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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Starting in the 1340s, the Crown of Aragon strengthened its position in the Western Mediterranean by absorbing the Kingdom of Majorca (1343), reincorporating the realm of Sicily (1392) and securing its control over constantly rebellious Sardinia (1420). To govern those territories, which were distant from the royal court and separated by sea, the kings of Aragon developed a pervasive information strategy that facilitated the retrieval of data from their archives and the transformation of that data into useful knowledge that kept them informed about the three islands’ administration. The monarchs developed regional series of registers specifically dedicated to Majorca, Sardinia and Sicily in which orders and ordinances pertaining to the islands were recorded and they created or strengthened territorial archives for preserving records and accounts produced in the localities. They also relied on a network of accountable officers and informants who updated them via official and unofficial letters and, finally, they gathered intelligence using envoys who travelled continuously across the Mediterranean to inform the Crown on a vast range of affairs pertaining to the islands. This essay explores these topics during the long fourteenth century, using the records and correspondence preserved in various archives of the Catalan-Aragonese world and emphasizing the role of both the written word and oral communication for ruling a late-medieval composite polity like the Crown of Aragon.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ figsharearrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 2023
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 2023
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ figsharearrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Other literature type . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Bartalesi, Valentina; Coro, Gianpaolo; Lenzi, Emanuele; Pagano, Pasquale; +1 Authors

    Digital maps greatly support storytelling about territories, especially when enriched with data describing cultural, societal, and ecological aspects, conveying emotional messages that describe the territory as a whole. Story maps are interactive online digital narratives that can describe a territory beyond its map by enriching the map with text, pictures, videos, and other multimedia information. This paper presents a semi-automatic workflow to produce story maps from textual documents containing territory data. An expert first assembles one territory-contextual document containing text and images. Then, automatic processes use natural language processing and Wikidata services to (i) extract key concepts (entities) and geospatial coordinates associated with the territory, (ii) assemble a logically-ordered sequence of enriched story-map events, and (iii) openly publish online story maps and an interoperable Linked Open Data semantic knowledge base for event exploration and inter-story correlation analyses. Our workflow uses an Open Science-oriented methodology to publish all processes and data. Through our workflow, we produced story maps for the value chains and territories of 23 rural European areas of 16 countries. Through numerical evaluation, we demonstrated that territory experts considered the story maps effective in describing their territories, and appropriate for communicating with citizens and stakeholders.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 2023
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Article . 2023
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    ISTI Open Portal
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    This is just an attempt to associate sums or dierences of prime numbers with points lying on an ellipse or hyperbola. Certain pairs of prime numbers can be represented as radius-distances from the focuses to points lying either on the ellipse or on the hyperbola. The ellipse equation can be written in the following form: |p k | + |p t | = 2n. The hyperbola equation can be written in the following form: ||p k | − |p t || = 2n. Here p k and p t are prime numbers (p 1 = 2, p 2 = 3, p 3 = 5, p 4 = 7,…), k and t are indices of prime numbers, 2n is a given even number, k, t, n ∈ N. If we construct ellipses and hyperbolas based on the above, we get the following: 1) there are only 5 non-intersecting curves (for 2n=4; 2n=6; 2n=8; 2n=10; 2n=16). The remaining ellipses have intersection points; 2) there is only 1 non-intersecting hyperbola (for 2n=2) and 1 non-intersecting vertical line. The remaining hyperbolas have intersection points.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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    ZENODO
    Preprint . 2023
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://doi.org/10.33774/coe-2...
    Preprint . 2023
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    https://doi.org/10.33774/coe-2...
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    https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.i...
    Preprint . 2023
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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
    Preprint . 2023
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    https://doi.org/10.15161/oar.i...
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    https://doi.org/10.15161/oar.i...
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    https://doi.org/10.22541/au.16...
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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      https://doi.org/10.33774/coe-2...
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      https://doi.org/10.33774/coe-2...
      Preprint . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.i...
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      ZENODO
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      https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
      Preprint . 2023
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      https://doi.org/10.15161/oar.i...
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      https://doi.org/10.15161/oar.i...
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      https://doi.org/10.22541/au.16...
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    Authors: Verdiani, Giorgio; Emilio, Giulia;

    Palazzo Vecchio is a cultural-historical centre full of elements from different periods able to offer multiple ideas and reflections. Inside there are objects, rooms and environments that document many years of history interacting with many other realities and contexts. The “Hall of the 500”, the large audience hall restored by Giorgio Vasari commissioned by the grand duke Cosimo I, shows in its sumptuous wall paintings the views of cities, places and landscapes, captured in scenes of war and siege. It is possible to observe the city walls of Pisa, the Towers of Siena and Livorno, the military fortifications of Porto Ercole and San Vincenzo, the Mediterranean coasts and the inland valleys. Different places, conquered by the Medici family, which branch off throughout Tuscany and characterize the territory. These places today appear transformed and modified, in part or not, in the landscape and urban fabric. In some cases, it is still possible to find the remains of the sixteenth-century defensive buildings, while in others there is no longer any trace, or at most only few remains. Instead, they are legible in the paintings that identify their elements and characteristics. The opportunity arises for a comparison between real and painted architecture. From this point of view, the frescoes in the hall not only have value as artistic works but also as historical sources and documents able to tell through painting the conformation of the sites represented with well-defined details and historical reliability. Comparing the paintings with today's urban and landscape fabric, analogies and discrepancies appear, present, missing and added objects that allow to reconstruct the analyzed structures, and also to catalogue them according to the level of knowledge acquired with a good degree of reliability of the source. With these assumptions it was possible to model the painted defensive structures in 3D, using not only the frescoes but also writings, drawings and archive plans and also to catalogue it. A map was then edited to identify the level of knowledge achieved with each model. The aim is to increase knowledge of historical and cultural structures to enhance the city's cultural heritage.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Flore (Florence Rese...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Flore (Florence Rese...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Meggiolaro, Angela; Sane Schepisi, Monica; Farina, Sara; Castagna, Carolina; +5 Authors

    AbstractBackgroundThe rapid rise of Sars-Cov2 B.1.1.529 variant (named Omicron) in the late November 2021 prompted the health authorities to estimate the potential impact on the existing countermeasures, including vaccines. This meta-analysis aims to assess the effectiveness of the current Sars-Cov2 vaccine regimens against laboratory-confirmed Omicron infection. A secondary endpoint aims to investigate the waning effectiveness of primary vaccination against symptomatic Omicron infection and related hospitalization.MethodsThe systematic review started on December 1, 2021 and was concluded on March 1, 2022. Random-effects (RE) frequentist meta-analyses are performed to estimate the primary vaccination course and the booster dose effectiveness against Omicron. Multiple meta-regressions are performed under mixed-effects model. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42021240143.FindingsIn total, 15 out of 502 records are included in the quantitative synthesis. The meta-analysis on B.1.1.529 infection risk produces an OR=0·69 (95%CI: 0·57 to 0·83; τ2=0·225; I2=99·49%) after primary vaccination and an OR=0·30 (95%CI: 0·23 to 0·39; τ2=0·469; I2=99·33%) after one additional booster dose. According to the multiple meta-regression models, one booster dose significantly decreases by 69% the risk of symptomatic Omicron infection (OR=0·31; 95%CI: 0·23 to 0·40) and by 88% the risk of hospitalization (OR=0·12; 95%CI: 0·08 to 0·19) with respect to unvaccinated. Six months after primary vaccination, the average risk reduction declines to 22% (OR=0·78; 95%CI: 0·69 to 0·88) against symptomatic infection and to 55% against hospitalization (OR=0·45; 95%CI: 0·30 to 0·68).InterpretationDespite the high heterogeneity, this study confirms that primary vaccination does not provide sufficient protection against symptomatic Omicron infection. Although the effectiveness of the primary vaccination against hospitalization due to Omicron remains significantly above 50% after 3 months, it dramatically fades after 6 months. Therefore, the administration of one additional booster dose is recommended within 6 months and provides a 76% decrease in the odds of symptomatic Omicron after five months.FundingThere was no funding source for this study.ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTSthe primary vaccination decreases the risk of Omicron infection by 31%, while one additional booster dose decreases the risk by 70%the primary vaccination course reduces the risk of symptomatic Omicron infection by 24% and the risk of hospitalization by 50%one additional booster dose decreases by 69% the risk of symptomatic Omicron infection and the risk of hospitalization by 88%the effectiveness of the primary vaccination against hospitalization dramatically wanes after 3 months from vaccination, reaching a minimum of 45% in risk reduction after more than 6 monthsPANEL: research in contextEvidence before this studyOmicron variant’s higher transmissibility combined with an increased risk of infection among individuals vaccinated with primary vaccination have prompted health authorities to introduce a booster vaccination. The systematic review including “vaccine effectiveness”, “Covid-19”, “SARS-CoV-2”, and “Omicron” search terms, is performed over three web engines and one early stage research platform (i.e., WHO COVID-19 DATABASE, PubMed, medRxiv + bioRxiv) Additionally, all relevant web sources reporting living data on vaccine effectiveness (i.e., https://view-hub.org/covid-19/ and https://covid-nma.com/), electronic databases and grey literature are considered. The last search update was on March 1, 2022. No country, language, study design restrictions are applied.Added value of this studyPrimary vaccination provides relatively low protection against the Omicron VOC, while one additional booster dose decreased substantially the risk of symptomatic Omicron infection and of hospitalization.Implications of all the available evidenceThe booster dose should be recommended after three months and no later than six months after the primary course vaccination, in order to avoid severe consequences, in particular among the elderly population.

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    Authors: Hodgkins, Jamie; Orr, Caley M.; Gravel-Miguel, Claudine; Riel-Salvatore, Julien; +23 Authors

    AbstractThe evolution and development of human mortuary behaviors is of enormous cultural significance. Here we report a richly-decorated young infant burial (AVH-1) from Arma Veirana (Liguria, northwestern Italy) that is directly dated to 10,211–9910 cal BP (95.4% probability), placing it within the early Holocene and therefore attributable to the early Mesolithic, a cultural period from which well-documented burials are exceedingly rare. Virtual dental histology, proteomics, and aDNA indicate that the infant was a 40–50 days old female. Associated artifacts indicate significant material and emotional investment in the child’s interment. The detailed biological profile of AVH-1 establishes the child as the earliest European near-neonate documented to be female. The Arma Veirana burial thus provides insight into sex/gender-based social status, funerary treatment, and the attribution of personhood to the youngest individuals among prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups and adds substantially to the scant data on mortuary practices from an important period in prehistory shortly following the end of the last Ice Age.

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    Article . 2021
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    Authors: Peresani, Marco; Bertola, Stefano; Caricola, Isabella; Nunziante Cesaro, Stella; +8 Authors

    Abstract Neanderthals collected unusual, sometimes colorful mineral materials from different sources. Several green serpentinite smooth pebbles with a flat shape and use modifications were unearthed at Fumane Cave in northern Italy. This study explores cognitive and functional criteria that influenced the selection and use of unique pebbles based on their regional geology, morphology, petrology, use wear, and residues. Besides the attraction for green materials, there is no evidence for the use of soft green and flat pebbles, like those from Fumane Cave, during the Middle Palaeolithic. Moreover, these materials were collected by Neanderthals only from ca. 44 ka cal BP, despite the large availability of green serpentine pebbles in the alluvial beds near the cave. Ultimately, we provide new data to understand the role of aesthetic and technological factors in shaping the human behavioral range in the Middle Paleolithic.

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    Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Pedergnana, Antonella; Cristiani, Emanuela; Munro, Natalie; Valletta, Francesco; +1 Authors

    Nineteen broken and complete bone fish hooks and six grooved stones recovered from the Epipaleolithic site of Jordan River Dureijat in the Hula Valley of Israel represent the largest collection of fishing technology from the Epipaleolithic and Paleolithic periods. Although Jordan River Dureijat was occupied throughout the Epipaleolithic (~20–10 kya the fish hooks appear only at the later stage of this period (15,000–12,000 cal BP). This paper presents a multidimensional study of the hooks, grooved stones, site context, and the fish assemblage from macro and micro perspectives following technological, use wear, residue and zooarchaeological approaches. The study of the fish hooks reveals significant variability in hook size, shape and feature type and provides the first evidence that several landmark innovations in fishing technology were already in use at this early date. These include inner and outer barbs, a variety of line attachment techniques including knobs, grooves and adhesives and some of the earliest evidence for artificial lures. Wear on the grooved stones is consistent with their use as sinkers while plant fibers recovered from the grooves of one hook shank and one stone suggest the use of fishing line. This together with associations between the grooved stones and hooks in the same archaeological layers, suggests the emergence of a sophisticated line and hook technology. The complexity of this technology is highlighted by the multiple steps required to manufacture each component and combine them into an integrated system. The appearance of such technology in the Levantine Epipaleolithic record reflects a deep knowledge of fish behavior and ecology. This coincides with significant larger-scale patterns in subsistence evolution, namely broad spectrum foraging, which is an important first signal of the beginning of the transition to agriculture in this region.

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    Authors: Dusan Boric; Emanuela Cristiani; Rachel J A Hopkins; Jean-Luc Schwenninger; +15 Authors

    Research at TT and DK was supported by the High Risk Research in Archaeology grant of the National Science Foundation (BCS‐0442096) in 2004, British Academy Small Grant 40967 in 2005, the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research in Cambridge grants in 2005, 2008 and 2009, Cardiff University in 2013 and 2017, the NOMIS Foundation in 2019–2020 (all to DB), and the European Research Council Starting Grant Project HIDDEN FOODS grant agreement no. 639286 (to EC) in 2017. Research on cryptotephra and several AMS radiocarbon dates were funded through the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) consortium ‘RESponse of Humans to Abrupt Environmental Transitions’ (RESET, NE/E015670/1 and NE/E015913/1). Stable isotope analyses were supported by the European Research Council Starting Grant Project SUBSILIENCE grant agreement no. 818299 (to AMB). CAIF thanks Tonko Rajkovača, McBurney Geoarchaelogy Laboratory, Department of Archaeology University of Cambridge, for making the thin section slides and Chris Rolfe and Dr Steve Boreham of the Department of Geography, University of Cambridge are thanked for conducting the pollen preservation assessment. Als Chemex of North Vancouver is thanked for producing the multi‐element figures. DB thanks Brandon Fowler for his help with the MALDI‐TOF at the Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Maria Gurova for drawings 1 and 3 of flint artefacts on Fig. 7, Miljana Botunjac for drawings on Figs. 11 and 12, and Andrea Zupancich for the base map in Fig. 1. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that improved the presentation of our results. The radiocarbon dating was supported in the main by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013)/ERC grant agreement 324139 “Palaeo-Chron,” awarded to Professor Tom Higham, University of Oxford. This funding also supported Rachel Hopkins’’ doctoral research. The article presents evidence about the Middle Palaeolithic and Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition interval in the karst area of the Danube Gorges in the Lower Danube Basin. We review the extant data and present new evidence from two recently investigated sites found on the Serbian side of the Danube River - Tabula Traiana and Dubocka-Kozja caves. The two sites have yielded layers dating to both the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic and have been investigated by the application of modern standards of excavation and recovery along with a suite of state of the art analytical procedures. The presentation focuses on micromorphological analyses of the caves' sediments, characterisation of cryptotephra, a suite of new radiometric dates (accelerator mass spectrometry and optically stimulated luminescence) as well as proteomics (zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry) and stable isotope data in discerning patterns of human occupation of these locales over the long term

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      Journal of Quaternary Science
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    Authors: Castiglia, Gabriele; Pergola, Philippe; Ciliberti, Marco; Božana Maletić; +2 Authors

    Abstract The aim of this paper is to present new archaeological data coming from the recent excavations in Adulis (Eritrea) in the so-called “Church of the British Museum”, discovered in 1868 by Captain Goodfellow. New excavations that began in 2018 have led to highlight the biggest church known so far in Adulis, probably the ecclesia episcopalis. It stands as a 30 meters long building, which follows the typical Aksumite architectural layout. Also, the great quantity of decorated marbles coming from the church are of great interest, revealing important contacts with Yemen and Byzantium, mostly in the 6th century AD. The new archaeological data will be contextualized in the wider scenario of the rise and establishment of early Christianity in the Aksumite kingdom, until the arrival of Islam.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Starting in the 1340s, the Crown of Aragon strengthened its position in the Western Mediterranean by absorbing the Kingdom of Majorca (1343), reincorporating the realm of Sicily (1392) and securing its control over constantly rebellious Sardinia (1420). To govern those territories, which were distant from the royal court and separated by sea, the kings of Aragon developed a pervasive information strategy that facilitated the retrieval of data from their archives and the transformation of that data into useful knowledge that kept them informed about the three islands’ administration. The monarchs developed regional series of registers specifically dedicated to Majorca, Sardinia and Sicily in which orders and ordinances pertaining to the islands were recorded and they created or strengthened territorial archives for preserving records and accounts produced in the localities. They also relied on a network of accountable officers and informants who updated them via official and unofficial letters and, finally, they gathered intelligence using envoys who travelled continuously across the Mediterranean to inform the Crown on a vast range of affairs pertaining to the islands. This essay explores these topics during the long fourteenth century, using the records and correspondence preserved in various archives of the Catalan-Aragonese world and emphasizing the role of both the written word and oral communication for ruling a late-medieval composite polity like the Crown of Aragon.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ figsharearrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Bartalesi, Valentina; Coro, Gianpaolo; Lenzi, Emanuele; Pagano, Pasquale; +1 Authors

    Digital maps greatly support storytelling about territories, especially when enriched with data describing cultural, societal, and ecological aspects, conveying emotional messages that describe the territory as a whole. Story maps are interactive online digital narratives that can describe a territory beyond its map by enriching the map with text, pictures, videos, and other multimedia information. This paper presents a semi-automatic workflow to produce story maps from textual documents containing territory data. An expert first assembles one territory-contextual document containing text and images. Then, automatic processes use natural language processing and Wikidata services to (i) extract key concepts (entities) and geospatial coordinates associated with the territory, (ii) assemble a logically-ordered sequence of enriched story-map events, and (iii) openly publish online story maps and an interoperable Linked Open Data semantic knowledge base for event exploration and inter-story correlation analyses. Our workflow uses an Open Science-oriented methodology to publish all processes and data. Through our workflow, we produced story maps for the value chains and territories of 23 rural European areas of 16 countries. Through numerical evaluation, we demonstrated that territory experts considered the story maps effective in describing their territories, and appropriate for communicating with citizens and stakeholders.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    This is just an attempt to associate sums or dierences of prime numbers with points lying on an ellipse or hyperbola. Certain pairs of prime numbers can be represented as radius-distances from the focuses to points lying either on the ellipse or on the hyperbola. The ellipse equation can be written in the following form: |p k | + |p t | = 2n. The hyperbola equation can be written in the following form: ||p k | − |p t || = 2n. Here p k and p t are prime numbers (p 1 = 2, p 2 = 3, p 3 = 5, p 4 = 7,…), k and t are indices of prime numbers, 2n is a given even number, k, t, n ∈ N. If we construct ellipses and hyperbolas based on the above, we get the following: 1) there are only 5 non-intersecting curves (for 2n=4; 2n=6; 2n=8; 2n=10; 2n=16). The remaining ellipses have intersection points; 2) there is only 1 non-intersecting hyperbola (for 2n=2) and 1 non-intersecting vertical line. The remaining hyperbolas have intersection points.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.33774/coe-2...
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    https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.i...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Verdiani, Giorgio; Emilio, Giulia;

    Palazzo Vecchio is a cultural-historical centre full of elements from different periods able to offer multiple ideas and reflections. Inside there are objects, rooms and environments that document many years of history interacting with many other realities and contexts. The “Hall of the 500”, the large audience hall restored by Giorgio Vasari commissioned by the grand duke Cosimo I, shows in its sumptuous wall paintings the views of cities, places and landscapes, captured in scenes of war and siege. It is possible to observe the city walls of Pisa, the Towers of Siena and Livorno, the military fortifications of Porto Ercole and San Vincenzo, the Mediterranean coasts and the inland valleys. Different places, conquered by the Medici family, which branch off throughout Tuscany and characterize the territory. These places today appear transformed and modified, in part or not, in the landscape and urban fabric. In some cases, it is still possible to find the remains of the sixteenth-century defensive buildings, while in others there is no longer any trace, or at most only few remains. Instead, they are legible in the paintings that identify their elements and characteristics. The opportunity arises for a comparison between real and painted architecture. From this point of view, the frescoes in the hall not only have value as artistic works but also as historical sources and documents able to tell through painting the conformation of the sites represented with well-defined details and historical reliability. Comparing the paintings with today's urban and landscape fabric, analogies and discrepancies appear, present, missing and added objects that allow to reconstruct the analyzed structures, and also to catalogue them according to the level of knowledge acquired with a good degree of reliability of the source. With these assumptions it was possible to model the painted defensive structures in 3D, using not only the frescoes but also writings, drawings and archive plans and also to catalogue it. A map was then edited to identify the level of knowledge achieved with each model. The aim is to increase knowledge of historical and cultural structures to enhance the city's cultural heritage.

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    Authors: Meggiolaro, Angela; Sane Schepisi, Monica; Farina, Sara; Castagna, Carolina; +5 Authors

    AbstractBackgroundThe rapid rise of Sars-Cov2 B.1.1.529 variant (named Omicron) in the late November 2021 prompted the health authorities to estimate the potential impact on the existing countermeasures, including vaccines. This meta-analysis aims to assess the effectiveness of the current Sars-Cov2 vaccine regimens against laboratory-confirmed Omicron infection. A secondary endpoint aims to investigate the waning effectiveness of primary vaccination against symptomatic Omicron infection and related hospitalization.MethodsThe systematic review started on December 1, 2021 and was concluded on March 1, 2022. Random-effects (RE) frequentist meta-analyses are performed to estimate the primary vaccination course and the booster dose effectiveness against Omicron. Multiple meta-regressions are performed under mixed-effects model. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42021240143.FindingsIn total, 15 out of 502 records are included in the quantitative synthesis. The meta-analysis on B.1.1.529 infection risk produces an OR=0·69 (95%CI: 0·57 to 0·83; τ2=0·225; I2=99·49%) after primary vaccination and an OR=0·30 (95%CI: 0·23 to 0·39; τ2=0·469; I2=99·33%) after one additional booster dose. According to the multiple meta-regression models, one booster dose significantly decreases by 69% the risk of symptomatic Omicron infection (OR=0·31; 95%CI: 0·23 to 0·40) and by 88% the risk of hospitalization (OR=0·12; 95%CI: 0·08 to 0·19) with respect to unvaccinated. Six months after primary vaccination, the average risk reduction declines to 22% (OR=0·78; 95%CI: 0·69 to 0·88) against symptomatic infection and to 55% against hospitalization (OR=0·45; 95%CI: 0·30 to 0·68).InterpretationDespite the high heterogeneity, this study confirms that primary vaccination does not provide sufficient protection against symptomatic Omicron infection. Although the effectiveness of the primary vaccination against hospitalization due to Omicron remains significantly above 50% after 3 months, it dramatically fades after 6 months. Therefore, the administration of one additional booster dose is recommended within 6 months and provides a 76% decrease in the odds of symptomatic Omicron after five months.FundingThere was no funding source for this study.ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTSthe primary vaccination decreases the risk of Omicron infection by 31%, while one additional booster dose decreases the risk by 70%the primary vaccination course reduces the risk of symptomatic Omicron infection by 24% and the risk of hospitalization by 50%one additional booster dose decreases by 69% the risk of symptomatic Omicron infection and the risk of hospitalization by 88%the effectiveness of the primary vaccination against hospitalization dramatically wanes after 3 months from vaccination, reaching a minimum of 45% in risk reduction after more than 6 monthsPANEL: research in contextEvidence before this studyOmicron variant’s higher transmissibility combined with an increased risk of infection among individuals vaccinated with primary vaccination have prompted health authorities to introduce a booster vaccination. The systematic review including “vaccine effectiveness”, “Covid-19”, “SARS-CoV-2”, and “Omicron” search terms, is performed over three web engines and one early stage research platform (i.e., WHO COVID-19 DATABASE, PubMed, medRxiv + bioRxiv) Additionally, all relevant web sources reporting living data on vaccine effectiveness (i.e., https://view-hub.org/covid-19/ and https://covid-nma.com/), electronic databases and grey literature are considered. The last search update was on March 1, 2022. No country, language, study design restrictions are applied.Added value of this studyPrimary vaccination provides relatively low protection against the Omicron VOC, while one additional booster dose decreased substantially the risk of symptomatic Omicron infection and of hospitalization.Implications of all the available evidenceThe booster dose should be recommended after three months and no later than six months after the primary course vaccination, in order to avoid severe consequences, in particular among the elderly population.

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      PubliCatt
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      SSRN Electronic Journal
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Hodgkins, Jamie; Orr, Caley M.; Gravel-Miguel, Claudine; Riel-Salvatore, Julien; +23 Authors

    AbstractThe evolution and development of human mortuary behaviors is of enormous cultural significance. Here we report a richly-decorated young infant burial (AVH-1) from Arma Veirana (Liguria, northwestern Italy) that is directly dated to 10,211–9910 cal BP (95.4% probability), placing it within the early Holocene and therefore attributable to the early Mesolithic, a cultural period from which well-documented burials are exceedingly rare. Virtual dental histology, proteomics, and aDNA indicate that the infant was a 40–50 days old female. Associated artifacts indicate significant material and emotional investment in the child’s interment. The detailed biological profile of AVH-1 establishes the child as the earliest European near-neonate documented to be female. The Arma Veirana burial thus provides insight into sex/gender-based social status, funerary treatment, and the attribution of personhood to the youngest individuals among prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups and adds substantially to the scant data on mortuary practices from an important period in prehistory shortly following the end of the last Ice Age.

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    MPG.PuRe
    Article . 2021
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    MPG.PuRe
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    Scientific Reports
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    Authors: Peresani, Marco; Bertola, Stefano; Caricola, Isabella; Nunziante Cesaro, Stella; +8 Authors

    Abstract Neanderthals collected unusual, sometimes colorful mineral materials from different sources. Several green serpentinite smooth pebbles with a flat shape and use modifications were unearthed at Fumane Cave in northern Italy. This study explores cognitive and functional criteria that influenced the selection and use of unique pebbles based on their regional geology, morphology, petrology, use wear, and residues. Besides the attraction for green materials, there is no evidence for the use of soft green and flat pebbles, like those from Fumane Cave, during the Middle Palaeolithic. Moreover, these materials were collected by Neanderthals only from ca. 44 ka cal BP, despite the large availability of green serpentine pebbles in the alluvial beds near the cave. Ultimately, we provide new data to understand the role of aesthetic and technological factors in shaping the human behavioral range in the Middle Paleolithic.

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    Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Pedergnana, Antonella; Cristiani, Emanuela; Munro, Natalie; Valletta, Francesco; +1 Authors

    Nineteen broken and complete bone fish hooks and six grooved stones recovered from the Epipaleolithic site of Jordan River Dureijat in the Hula Valley of Israel represent the largest collection of fishing technology from the Epipaleolithic and Paleolithic periods. Although Jordan River Dureijat was occupied throughout the Epipaleolithic (~20–10 kya the fish hooks appear only at the later stage of this period (15,000–12,000 cal BP). This paper presents a multidimensional study of the hooks, grooved stones, site context, and the fish assemblage from macro and micro perspectives following technological, use wear, residue and zooarchaeological approaches. The study of the fish hooks reveals significant variability in hook size, shape and feature type and provides the first evidence that several landmark innovations in fishing technology were already in use at this early date. These include inner and outer barbs, a variety of line attachment techniques including knobs, grooves and adhesives and some of the earliest evidence for artificial lures. Wear on the grooved stones is consistent with their use as sinkers while plant fibers recovered from the grooves of one hook shank and one stone suggest the use of fishing line. This together with associations between the grooved stones and hooks in the same archaeological layers, suggests the emergence of a sophisticated line and hook technology. The complexity of this technology is highlighted by the multiple steps required to manufacture each component and combine them into an integrated system. The appearance of such technology in the Levantine Epipaleolithic record reflects a deep knowledge of fish behavior and ecology. This coincides with significant larger-scale patterns in subsistence evolution, namely broad spectrum foraging, which is an important first signal of the beginning of the transition to agriculture in this region.

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    PLoS ONE
    Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    DOAJ; PLoS ONE
    Article . 2021
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      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Dusan Boric; Emanuela Cristiani; Rachel J A Hopkins; Jean-Luc Schwenninger; +15 Authors

    Research at TT and DK was supported by the High Risk Research in Archaeology grant of the National Science Foundation (BCS‐0442096) in 2004, British Academy Small Grant 40967 in 2005, the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research in Cambridge grants in 2005, 2008 and 2009, Cardiff University in 2013 and 2017, the NOMIS Foundation in 2019–2020 (all to DB), and the European Research Council Starting Grant Project HIDDEN FOODS grant agreement no. 639286 (to EC) in 2017. Research on cryptotephra and several AMS radiocarbon dates were funded through the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) consortium ‘RESponse of Humans to Abrupt Environmental Transitions’ (RESET, NE/E015670/1 and NE/E015913/1). Stable isotope analyses were supported by the European Research Council Starting Grant Project SUBSILIENCE grant agreement no. 818299 (to AMB). CAIF thanks Tonko Rajkovača, McBurney Geoarchaelogy Laboratory, Department of Archaeology University of Cambridge, for making the thin section slides and Chris Rolfe and Dr Steve Boreham of the Department of Geography, University of Cambridge are thanked for conducting the pollen preservation assessment. Als Chemex of North Vancouver is thanked for producing the multi‐element figures. DB thanks Brandon Fowler for his help with the MALDI‐TOF at the Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Maria Gurova for drawings 1 and 3 of flint artefacts on Fig. 7, Miljana Botunjac for drawings on Figs. 11 and 12, and Andrea Zupancich for the base map in Fig. 1. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that improved the presentation of our results. The radiocarbon dating was supported in the main by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013)/ERC grant agreement 324139 “Palaeo-Chron,” awarded to Professor Tom Higham, University of Oxford. This funding also supported Rachel Hopkins’’ doctoral research. The article presents evidence about the Middle Palaeolithic and Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition interval in the karst area of the Danube Gorges in the Lower Danube Basin. We review the extant data and present new evidence from two recently investigated sites found on the Serbian side of the Danube River - Tabula Traiana and Dubocka-Kozja caves. The two sites have yielded layers dating to both the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic and have been investigated by the application of modern standards of excavation and recovery along with a suite of state of the art analytical procedures. The presentation focuses on micromorphological analyses of the caves' sediments, characterisation of cryptotephra, a suite of new radiometric dates (accelerator mass spectrometry and optically stimulated luminescence) as well as proteomics (zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry) and stable isotope data in discerning patterns of human occupation of these locales over the long term

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    Journal of Quaternary Science
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    Authors: Castiglia, Gabriele; Pergola, Philippe; Ciliberti, Marco; Božana Maletić; +2 Authors

    Abstract The aim of this paper is to present new archaeological data coming from the recent excavations in Adulis (Eritrea) in the so-called “Church of the British Museum”, discovered in 1868 by Captain Goodfellow. New excavations that began in 2018 have led to highlight the biggest church known so far in Adulis, probably the ecclesia episcopalis. It stands as a 30 meters long building, which follows the typical Aksumite architectural layout. Also, the great quantity of decorated marbles coming from the church are of great interest, revealing important contacts with Yemen and Byzantium, mostly in the 6th century AD. The new archaeological data will be contextualized in the wider scenario of the rise and establishment of early Christianity in the Aksumite kingdom, until the arrival of Islam.

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