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There has been a growing policy interest in establishing connections between heritage and education. Nevertheless, there seems to be very little evaluation or critical reflection on what actually happens in practice, and it remains unclear how heritage education is employed in countries throughout Europe. The aim of this paper is to assess the current status of heritage education in Flanders (the Dutch-speaking northern part of Belgium) via a literature review and an exploratory case study. The perceptions and opinions of pre-service teachers (n = 17) were investigated using three instruments: a questionnaire, document analysis, and the think aloud method. The results show that the pre-service teachers had a traditional interpretation of heritage, mainly relying on well-known and monumental examples and following a rather historical–artistic conception. However, it was found that their opinions were positive towards the use of heritage as an educational resource, and their evaluations of educational materials from the heritage and museum sector provided detailed information concerning teachers’ desires and needs in this regard. The implications of this study should encourage initial teacher training in Flanders to further consider the epistemological and methodological challenges in the emerging field of heritage education.

ABSTRACT Exogamous marriage alliances involving royal women played a prominent role in the conversion of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to Christianity in the seventh century AD. Yet the large number of well-furnished female burials from this period suggests a broader change in the role of women. The authors present the results of isotopic analysis of seventh-century burials, comparing male and female mobility and the mobility of females from well-furnished versus poorly/unfurnished burials. Results suggest increased mobility during the Conversion Period that is, paradoxically, most noticeable among women buried in poorly furnished graves; their well-furnished contemporaries were more likely to have grown up near to their place of burial.

Archaeological investigations of the Idiofa region in the Kwilu Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo have yielded the earliest evidence for iron production, combined with ceramics and lithic artefacts, south of the Congo rainforest during the second century BC. Palaeoecological data show that the producers of this industry did not settle in open grasslands but in a habitat where the forests had started to undergo climate-induced degradation before their arrival. The Early Iron Age at Idiofa continues until the third century AD and is followed by a long hiatus that was not driven by climate change until the fifteenth century. Later Iron Age (LIA) pottery in the area, which dates to c. 1487–1648, is markedly distinct from that of the EIA in vessel forms, size, recipe and decoration. EIA pottery from Idiofa resembles most closely slightly younger Kay Ladio pottery (c. cal. AD 30–475) from the Lower Congo region further west, which is also associated with the first metallurgy there. Idiofa’s LIA pottery is indicative of a fifteenth- through seventeenth-century exchange network between the Kamtsha and Kasai Rivers. These shifting dynamics in pottery production are reflected in the region’s linguistic stratigraphy, which may contribute to the interdisciplinary reconstruction of the history of ancestral Bantu speakers south of the rainforest. Les recherches archéologiques dans la région d’Idiofa, dans la province du Kwilu, en République Démocratique du Congo, ont mené à la découverte des premières traces de la production du fer au sud de la forêt du bassin du Congo. Elles remontent au cours du deuxième siècle avant J.-C et sont associées à la céramique et aussi aux vestiges lithiques. Les données paléoécologiques montrent que les producteurs de cette industrie ne se sont pas installés dans des savanes ouvertes, mais dans un habitat dont les forêts avaient commencé à se dégrader avant leur arrivée, suite aux changements climatiques. L’Âge du Fer ancien à Idiofa continue jusqu’au troisième siècle de notre ère. Après cela un long hiatus non lié au changement climatique perdure jusqu’au quinzième siècle. La poterie de l’Âge du Fer récent (c. 1487–1648 ap. J.-C.) se distingue nettement de celle de l'Âge du Fer ancien par la forme, la taille, la composition et la décoration. La poterie de l’Âge du Fer ancien d'Idiofa ressemble davantage à la poterie Kay Ladio (c. 30–475 ap. J.-C.) de la région du Bas-Congo, située plus à l’ouest et de date un peu plus récente. Elle est également associée à la métallurgie la plus ancienne de cette région. La poterie d’Idiofa de l’Âge du Fer récent est révélatrice d’un réseau d’échange qui s’étendaient entre les rivières Kamtsha et Kasai du quinzième au dix-septième siècles de notre ère. Ces dynamiques en mutation dans la production de la poterie se reflètent dans la stratigraphie linguistique de la région, ce qui est pertinent pour la reconstruction interdisciplinaire de l’histoire des communautés bantouphones ancestrales au sud de la forêt tropicale.

Significance: Wounds of all types remain one of the most important, expensive, and common medical problems, for example, up to approximately two-thirds of the work time of community nurses is spent on wound management. Many wounds are treated by means of dressings. The materials used in a dressing, their microarchitecture, and how they are composed and constructed form the basis for the laboratory and clinical performances of any advanced dressing. Recent Advances: The established structure/function principle in material science is reviewed and analyzed in this article in the context of wound dressings. This principle states that the microstructure determines the physical, mechanical, and fluid transport and handling properties, all of which are critically important for, and relevant to the, adequate performances of wound dressings. Critical Issues: According to the above principle, once the clinical requirements for wound care and management are defined for a given wound type and etiology, it should be theoretically possible to translate clinically relevant characteristics of dressings into physical test designs resulting specific metrics of materials, mechanical, and fluid transport and handling properties, all of which should be determined to meet the clinical objectives and be measurable through standardized bench testing. Future Directions: This multidisciplinary review article, written by an International Wound Dressing Technology Expert Panel, discusses the translation of clinical wound care and management into effective, basic engineering standard testing requirements from wound dressings with respect to material types, microarchitecture, and properties, to achieve the desirable performance in supporting healing and improving the quality of life of patients.

La villa gallo-romaine de la Grande Boussue est située sur le versant méridional du bassin de la Haine, en province de Hainaut (Belgique). Les campagnes de fouilles successives, menées à la fin du xixe s., puis de 1964 à 1985, démontrent l’étendue et la richesse de cet établissement rural de la cité des Nerviens, distant de 16 km à peine de sa capitale, Bavay. Au cours de ces interventions, une quantité importante de roches ornementales a été recueillie. Celles-ci suggèrent la présence de revêtements d’applique en pierre dans plusieurs pièces de la villa, notamment les bains. Une grande partie appartient cependant au décor complexe d’une pièce chauffée, restée en usage jusque dans les dernières décennies du iiie s. apr. J.-C. Son caractère ostentatoire, son confort et ses dimensions conduisent à l’interpréter comme une salle de réception aménagée à l’écart des bains. Cette étude a nécessité par ailleurs une relecture approfondie des données de fouilles pour l’ensemble du site : confrontées aux chronologies appuyées par les analyses de mobilier déjà réalisées, elles permettent de proposer un schéma de développement général pour cet établissement dont la superficie, estimée au minimum à 4 ha, pourrait être nettement revue à la hausse, eu égard à son extension présumée et son statut aristocratique. The remains of the Nouvelles villa (Mons, Belgium) were discovered by Émile de la Roche de Marchiennes at the end of the 19th century. They extend over at least six hectares and were investigated during eighteen excavation campaigns between 1964 and 1985. This rural settlement was built in the Nervian civitas, 16 km away from Bavay. A Protohistoric occupation was followed in the first half of the 1st century AD by a settlement bordered by a great rectangular enclosure of almost two hectares. At the beginning of the 2nd century a very large aristocratic residence was built with a 1.5 km long aquaduct and baths. After a final transformation and embellishment at the end of the 2nd or beginning of the 3rd century, this main building reached a length of almost 300 metres. In the last third of the 3rd century, a violent fire destroyed the villa which was subsequently abandoned.In addition to 2628 pieces of decorative stones, several fragments of mosaics including 1570 tesserae were collected during these excavations. Belgian stones are predominantly present: Devonian and Carboniferous grey-blue limestones, various Belgian marbles including the Gris des Ardennes and the Rance red marble, as well as clayey limestones of the Tournai stone type. Two magmatic rocks originate from Germany: the Berkum trachyte and the Trier diabase. A few coloured stones originate from France such as the Pouillenay limestone and the Campan marble (both the green and pink varieties). Architectural decorations are made in Euville stone, a white limestone from Lorraine, mainly used in the neighbouring town of Tongres, and above all, in Avesnes stone, a variety of white chalk not only used in Bavay but also in the urban settlement of Famars. Nevertheless, additional Mediterranean stones, present in very small quantities, allow the development of a wider range of colours.The richest collection of ornamental stones comes from a 36 m2 heated room located in the southern wing of the settlement. It shows a black and white floor mosaic imitating an opus sectile. In the fire and demolition layers some remains of paintings were found as well as stucco and especially, 1479 fragments of stones belonging to its wall revetments.The most remarkable pieces are the crustae in Giallo antico, white Mediterranean marble (Carrara?) and Rosso antico. They resemble the acanthus frieze pattern of a luxurious room in a 4th-century domus near the Porta Marina in Ostia. In northern Gaul, a few analogous fragments have been found in the 2nd-3rd century domus discovered during excavations in the Notre-Dame basilica in the capital of Tongeren (Belgium), in the 4th-century basilica of Trier and in the wall revetments of the Palatiolum (in Pfalzel, Germany). Other objects are also composed of regional decorative stones, such as pieces cut in the white parts (fossil corals) of red Rance marble slabs. Another slab made of Meuse stone clearly shows a leaping animal (feline?).This room was embellished with a stone decoration extending over an important height (marble veneer). Sawn slabs in Gris des Ardennes and Rance red marble form the major tones of the decoration. They are combined with complex geometric patterns, such as circular shapes in Trier diabase and Rance red marble, and rhombuses in Fior di Pesco and white marble. These shapes are underlined by straight or curved rods in white marble or Pierre de Meuse, in order to produce a trompe-l’oeil effect. The figurative decorations described above were certainly located in the middle and upper parts of the revetments.Near this luxurious room, another small heated room was explored, from which some decorative elements made in Gris des Ardennes and in Mediterranean marbles were also collected. These are associated with a wall mosaic made of glass paste including 1570 tesserae of various colours, some of which are enhanced with gold leaf.Between these two rooms, a tank and a service room of about 20 m2 were discovered. The remains of a cooking hearth next to the wall adjoining the tank and the presence of animal bones and oysters on the floor, show that this place was also used for culinary activities. The above rooms, tank and service room seem to be part of an apartment within the residence.Therefore, the luxurious room could be considered as a triclinium. Indeed, its almost square shape and its general dimensions are similar to those of the dining rooms of Pompeian houses. This room was overlooking a peristyle courtyard decorated with a Tuscan colonnade carved in Avesnes stone. There was however no direct connection to the baths which were situated in the northern wing of the residence. In contrast to the decoration of the triclinium, most of the stones are set with tile mortar for a better resistance to water damage. The lower parts of the walls were covered with slabs made in Gris des Ardennes, Pierre de Meuse and red Rance marble.Finally, the existence of other decorated rooms in the villa is assumed, based on the presence of hundreds of fragments collected in secondary or unspecified layers. They demonstrate the use of Belgian stones in forms different from those observed in both the southern wing and the baths of the northern wing.

This study investigates the contemporary grammaticalized uses of perdón (‘sorry’) in two varieties of Spanish, namely Mexican and Peninsular Spanish. Methodologically, the investigation is based on a taxonomy of offenses, organized around the concept of ‘face’ and based on spoken data of Spanish from Mexico and Spain. This taxonomy turns out to be a fruitful methodological tool for the analysis of apologetic markers: it does not only offer usage-based evidence for previous theorizing concerning the grammaticalization process of apologetic markers, but also leads to a refinement of these previous results from a contrastive point of view. Evidence from both corpora suggests a more advanced stage in the grammaticalization process of perdón in Mexican Spanish, where it can be used not only as a self-face-saving device geared towards the positive face of the speaker, but also in turn-taking contexts oriented towards the negative face of the interlocutor. Peninsular Spanish, on the other hand, resorts to a more varied gamut of apologetic markers in these contexts.

The objective of this work is to offer a proposal for the dialectal classification of Colombian Spanish based on the dialectometric analysis of lexical data from the Atlas Lingüístico-Etnográfico de Colombia (ALEC). The study involved two hundred lexical maps from the ALEC which were randomly selected and processed in the Gabmap dialectometric analysis software. The similarity measure used was the Relative Index of Identity (Goebl 1984) and the visualization was carried out using the fuzzy clustering method. Based on the analysis of the results, the division of Colombian Spanish into three superdialects is proposed: central-eastern Andean, central-western Andean and Coastal. The Andean superdialects are divided from north to south (taking into account the dialect continuum) into high, middle and low dialects, while the Coastal superdialect distinguishes Caribbean and Pacific varieties. Finally, twenty-two subdialects corresponding to specific regions of the country are presented, along with their respective municipalities. El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer una propuesta de clasificación dialectal del español de Colombia a partir del análisis dialectométrico de datos léxicos del Atlas Lingüístico-Etnográfico de Colombia (ALEC). El trabajo fue realizado con doscientos mapas léxicos del ALEC seleccionados aleato-riamente y procesados en el software de análisis dialectométrico Gabmap. La medida de similitud utilizada fue el Índice Relativo de Identidad (Goebl 1984) y la visualización fue realizada a partir del método de agru-pamiento difuso. Desde el análisis de los resultados, se propone la división del español de Colombia en tres superdialectos: andino centro-oriental, andino centro-occidental y costeño. Los superdialectos andinos se dividen en dialectos de norte a sur teniendo en cuenta el continuum dialectal en dialectos alto, medio y bajo, mientras que el costeño se diferencia entre Caribe y Pacífico. Por último, se presentan veintidós subdialectos corres-pondientes a regiones específicas del país con sus respectivos municipios.