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This paper describes the language acquisition and verb-forming processes related to the issue of argument marking for native-speaker Georgian children from 24 to 42 months of age, who were born and raised in Georgia. Because of the complexity of the Georgian verbal system, it is a challenge to study the acquisition process in this language. We attempted to observe how native-speaker children overcome this complexity during the acquisition process. The study is based on samples of four Georgian-speaking children from the developing corpus of Georgian-speaking children.

PURPOSE Understanding treatment patterns and effectiveness for patients with metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) is dependent on accurate assessment of metastatic status. The objective was to develop a natural language processing (NLP) model for identifying patients with mPCa and evaluate the model's performance against chart-reviewed data and an International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 9/10 code–based method. METHODS In total, 139,057 radiology reports on 6,211 unique patients from the Department of Veterans Affairs were used. The gold standard was metastases by detailed chart review of radiology reports. NLP performance was assessed by sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and date of metastases detection. Receiver operating characteristic curves was used to assess model performance. RESULTS When compared with chart review, the NLP model had high sensitivity and specificity (85% and 96%, respectively). The NLP model was able to predict patient-level metastasis status with a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 81%, whereas sensitivity and specificity using ICD9/10 billing codes were 73% and 86%, respectively. For the NLP model, date of metastases detection was exactly concordant and within < 1 week in 55% and 58% of patients, compared with 8% and 17%, respectively, using the ICD9/10 billing codes method. The area under the curve for the NLP model was 0.911. A limitation is the NLP model was developed on the basis of a subset of patients with mPCa and may not be generalizable to all patients with mPCa. CONCLUSION This population-level NLP model for identifying patients with mPCa was more accurate than using ICD9/10 billing codes when compared with chart-reviewed data. Upon further validation, this model may allow for efficient population-level identification of patients with mPCa.

Abstract This article analyzes the reconstruction of the image of Prince Kelesh Bey Shervashidze (b. 1747) in the memory politics of Abkhazia through the prism of cultural resistance, from the perestroika period up to the present day. It argues that Abkhaz politicians use a dual approach to constructing the figure of Kelesh Bey. On the one hand, an anti-colonial narrative of the prince in opposition to the Russian and Soviet colonial system is created, and on the other hand, a more traditional colonial narrative aligned with Russia’s patronage of Abkhazia’s unrecognised statehood is also encouraged. However, the controversy over these discourses is formal in nature. The only real purpose of reviving the Russian and Soviet readings of Kelesh Bey is to hide Abkhaz cultural resistance from Russia, owing to the latter’s own dualistic status as embodying both Abkhazia’s former imperial center and its modern patron.

The paper focuses on studying the liberal-democratic values in the general education of Georgia. Based on the social interaction approach of political socialization, the article assesses pupils’ and teachers’ positions towards the liberal and democratic principles and values that have been declared policy goals of Georgia since 2004. Using DAP (Democracy-Autocracy Preference), DPE (Democratic Performance Evolution), and initially tested Lib-Dem (Liberal-Democratic) scales, 297 students and 121 teachers were surveyed. Results show that teachers demonstrate more liberal-democratic positions than pupils. Also, girls tend to be less supportive of authoritarian governments and share more liberal approaches than boys. A similar trend is observed comparing students from private and public schools. The type of school correlates to teachers’ results in supporting liberal and democratic positions. However, the more liberal-democratic positions the respondents share, the more likely they believe that “Georgian” and “Liberal” are incompatible. Also, respondents who see Georgia as a democratic country and are more proud to be members of Georgian society share less liberal and democratic principles and vice versa. The study shows how liberal and democratic declared and policy ideas are supported among respondents and what it means to Georgia and its education system. Based on the results and discussion, new research questions are articulated dealing with gender, the generation gap, and the importance of the type of school that needs to be examined more carefully using the social interaction approach and qualitative methods and techniques, as well.

The end of 19th century was generally a significant and transitional period, as from the beginning of the 20th, modernism was gradually replacing the Victorian era. However, the prospect of change was even more immediate in Ireland than anywhere else. The Irish hoped to escape from the colonial restrictions imposed by the state, and from the new century they already counted themselves among the free nations. Yeats shared the same spirit, and therefore the awarding of the Nobel Prize in 1923 had a symbolic meaning for him, since Ireland had just gained independence. And the poet used every possible occasion to point it out and replied to congratulatory letters in this way: "I consider myself to have received this award as a representative of Irish literature and not as an independent person. Welcome to the free state.” [Foster 2003, p. 656.]