayectoria laboral que hermanos herederos, debido a las nuevas oportunidades en una estructura ocupacional cambiante. En este sentido, se demuestra como la influencia familiar en el destino social de sus descendientes disminuyó, aunque no desapareció, contrariamente a lo que apuntan teorías como la de la modernización, ayudando a entender la evolución histórica del sistema familiarista de las sociedades actuales de países del sur de Europa. Por lo que atañe a la desigualdad económica, una estimación continua a largo plazo para cuatro siglos en un área extensa y de importancia económica y política como ha sido el área de Barcelona ha podido constatar que la disparidad económica fue más alta en épocas preindustriales debido a la sociedad estamental de antiguo régimen, al contrario de lo que se había defendido tradicionalmente. Sin embargo, a través de la reconstrucción de la estructura ocupacional se encuentran evidencias de que el importante crecimiento de la desigualdad económica en la industrialización se debe mayoritariamente por un importante efecto de proletarización. Finalmente, la ulterior conclusión referente a la interrelación entre el papel de la familia y la desigualdad económica en esta tesis ha enseñado que pese a la importante presencia de la familia, las barreras entre clases sociales no se han roto en casi cinco siglos, un elemento que se conecta con la actual preocupación en relación a las disminución de la movilidad en nuestras sociedades. This thesis includes a compilation of four publications with a long-term perspective on the mechanisms of social reproduction and the general trends of socioeconomic inequality in the Barcelona area between the fifteenth and the nineteenth centuries. The familial mechanisms of social reproduction encompass economic, institutional, legal, political, and/or cultural mechanisms for maintaining, improving, and / or transmitting the acquired or inherited social positions or tangible and intangible assets. Such mechanisms are channeled through family influence by two main means, the intergenerational transmission or social mobility (from ancestors to descendants) and the intragenerational social mobility (of an individual throughout his / her life cycle). In this sense, social reproduction is interrelated with the levels of socioeconomic inequality existing in different historical contexts. The data used in this thesis was provided by the Barcelona Historical Database of Marriage (1481-1880) and the Sant Feliu de Llobregat Longituinal Demographic Database (1828-1940), both developed within the projects el ‘Five Centuries of Marriages’ y ‘Tecnología e innovación ciudadana en la construcción de redes sociales históricas para la comprensión del legado demográfico’ (XARXES) respectively. Among the most important findings in this thesis it can be concluded that the peindustrial intergenerational transmission of social status was indeed high, especially among peasants and artisans and mainly for the first children as would be expected in an Old Regime society based on an inheritance with the principle of impartibility. However, despite the fact that the hereditary system by definition was based on the inequality between siblings, there was not downward social mobility of non-heir brothers and sisters. In fact, non-heir females used to marry out the social group as a strategy, a fact that reinforces the importance of the family unit of the “casa” (house) in the Catalan agricultural societies as historiography pointed out. Nevertheless, during the industrialisation era, there are evidences pointing out that the single-heir inheritance system declined, due to a major social progression of non-heir siblings than heirs within the new occupational opportunities emerged. Accordingly, the influence of family in the social fate of descendants decreased over time but did not vanish, in contrast to what was argued by classical theories as the Modernization one, which also can be interpreted by the importance of the family strong ties in Southern European countries. Regarding the economic inequality, the long term estimation conducted across four centuries in an extensive geographic zone as the Barcelona area showed that inequality was indeed higher on preindustrial societies than in the industrial period. The reason for this would seem to be the preindustrial ordered social structure contributing to a more unequal society than the industrial one based on skilled and unskilled occupations. However, industrialisation brought about a new situation, where likely processes of proletarianization induced a new kind of inequality. Finally, the last conclusion refers to the interrelation between the role played by families and the economic inequality, which has been seen in this thesis that although the family importance in social reproduction, the social barriers between social classes were never broken throughout five centuries, an element that may be linked to the present concern about the decrease in social mobility in our societies.

This dissertation investigates how history is produced, what roles it plays, and what forms it takes in four Swedish football clubs – AIK, Djurgårdens IF, Helsingborgs IF and Malmö FF. The overreaching aim is to describe and analyse how history is produced and performed in football clubs, and the implications this development has for football and for the understanding of history. The focus is on how history is produced and performed, played with, in a non-academic setting, a place where everything can be employed to help one’s club, where nothing is sacred, but much is accepted. A place where people can make history and become history on a weekly basis.The ethnographic material used was collected through interviews, observations, shadowing, photos and netnography. The ethnography of history-making provides a glimpse of how individual stories fuel and are fed by collective memories that, through repetitive rites and rituals, produce narratives that push forward, in the never-ending quest for history.The process of establishing memories is crucial for constructing a group identity. Analysing historical production reveals how an intersection of emotions, collective memory and engaged performance has an impact on individuals and on the clubs. In this perspective, football becomes a case study for research in similar environments that attract public attention and emotional responses. By analysing the complex processes through concepts of ritual, collective memory, narrative, myth, performance and materiality, this dissertation studies possible structures of historical productions.