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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    In this study, we employ pooled data from four rounds of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) to examine whether, and to what extent, does the incidence of early marriage shape the married women’s perspectives on gender preference associated with reproduction. We employ a number of econometric techniques (Probit, OLS, Cox Hazard Model, IV Probit and treatment effects) and a large set of model specifications, and find significant evidence supporting the role of early marriage in perpetuating disproportionate preference for boys. Women who married before turning 18 not only state a greater desire for boys but are also less likely to stop reproduction as long as they do not have a boy. Early-age marriage is associated with 7.7–12.5 per cent higher incidence of fertility discontinuation among women without a son. This son-preferring behaviour is stronger at higher birth order and also reflects in differential spacing patterns. Women’s education appears to be the strongest channel through which these effects are mediated. The divergence between early- and late-marrying women appears to have sharpened over time. The findings of this study underscore the role played by early marriage in altering the gender-specific attitudes prevalent in the society, and highlight existing gender inequality traps.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ EconStorarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2023
    Data sources: EconStor
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    figshare
    Other literature type . 2023
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    figshare
    Other literature type . 2023
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2023
    Data sources: EconStor
    The Journal of Development Studies
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EconStor
    Research . 2023
    Data sources: EconStor
    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EconStor
    Research . 2023
    Data sources: EconStor
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ EconStorarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      EconStor
      Research . 2023
      Data sources: EconStor
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Other literature type . 2023
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      figshare
      Other literature type . 2023
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      EconStor
      Research . 2023
      Data sources: EconStor
      The Journal of Development Studies
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      EconStor
      Research . 2023
      Data sources: EconStor
      SSRN Electronic Journal
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      EconStor
      Research . 2023
      Data sources: EconStor
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Shobe, Charles M.; Braun, Jean; Yuan, Xiaoping; Campforts, Benjamin; +11 Authors

    Passive margin stratigraphy contains time‐integrated records of landscapes that have long since vanished. Quantitatively reading the stratigraphic record using coupled landscape evolution and stratigraphic forward models (SFMs) is a promising approach to extracting information about landscape history. However, there is no consensus about the optimal form of simple SFMs because there has been a lack of direct tests against observed stratigraphy in well‐constrained test cases. Specifically, the extent to which SFM behaviour over geologic space and timescales should be governed by local (downslope sediment flux depends only on local slope) versus nonlocal (sediment flux depends on factors other than local slope, such as the history of slopes experienced along a transport pathway) processes is currently unclear. Here, we develop a nonlocal, nonlinear SFM that incorporates slope bypass and long‐distance sediment transport, both of which have been previously identified as important model components but not thoroughly tested. Our model collapses to the local, linear model under certain parameterizations such that best‐fit parameter values can indicate optimal model structure. Comparing 2‐D implementations of both models against seven detailed seismic sections from the Southeast Atlantic Margin, we invert the stratigraphic data for best‐fit model parameter values and demonstrate that best‐fit parameterizations are not compatible with the local, linear diffusion model. Fitting observed stratigraphy requires parameter values consistent with important contributions from slope bypass and long‐distance transport processes. The nonlocal, nonlinear model yields improved fits to the data regardless of whether the model is compared against only the modern bathymetric surface or the full set of seismic reflectors identified in the data. Results suggest that processes of sediment bypass and long‐distance transport are required to model realistic passive margin stratigraphy and are therefore important to consider when inverting the stratigraphic record to infer past perturbations to source regions. United States National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008982 European Commission http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000780 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20205077 H2020 Marie Sklodowska‐Curie

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ GFZ German Research ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Conference object . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Conference object . 2022
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Basin Research
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    GEO-LEO e-docs
    Article . 2022
    Data sources: GEO-LEO e-docs
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ GFZ German Research ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      figshare
      Conference object . 2022
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      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      figshare
      Conference object . 2022
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Basin Research
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      GEO-LEO e-docs
      Article . 2022
      Data sources: GEO-LEO e-docs
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ziegler, Ella; Postma, Erik; Matthes, Katarina L; Floris, Joël; +1 Authors

    Body height and body mass index (BMI) are associated with later life outcomes in present and historical populations. We examine the case study of the Swiss Alpine canton of Glarus, which was highly industrialised at the beginning of the 20th century. Our study links conscription registers to genealogical registers at the individual level in Switzerland for the first time. We analyse whether body height, BMI, socioeconomic position (HISCLASS), region of residence, fitness to serve (as a proxy for health status in a military context), and goitre status (as a proxy for iodine deficiency) in young adulthood are associated with lifespan. We transcribed conscription records of 1073 men born between 1905 and 1907 and recruited between 1925 and 1927 (coverage birth cohorts 96%). Of the 827 young men residing within the canton, we were able to identify 635 (76.8%) in the cantonal genealogical register. Using body height, chest circumference, and upper arm circumference, we estimated BMI. We find socioeconomic differences for height and estimated BMI at conscription age. Young men with a recorded goitre were taller. We also present a positive association between body height and lifespan, with small men being particularly disadvantaged. In a small subsample of two municipalities, we estimated the heritability of height to be 65%.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ figsharearrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 2022
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    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . Article . 2023
    License: CC BY NC ND
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    The History of the Family
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ figsharearrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Other literature type . Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      The History of the Family
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    International audience; This article should aim to better understand the importance and the role of the prenuptial agreement in the regions where the ‘système de partage égalitaire’ (partible inheritance) prevailed in nineteenth century France. In some regions, under Ancien Regime ‘coutumes’, prenuptial agreement played a important role in the installation of a new household and, in some systems, it was crucial in the transmission of wealth from one generation to another.Indeed, it is quite easy to understand the importance of the prenuptial agreement in inequal inheritance system; but it is more difficult to explain the existence of such contracts in the partible inheritance regions where the transmission of wealth, the rule of inheritance, was, and is always, very simple: the heritage is equally divided between heirs (male and female) without donation or will. How then can we explain the overall growth in the number of marriage contracts at the beginning of the 19th century and the great variability in the use of this practice by region? Does this usage reflect a new desire on the part of families to better control the process of transmission of property within the new framework of the Civil Code?Through two databases of contracts we try to assess the factor which explained the choice to enact a contract or to do not. The first one is cross sectional for the year 1822 for six micro regions in the core of the Paris Basin. The second one is longitudinal (1813–26) for the region of Vernon (in Normandy) at the border of the Paris Basin.Both corpus highlight the role of the life course, marital status, and family configuration of each spouse but also the often-underestimated role of notaries, their habits, and legal practices in the choice of the type of contract.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ figsharearrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    The History of the Family
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ figsharearrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      The History of the Family
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
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    Authors: Sales, Rachel; McMichael, Crystal; Flantua, Suzette G. A.; Hagemans, Kimberley; +4 Authors

    Contains a map of pre-Columbian Andean cultures, variables used in the final ensemble model, descriptions of said variables, Pearson's correlation coefficients of environmental varialbes used in the final ensemble model, a map of established Andean forest plots, response curves for the final ensemble model, and histograms of established Andean forest plots. The literature used to compile the archaeological sites used in the ensemble model is also included.

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    Authors: Alsaidi, Safa; Decker, Amandine; Lay, Puthineath; Marquer, Esteban; +2 Authors

    Analogical proportions are statements of the form "A is to B as C is to D" that are used for several reasoning and classification tasks in artificial intelligence and natural language processing (NLP). For instance, there are analogy based approaches to semantics as well as to morphology. In fact, symbolic approaches were developed to solve or to detect analogies between character strings, e.g., the axiomatic approach as well as that based on Kolmogorov complexity. In this paper, we propose a deep learning approach to detect morphological analogies, for instance, with reinflexion or conjugation. We present empirical results that show that our framework is competitive with the above-mentioned state of the art symbolic approaches. We also explore empirically its transferability capacity across languages, which highlights interesting similarities between them. Comment: Submitted and accepted by the 8th IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA)

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    https://doi.org/10.1109/dsaa53...
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    International audience; Methodological innovations have a special status in disciplinary histories, because they can be widely adopted and anonymised. In the 1950s, this occurred to Georges Laplace’s innovative use of 3-dimensional metric Cartesian coordinate system to record the positions of archaeological objects. This paper proposes a conceptual and social history of this process, with a focus on its spatial context, the Pyrenean region (Spain, Basque Country, and France). Main results of this research based on archives, publications, and bibliometric data, include: 1) a critical discussion of the notions concerning authorship of such methodological innovations; 2) a presentation of the lesser-known aspects of Laplace’s method, showing its contribution to the abstraction and formalisation of archaeological observations and data recording; and 3) the identification of an international Pyrenean intellectual lineage of innovation regarding stratigraphy and excavation methods, from the late 19ᵗʰ century to the early 21ᵗʰ century.; Las innovaciones metodológicas, que pueden ser ampliamente adoptadas y anonimizadas, tienen un estatus especial en las historiografías disciplinarias. Así, desde los años 1950, Georges Laplace ha utilizado un sistema de coordenadas métricas cartesianas para registrar la posición de los objetos arqueológicos. A partir de este caso, y prestando especial atención a su contexto espacial –el espacio pirenaico internacional (España, País Vasco, Francia)–, este artículo propone una historia conceptual y social de este proceso. Los resultados de esta investigación, basada en publicaciones, archivos y datos bibliométricos, incluyen: 1) un enfoque crítico del reconocimiento de la autoría en el caso de las innovaciones metodológicas; 2) el análisis de los aspectos menos conocidos del método Laplace, y su contribución al proceso de abstracción y formalización tanto de las observaciones como del registrode datos arqueologícos; 3) la identificación, desde finales del siglo XIX hasta principios del siglo XXI, de un linaje pirenaico internacional de innovación.; Les innovations méthodologiques, pouvant être largement adoptées et anonymisées, possèdent un statut particulier dans les historiographies disciplinaires. Ce fut le cas du système de coordonnées Cartésiens métriques employé dès les années 1950 par Georges Laplace pour enregistrer la position des objets archéologiques. Fondé sur ce cas, et accordant une attention particulière à son contexte spatial – l’espace international pyrénéen (Espagne, Pays Basque, France) – cet article propose une histoire conceptuelle et sociale de ce processus. Les résultats de cette recherche, basée sur les publications, des archives, et des données bibliométriques, comprennent : 1) une approche critique de l’attribution d’autorité dans le cas des innovations méthodologiques ; 2) l’analyse d’aspects plus méconnus de la méthode Laplace, et leur contribution au processus d’abstraction et de formalisation des observations et de l’enregistrement des données en archéologie ; 3) la mise en évidence, de la fin du xixᵉ siècle au début du xxiᵉ siècle, d’un lignage pyrénéen international d’innovation.

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    https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.i...
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    Refitting and conjoinable pieces have long been used in archaeology to assess the consistency of discrete spatial units, such as layers, and to evaluate disturbance and post-depositional processes. The majority of current methods, despite their differences, rely on the count and proportion of refits within and between spatial units. Little attention is paid to the distribution and topology of the relationships between fragments, although this is now known to have significant effects on archaeological interpretation. This paper presents a new methodological approach for refitting studies. The TSAR approach (Topological Study of Archaeological Refitting) draws on concepts and methods from graph theory to model the network of connections observed between refitting fragments. Measures of cohesion and admixture of spatial units are defined using the structural properties of the sets of refitting relationships. To ensure reproducibility and reusability, the TSAR method is implemented as an R package, which also includes a simulator generating refitting fragments scattered in two spatial units. The advantages of the topological approach are discussed by comparing it to: 1) the results of a survey in which archaeologists were asked to rank examples of stratigraphic admixture; and 2) other computational methods. The approach is applied to simulated data, and empirical data from the Liang Abu rock shelter (East Borneo) are presented. Finally, the use of the TSAR simulation approach to test different scenarios of site formation processes is demonstrated.; Les remontages entre restes sont, de longue date, utilisés en archéologie pour évaluer la cohérence d'unités spatiales discrètes, telles que les couches, et pour caractériser les perturbations et les processus post-dépositionnels. La majorité des méthodes actuelles, malgré leurs différences, sont définies à partir du nombre et de la proportion de remontages dans et entre les unités spatiales. La distribution et la topologie des relations entre les fragments a fait l'objet de peu d'attention, bien que l'on sache désormais qu'elles aient des conséquences importantes pour l'interprétation archéologique. Cet article présente une nouvelle méthode pour l'étude des remontages archéologiques. L'approche TSAR (Topological Study of Archaeological Refitting) s'appuie sur des concepts et méthodes empruntés à la théorie des graphes pour modéliser le réseau des relations de connexions physiques observées entre des fragments. Les propriétés structurelles des ensembles de relations de connexion permettent de définir des mesures de cohésion et de mélange entre unités spatiales archéologiques. Pour garantir la reproductibilité et la réutilisation, la méthode TSAR est mise en œuvre sous la forme d'un package R, qui comprend un simulateur permettant de générer des fragments dispersés dans deux unités spatiales et liés par des relations de connexions. Les avantages de l'approche topologique sont discutés en la comparant à : 1) les résultats d'une enquête où des archéologues ont été invités à classer des exemples de mélange stratigraphique ; 2) d'autres méthodes de calcul. L'approche TSAR est appliquée à des données simulées, et des données empiriques provenant de l'abri sous roche de Liang Abu (Bornéo Est). Enfin, l'utilisation de la méthode de simulation TSAR afin de tester différents scénarios de mise en place de niveaux archéologiques est présentée.

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    Journal of Archaeological Science
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    Authors: Pierre Moret; Priscilla Muriel; Ricardo Jaramillo; Antonella Bernardi; +4 Authors

    International audience; Opportunities to track environmental changes over more than a century are rare in tropical mountains. Edward Whymper’s survey of flora and fauna on the summit of Mt. Corazón (Ecuador, 4788 m a.s.l.) in 1880 provides a unique opportunity to compare historical observations with the current composition of plant and insect communities on a tropical alpine mountain top. We studied Whymper’s archives and historic specimens in London and Paris, and performed a resurvey of vascular plants and ground beetles (Coleoptera Carabidae) in January 2020.Currently, a large part of the summit area of Corazón is heavily damaged by trampling and stone removal due to mountain tourism, and no vascular plants are present in the deteriorated area on the top of the ridge. However, more species were collected in 2020 than in 1880: 22 of vascular plants vs. 7, and 4 of ground beetles vs. 1. Upslope shifts over 140 years may partly explain this increase in species richness, although the low numbers of Whymper’s sampling may also be due to less skilled collectors and to the presence of permanent snow beds on the summit.The current faunistic and floristic data presented in this contribution can be used as a baseline for future resurveys of Corazón, in order to monitor changes in the species distribution and community composition of its summit area. Owing to the very small area of its superpáramo and to the soil deterioration by trampling along the summit ridge, Corazón is especially exposed to the effects of climate change and to the risk of extirpation of endemic cold-adapted specialists.

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    Neotropical Biodiversity
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    Authors: Gimat, Alice; Michelin, Anne; Massiani, Pascale; Rouchon, Véronique;

    Additional file 1: Figure S1. Sample preparation protocol by Focussed Ion beam (FIB). a inked fiber on a silicon wafer; b Pt deposit to protect the fiber and avoid sample charging; c trenches done with FIB (Ga ions beam) from each sides of the section; d thin cross-section of the sample fiber, surrounded by Pt (above) and Si wafer (below); d thin cross-sections on the A and C V-shape copper sample holder. Figure S2. STXM principle. Figure S3. Fiber I thin cross-section: a SEM observation, b and c STXM maps at the Fe L-edge. Map at 708 eV (after subtraction of map at 700 eV) represent FeII distributions; map at 709.8 eV (after subtraction of map at 708 eV) represents FeIII distributions. Arrow represents a region with a precipitate deposit at cross-section surface. Figure S4. Fiber G_I thin cross-section: a SEM observation, b and c STXM maps at the Fe L-edge. Map at 708 eV (after subtraction of map at 700 eV) represent FeII distributions; map at 709.8 eV (after subtraction of map at 708 eV) represents FeIII distributions. Figure S5. NEXASF spectra of three different regions of fiber G_I at the N-K edge (see Fig. 4). Figure S6. Fiber I_G thin cross-section: a SEM observation, b STXM map at N K-edge: 401 eV (subtracted by maps at 398 eV) representing gelatin distribution c and f STXM at the C K-edge at 288.3 eV and 286.7 eV (from which maps at 280 eV were subtracted), representing respectively gelatin and fiber major presence in bright. d and e STXM maps at the Fe L-edge. Map at 708 eV (after subtraction of map at 700 eV) represent FeII distributions; map at 709.8 eV (after subtraction of map at 708 eV) represents FeIII distributions. Table S1. STXM NEXAFS measurements conditions.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    In this study, we employ pooled data from four rounds of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) to examine whether, and to what extent, does the incidence of early marriage shape the married women’s perspectives on gender preference associated with reproduction. We employ a number of econometric techniques (Probit, OLS, Cox Hazard Model, IV Probit and treatment effects) and a large set of model specifications, and find significant evidence supporting the role of early marriage in perpetuating disproportionate preference for boys. Women who married before turning 18 not only state a greater desire for boys but are also less likely to stop reproduction as long as they do not have a boy. Early-age marriage is associated with 7.7–12.5 per cent higher incidence of fertility discontinuation among women without a son. This son-preferring behaviour is stronger at higher birth order and also reflects in differential spacing patterns. Women’s education appears to be the strongest channel through which these effects are mediated. The divergence between early- and late-marrying women appears to have sharpened over time. The findings of this study underscore the role played by early marriage in altering the gender-specific attitudes prevalent in the society, and highlight existing gender inequality traps.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ EconStorarrow_drop_down
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    EconStor
    Research . 2023
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    EconStor
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    The Journal of Development Studies
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Shobe, Charles M.; Braun, Jean; Yuan, Xiaoping; Campforts, Benjamin; +11 Authors

    Passive margin stratigraphy contains time‐integrated records of landscapes that have long since vanished. Quantitatively reading the stratigraphic record using coupled landscape evolution and stratigraphic forward models (SFMs) is a promising approach to extracting information about landscape history. However, there is no consensus about the optimal form of simple SFMs because there has been a lack of direct tests against observed stratigraphy in well‐constrained test cases. Specifically, the extent to which SFM behaviour over geologic space and timescales should be governed by local (downslope sediment flux depends only on local slope) versus nonlocal (sediment flux depends on factors other than local slope, such as the history of slopes experienced along a transport pathway) processes is currently unclear. Here, we develop a nonlocal, nonlinear SFM that incorporates slope bypass and long‐distance sediment transport, both of which have been previously identified as important model components but not thoroughly tested. Our model collapses to the local, linear model under certain parameterizations such that best‐fit parameter values can indicate optimal model structure. Comparing 2‐D implementations of both models against seven detailed seismic sections from the Southeast Atlantic Margin, we invert the stratigraphic data for best‐fit model parameter values and demonstrate that best‐fit parameterizations are not compatible with the local, linear diffusion model. Fitting observed stratigraphy requires parameter values consistent with important contributions from slope bypass and long‐distance transport processes. The nonlocal, nonlinear model yields improved fits to the data regardless of whether the model is compared against only the modern bathymetric surface or the full set of seismic reflectors identified in the data. Results suggest that processes of sediment bypass and long‐distance transport are required to model realistic passive margin stratigraphy and are therefore important to consider when inverting the stratigraphic record to infer past perturbations to source regions. United States National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008982 European Commission http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000780 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.20205077 H2020 Marie Sklodowska‐Curie

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      Basin Research
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    Authors: Ziegler, Ella; Postma, Erik; Matthes, Katarina L; Floris, Joël; +1 Authors

    Body height and body mass index (BMI) are associated with later life outcomes in present and historical populations. We examine the case study of the Swiss Alpine canton of Glarus, which was highly industrialised at the beginning of the 20th century. Our study links conscription registers to genealogical registers at the individual level in Switzerland for the first time. We analyse whether body height, BMI, socioeconomic position (HISCLASS), region of residence, fitness to serve (as a proxy for health status in a military context), and goitre status (as a proxy for iodine deficiency) in young adulthood are associated with lifespan. We transcribed conscription records of 1073 men born between 1905 and 1907 and recruited between 1925 and 1927 (coverage birth cohorts 96%). Of the 827 young men residing within the canton, we were able to identify 635 (76.8%) in the cantonal genealogical register. Using body height, chest circumference, and upper arm circumference, we estimated BMI. We find socioeconomic differences for height and estimated BMI at conscription age. Young men with a recorded goitre were taller. We also present a positive association between body height and lifespan, with small men being particularly disadvantaged. In a small subsample of two municipalities, we estimated the heritability of height to be 65%.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ figsharearrow_drop_down
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    The History of the Family
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      The History of the Family
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    International audience; This article should aim to better understand the importance and the role of the prenuptial agreement in the regions where the ‘système de partage égalitaire’ (partible inheritance) prevailed in nineteenth century France. In some regions, under Ancien Regime ‘coutumes’, prenuptial agreement played a important role in the installation of a new household and, in some systems, it was crucial in the transmission of wealth from one generation to another.Indeed, it is quite easy to understand the importance of the prenuptial agreement in inequal inheritance system; but it is more difficult to explain the existence of such contracts in the partible inheritance regions where the transmission of wealth, the rule of inheritance, was, and is always, very simple: the heritage is equally divided between heirs (male and female) without donation or will. How then can we explain the overall growth in the number of marriage contracts at the beginning of the 19th century and the great variability in the use of this practice by region? Does this usage reflect a new desire on the part of families to better control the process of transmission of property within the new framework of the Civil Code?Through two databases of contracts we try to assess the factor which explained the choice to enact a contract or to do not. The first one is cross sectional for the year 1822 for six micro regions in the core of the Paris Basin. The second one is longitudinal (1813–26) for the region of Vernon (in Normandy) at the border of the Paris Basin.Both corpus highlight the role of the life course, marital status, and family configuration of each spouse but also the often-underestimated role of notaries, their habits, and legal practices in the choice of the type of contract.

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    The History of the Family
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    Authors: Sales, Rachel; McMichael, Crystal; Flantua, Suzette G. A.; Hagemans, Kimberley; +4 Authors

    Contains a map of pre-Columbian Andean cultures, variables used in the final ensemble model, descriptions of said variables, Pearson's correlation coefficients of environmental varialbes used in the final ensemble model, a map of established Andean forest plots, response curves for the final ensemble model, and histograms of established Andean forest plots. The literature used to compile the archaeological sites used in the ensemble model is also included.

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    Authors: Alsaidi, Safa; Decker, Amandine; Lay, Puthineath; Marquer, Esteban; +2 Authors

    Analogical proportions are statements of the form "A is to B as C is to D" that are used for several reasoning and classification tasks in artificial intelligence and natural language processing (NLP). For instance, there are analogy based approaches to semantics as well as to morphology. In fact, symbolic approaches were developed to solve or to detect analogies between character strings, e.g., the axiomatic approach as well as that based on Kolmogorov complexity. In this paper, we propose a deep learning approach to detect morphological analogies, for instance, with reinflexion or conjugation. We present empirical results that show that our framework is competitive with the above-mentioned state of the art symbolic approaches. We also explore empirically its transferability capacity across languages, which highlights interesting similarities between them. Comment: Submitted and accepted by the 8th IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA)

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    http://arxiv.org/pdf/2108.0394...
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    https://doi.org/10.1109/dsaa53...
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    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    International audience; Methodological innovations have a special status in disciplinary histories, because they can be widely adopted and anonymised. In the 1950s, this occurred to Georges Laplace’s innovative use of 3-dimensional metric Cartesian coordinate system to record the positions of archaeological objects. This paper proposes a conceptual and social history of this process, with a focus on its spatial context, the Pyrenean region (Spain, Basque Country, and France). Main results of this research based on archives, publications, and bibliometric data, include: 1) a critical discussion of the notions concerning authorship of such methodological innovations; 2) a presentation of the lesser-known aspects of Laplace’s method, showing its contribution to the abstraction and formalisation of archaeological observations and data recording; and 3) the identification of an international Pyrenean intellectual lineage of innovation regarding stratigraphy and excavation methods, from the late 19ᵗʰ century to the early 21ᵗʰ century.; Las innovaciones metodológicas, que pueden ser ampliamente adoptadas y anonimizadas, tienen un estatus especial en las historiografías disciplinarias. Así, desde los años 1950, Georges Laplace ha utilizado un sistema de coordenadas métricas cartesianas para registrar la posición de los objetos arqueológicos. A partir de este caso, y prestando especial atención a su contexto espacial –el espacio pirenaico internacional (España, País Vasco, Francia)–, este artículo propone una historia conceptual y social de este proceso. Los resultados de esta investigación, basada en publicaciones, archivos y datos bibliométricos, incluyen: 1) un enfoque crítico del reconocimiento de la autoría en el caso de las innovaciones metodológicas; 2) el análisis de los aspectos menos conocidos del método Laplace, y su contribución al proceso de abstracción y formalización tanto de las observaciones como del registrode datos arqueologícos; 3) la identificación, desde finales del siglo XIX hasta principios del siglo XXI, de un linaje pirenaico internacional de innovación.; Les innovations méthodologiques, pouvant être largement adoptées et anonymisées, possèdent un statut particulier dans les historiographies disciplinaires. Ce fut le cas du système de coordonnées Cartésiens métriques employé dès les années 1950 par Georges Laplace pour enregistrer la position des objets archéologiques. Fondé sur ce cas, et accordant une attention particulière à son contexte spatial – l’espace international pyrénéen (Espagne, Pays Basque, France) – cet article propose une histoire conceptuelle et sociale de ce processus. Les résultats de cette recherche, basée sur les publications, des archives, et des données bibliométriques, comprennent : 1) une approche critique de l’attribution d’autorité dans le cas des innovations méthodologiques ; 2) l’analyse d’aspects plus méconnus de la méthode Laplace, et leur contribution au processus d’abstraction et de formalisation des observations et de l’enregistrement des données en archéologie ; 3) la mise en évidence, de la fin du xixᵉ siècle au début du xxiᵉ siècle, d’un lignage pyrénéen international d’innovation.

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    https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.i...
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    Refitting and conjoinable pieces have long been used in archaeology to assess the consistency of discrete spatial units, such as layers, and to evaluate disturbance and post-depositional processes. The majority of current methods, despite their differences, rely on the count and proportion of refits within and between spatial units. Little attention is paid to the distribution and topology of the relationships between fragments, although this is now known to have significant effects on archaeological interpretation. This paper presents a new methodological approach for refitting studies. The TSAR approach (Topological Study of Archaeological Refitting) draws on concepts and methods from graph theory to model the network of connections observed between refitting fragments. Measures of cohesion and admixture of spatial units are defined using the structural properties of the sets of refitting relationships. To ensure reproducibility and reusability, the TSAR method is implemented as an R package, which also includes a simulator generating refitting fragments scattered in two spatial units. The advantages of the topological approach are discussed by comparing it to: 1) the results of a survey in which archaeologists were asked to rank examples of stratigraphic admixture; and 2) other computational methods. The approach is applied to simulated data, and empirical data from the Liang Abu rock shelter (East Borneo) are presented. Finally, the use of the TSAR simulation approach to test different scenarios of site formation processes is demonstrated.; Les remontages entre restes sont, de longue date, utilisés en archéologie pour évaluer la cohérence d'unités spatiales discrètes, telles que les couches, et pour caractériser les perturbations et les processus post-dépositionnels. La majorité des méthodes actuelles, malgré leurs différences, sont définies à partir du nombre et de la proportion de remontages dans et entre les unités spatiales. La distribution et la topologie des relations entre les fragments a fait l'objet de peu d'attention, bien que l'on sache désormais qu'elles aient des conséquences importantes pour l'interprétation archéologique. Cet article présente une nouvelle méthode pour l'étude des remontages archéologiques. L'approche TSAR (Topological Study of Archaeological Refitting) s'appuie sur des concepts et méthodes empruntés à la théorie des graphes pour modéliser le réseau des relations de connexions physiques observées entre des fragments. Les propriétés structurelles des ensembles de relations de connexion permettent de définir des mesures de cohésion et de mélange entre unités spatiales archéologiques. Pour garantir la reproductibilité et la réutilisation, la méthode TSAR est mise en œuvre sous la forme d'un package R, qui comprend un simulateur permettant de générer des fragments dispersés dans deux unités spatiales et liés par des relations de connexions. Les avantages de l'approche topologique sont discutés en la comparant à : 1) les résultats d'une enquête où des archéologues ont été invités à classer des exemples de mélange stratigraphique ; 2) d'autres méthodes de calcul. L'approche TSAR est appliquée à des données simulées, et des données empiriques provenant de l'abri sous roche de Liang Abu (Bornéo Est). Enfin, l'utilisation de la méthode de simulation TSAR afin de tester différents scénarios de mise en place de niveaux archéologiques est présentée.

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    ZENODO
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    Journal of Archaeological Science
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Pierre Moret; Priscilla Muriel; Ricardo Jaramillo; Antonella Bernardi; +4 Authors

    International audience; Opportunities to track environmental changes over more than a century are rare in tropical mountains. Edward Whymper’s survey of flora and fauna on the summit of Mt. Corazón (Ecuador, 4788 m a.s.l.) in 1880 provides a unique opportunity to compare historical observations with the current composition of plant and insect communities on a tropical alpine mountain top. We studied Whymper’s archives and historic specimens in London and Paris, and performed a resurvey of vascular plants and ground beetles (Coleoptera Carabidae) in January 2020.Currently, a large part of the summit area of Corazón is heavily damaged by trampling and stone removal due to mountain tourism, and no vascular plants are present in the deteriorated area on the top of the ridge. However, more species were collected in 2020 than in 1880: 22 of vascular plants vs. 7, and 4 of ground beetles vs. 1. Upslope shifts over 140 years may partly explain this increase in species richness, although the low numbers of Whymper’s sampling may also be due to less skilled collectors and to the presence of permanent snow beds on the summit.The current faunistic and floristic data presented in this contribution can be used as a baseline for future resurveys of Corazón, in order to monitor changes in the species distribution and community composition of its summit area. Owing to the very small area of its superpáramo and to the soil deterioration by trampling along the summit ridge, Corazón is especially exposed to the effects of climate change and to the risk of extirpation of endemic cold-adapted specialists.

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    Authors: Gimat, Alice; Michelin, Anne; Massiani, Pascale; Rouchon, Véronique;

    Additional file 1: Figure S1. Sample preparation protocol by Focussed Ion beam (FIB). a inked fiber on a silicon wafer; b Pt deposit to protect the fiber and avoid sample charging; c trenches done with FIB (Ga ions beam) from each sides of the section; d thin cross-section of the sample fiber, surrounded by Pt (above) and Si wafer (below); d thin cross-sections on the A and C V-shape copper sample holder. Figure S2. STXM principle. Figure S3. Fiber I thin cross-section: a SEM observation, b and c STXM maps at the Fe L-edge. Map at 708 eV (after subtraction of map at 700 eV) represent FeII distributions; map at 709.8 eV (after subtraction of map at 708 eV) represents FeIII distributions. Arrow represents a region with a precipitate deposit at cross-section surface. Figure S4. Fiber G_I thin cross-section: a SEM observation, b and c STXM maps at the Fe L-edge. Map at 708 eV (after subtraction of map at 700 eV) represent FeII distributions; map at 709.8 eV (after subtraction of map at 708 eV) represents FeIII distributions. Figure S5. NEXASF spectra of three different regions of fiber G_I at the N-K edge (see Fig. 4). Figure S6. Fiber I_G thin cross-section: a SEM observation, b STXM map at N K-edge: 401 eV (subtracted by maps at 398 eV) representing gelatin distribution c and f STXM at the C K-edge at 288.3 eV and 286.7 eV (from which maps at 280 eV were subtracted), representing respectively gelatin and fiber major presence in bright. d and e STXM maps at the Fe L-edge. Map at 708 eV (after subtraction of map at 700 eV) represent FeII distributions; map at 709.8 eV (after subtraction of map at 708 eV) represents FeIII distributions. Table S1. STXM NEXAFS measurements conditions.

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