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This work discusses the results from a set of physical and mechanical test conducted on 46 cubic samples of a granite from the north of Portugal widely used in local granite-built UNESCO World Heritage sites, heated in a furnace at temperatures ranging from 105 to 700 °C and cooled under different conditions. Then, the obtained results are compared with an extensive database of published case studies, showing that porosity, unit weight, ultrasonic waves velocities, elastic modulus and uniaxial compressive stress variations are mostly related to the induced thermal-stress caused by the anisotropic thermal expansion of the mineral grains. Only mineralogy and specific gravity do not exhibit changes for the studied range of temperatures. For specimens heated to above 500 °C, degradation processes predominate due to alpha-beta phase transition in quartz grains, considerably increasing the linear crack density, length and width and degrading the rock properties. Regarding the influence of the cooling method, thermal effects are amplified when cooling is performed by water immersion because of the inhomogeneous shrinkage and the subsequent tension stress between adjacent particles due to temperature decrease that develop at different pace within the samples. Scanning electron microscopy confirms the increase of damage and the negative effect on the granite properties caused by thermal treatment from 500 °C and by water cooling. For temperatures lower than 500 °C a hardening effect slightly improving elastic modulus and uniaxial compressive strength is observed in slowly and quickly cooled samples. The derived conclusions considerably improve the knowledge about the behaviour against temperature of this type of granite, with the purpose of evaluating the integrity level of granite-built UNESCO cultural heritage sites in northern Portugal. This work was partially funded by the University of Alicante (vigrob- 157 Project, GRE17-011 and UAUSTI18-21, UAUSTI19-25 and UAUSTI20-20 projects), the Regional Governments of Comunidad Valenciana AICO/2020/175, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and EU FEDER under Project TEC2017- 85244-C2-1-P, the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport under project CAS17/00392 and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities project RTI2018-099052-BI00.

Unreinforced masonry structures, particularly façade walls, are seismically vulnerable due to their weak connections with adjacent walls, floors, and/or roofs. During an earthquake, such walls formulate local mechanisms prone to out-of-plane collapse. This behavior has been largely investigated using classical rocking theory, which assumes the structure responds as a rigid body undergoing rocking motion, with energy dissipation at impact. Due to the complexity of the problem, however, e.g., number of degrees of freedom or boundary conditions, numerical block-based modeling is gaining momentum. However, numerical models lack a consistent and reliable treatment of the energy loss at impact. This paper bridges the gap between the well-established energy loss of classical rocking theory and the treatment of damping in numerical modeling. Specifically, it proposes an equivalent viscous damping model through novel ready-to-use predictive equations that capture the dissipative phenomena during both one-sided and two-sided planar rocking motion. The results reveal a satisfactory performance of the proposed model through comparisons with experimental results from literature and highlight its universality and robustness through applications of the model in fundamentally different block-based numerical modeling software.

This investigation intends to study and characterize the mortars and bricks from walls and floors used in the funerary nucleus of the archaeological site of Dr. Gonçalo Sampaio Street (Braga, Portugal), associated with the Via XVII necropolis of the Bracara Augusta Roman city. The diversity of the funeral structures and their exceptional state of conservation make this sector of the necropolis an unprecedented case and a reference site in the archaeology of Braga, a determinant for its conservation and musealization. Nineteen mortars samples were analysed by X-ray Fluorescence. The results showed clear chemical composition differences among coating and floor mortars (CFM), masonry mortars (MM) and bricks (B) groups of samples. The chemical affinity between CFM from the V to IV centuries, CFM from the IV to V centuries, MM from brick walls (IV–V centuries), MM from stone walls (V–VII centuries) and B from the IV to V centuries samples were confirmed by statistical analyses. Their composition was distinctly related to the use of different raw materials, according to their chronological context; in mortars, according to their function in the structures; and in some samples, from contamination. Ana Fragata acknowledges grant SFRH/BPD/101517/2014 from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). This research was supported by GeoBioTec Research Centre (UID/GEO/04035/2019 + UIDB/04035/2020), funded by FCT, FEDER funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness Factors COMPETE and by national funds (OE), through FCT, in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, of 29 August, changed by Law 57/2017, of 19 July

Coastal zones are historically rich with unique land/seascapes, tangible artifacts, and intangible cultural heritage. Coastal and maritime cultural heritage (CMCH) contends with various constraining conditions of the sea and shore—both geophysical and socially constructed—which we delineate to identify risks and threats to its sustainable management. In response to calls for the greater incorporation of CMCH in the name of regional development and blue growth, we propose a conceptual framework as a means to identify risks and sustainably manage CMCH. We develop the concepts of communities of meaning and communities of participation to address how CMCH is created and contested and identify key considerations for its management. Building on theories of space, place, and identity, the paper constructs communities of meaning in order to elaborate the various opportunities but also tensions in preserving CH and cultivating reliant enterprises as a part of wider regional development strategies. Working from this understanding of place and identity in degrees of inclusivity/exclusivity, the paper draws upon literature on deliberative and participatory governance, framed as communities of participation. These two concepts provide a vocabulary for managers to address calls for the promotion of CMCH and determine appropriate management strategies and governance based on policy objectives and the will of potentially multiple communities of meaning. Coastal zones are historically rich with unique land/seascapes, tangible artifacts, and intangible cultural heritage. Coastal and maritime cultural heritage (CMCH) contends with various constraining conditions of the sea and shore—both geophysical and socially constructed—which we delineate to identify risks and threats to its sustainable management. In response to calls for the greater incorporation of CMCH in the name of regional development and blue growth, we propose a conceptual framework as a means to identify risks and sustainably manage CMCH. We develop the concepts of communities of meaning and communities of participation to address how CMCH is created and contested and identify key considerations for its management. Building on theories of space, place, and identity, the paper constructs communities of meaning in order to elaborate the various opportunities but also tensions in preserving CH and cultivating reliant enterprises as a part of wider regional development strategies. Working from this understanding of place and identity in degrees of inclusivity/exclusivity, the paper draws upon literature on deliberative and participatory governance, framed as communities of participation. These two concepts provide a vocabulary for managers to address calls for the promotion of CMCH and determine appropriate management strategies and governance based on policy objectives and the will of potentially multiple communities of meaning.

Abstract. This paper reviews the state of the art in storm surge forecasting and its particular application in the northern Adriatic Sea. The city of Venice already depends on operational storm surge forecasting systems to warn the population and economy of imminent flood threats, as well as help to protect the extensive cultural heritage. This will be more important in the future, with the new mobile barriers called MOSE (MOdulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico, Experimental Electromechanical Module) that will be completed by 2021. The barriers will depend on accurate storm surge forecasting to control their operation. In this paper, the physics behind the flooding of Venice is discussed, and the state of the art of storm surge forecasting in Europe is reviewed. The challenges for the surge forecasting systems are analyzed, especially in view of uncertainty. This includes consideration of selected historic extreme events that were particularly difficult to forecast. Four potential improvements are identified: (1) improve meteorological forecasts, (2) develop ensemble forecasting, (3) assimilation of water level measurements and (4) develop a multimodel approach.

Abstract In the last few decades, the diffusion of culture-led urban regeneration schemes has intercepted the growth of participatory approaches across a wide range of policy domains. Partnerships between private and public agencies have sought, accordingly, the engagement of citizens and stakeholders to push forward context-specific interventions. From the participatory action research developed in Lisbon, one of the cities funded under the EU-funded project ROCK, we analyse the ways in which this project has tackled spatial divides and socioeconomic inequalities in the project demonstration area. Our main argument is that operational decisions and substantive mismatches have given rise to opportunities and bottlenecks throughout the implementation of the project. While the public investment has been directed to regenerate a deprived area, it has fallen short of promoting greater connections within the area and with the surrounding neighbourhoods. ROCK’s actions have only partially met local community expectations regarding the project’s objectives for the optimisation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage, with impacts over degrees of citizen engagement in the local Living Lab.