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[ES] Las altas tasas de erosión del suelo comprometen una agricultura sostenible. En los campos agrícolas de secano se han cuantificado tasas de erosión varios ordenes de magnitud mayores a las tasas de erosión consideradas tolerables. En los cultivos de secano mediterráneo como el viñedo, almendro y olivar, y en las nuevas plantaciones de cítricos y caquis en pendiente, las tasas de pérdida de suelo hacen necesario la aplicación de medidas que las reduzcan para evitar el colapso en la producción agrícola. Manejos como las adventicias, abonos verdes y acolchados (paja y restos de poda) son opciones viables para alcanzar la sostenibilidad. Este trabajo aplica mediciones mediante parcelas, lluvia simulada e ISUM (Improved Stock-Unearhing method) para cuantificar a distintas escalas temporales y espaciales la pérdida de suelo en campos de manejo tradicional (herbicida o laboreo) y bajo manejos alternativos (acolchados y cubiertas vegetales). Los trabajos realizados en la estación experimental para el estudio de la erosión del suelo de la Sierra de Enguera y las de Montesa y Les Alcusses aportan información de parcelas de erosión bajo lluvia natural. Los experimentos realizados con lluvia simulada en campos de olivos, almendros, cítricos, caquis, viñedos y frutales informan de la respuesta hidrológica y erosiva bajo lluvias de baja frecuencia y alta intensidad. Y finalmente, el método topográfico ISUM nos indica el impacto del manejo a largo plazo, desde la plantación. Los resultados indican que la pérdida de suelo es mayor (x10-1000) en los suelos bajo manejos tradicionales (laboreo y herbicida) debido a que quedan desnudos gran parte del año. El uso de acolchados de paja reduce la erosión del suelo inmediatamente en dos ordenes de magnitud. También los acolchados de restos de poda son muy eficientes, pero requieren más años para conseguir reducir la pérdida de suelo. Las adventicias y los abonos verdes son muy eficientes en el control de la erosión. [EN] High rates of soil erosion compromise sustainable agriculture. In rainfed agricultural fields, erosion rates several orders of magnitude higher than the erosion rates considered tolerable have been quantified. In Mediterranean rainfed crops such as vineyards, almonds and olive groves, and in the new sloping citrus and persimmon plantations, the rates of soil loss make it necessary to apply measures to reduce them to avoid collapse in agricultural production. Managements such as weeds, catch crops and mulches (straw and pruning remains) are viable options to achieve sustainability. This work applies measurements through plots, simulated rainfall experiments and ISUM (Improved Stock-Unearhing method) to quantify the loss of soil at different temporal and spatial scales in fields of traditional management (herbicide or tillage) and under alternative management (mulches and plant covers). The work carried out at the experimental station for the study of soil erosion in the Sierra de Enguera and those of Montesa and Les Alcusses provide information on erosion plots under natural rain. Experiments carried out with simulated rain in fields of olive, almond, citrus, persimmon, vineyard and fruit trees report the hydrological and erosive response under low frequency and high intensity rains. And finally, the ISUM topographic method report the impact of long-term management, from the plantation. The results indicate that the loss of soil is greater (x10-1000) in soils under traditional management (tillage and herbicide) due to the fact that they remain bare for most of the year. The use of straw mulch immediately reduces soil erosion by two orders of magnitude. Also mulches from chipped pruned branches remains are very efficient but require more years to reduce soil loss. Weeds and catch crops are very efficient in controlling erosion. This research was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 603498 (RECARE project). Artemi Cerdà thanks the Co-operative Research programme from the OECD (Biological Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Systems) for its support with the 2016 CRP fellowship (OCDE TAD/CRP JA00088807). We thank Nathalie Elisseou Léglise for her kind management of our financial support. The collaboration of students from the Degree of Geography and Environmental Sciences was fruitful and enjoyable. The music of Hilari Alonso (A prop) was an inspiration during the writing of this paper at the COVID19 time.

Spatial planning has an important role to play in addressing climate change issues, taking into account that contemporary global and other international and regional frameworks support an integrated approach in adapting to climate change. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the role of planning in the context of climate change with special reference to current practice and the legal and other planning frameworks in the Republic of Serbia. The example of the Spatial Plan for the Specific Purposes Area of the International Waterway E-80 Danube (Pan-European Corridor VII) is introduced, and issues related to the influence of climate change on water regimes are analysed by reviewing the presence of planning measures that cover natural and cultural heritage. The results indicate that despite the lack of an adequate legal base, current practice offers indirect support to adaptation measures through promoting ecological networks, increasing the extent of protected areas, and building systems for flood protection among others.

Early civilizations recognized the importance of springwaters generally and of karstic springs in particular. Due to the unique nature of karst, man in karst or limestone terrains perhaps understood this importance better than man in other terrains. In fact, the earliest hydrologic concepts of the hydrologic cycle, water source, occurrence, and quality were developed in relation to karst environments. Among others, Chinese, Arabs, Greeks, and Romans contributed to this early knowledge. It was in the karst aquifers in the high mountains of Greece that the first theories of the origin of springwater were born. Aqueducts as architectural master works were developed and designed by the Romans to enable the long-distance transportation of high-quality waters. At the zenith of the Roman Empire, several aqueducts delivered the incredible amount of around 13 m3/s of water supply mainly tapped at karstic springs to the center of Rome. Xu Xiake (1587–1641) was one of the very important figures of that time traveling and exploring the caves in China. A new scientific discipline, karstology, was born in the second half of the nineteenth century. The Frenchman Edouard Martel is considered the “father of speleology,” but it is the Serbian scientist Jovan Cvijic who, due to his doctoral thesis “Das Karstphanomen” and later works, is often called the “father of karst geomorphology and hydrology.” His research provided systematic treatment of karrens, dolines, karst rivers, karst valleys, poljes, and other types of karst phenomena. During the latter part of the twentieth century, a flood of analyses and information from field surveys and laboratory works resulted in different, sometimes contradictory theories on many aspects of karst hydrogeology.

Linking the Mediterranean to northern Europe, the lower Rhone valley is the major axis of communication in the south of France since the antiquity. The valley ends by a large deltaic plain rich in history and landscapes of international renown. It annually attracts thousands of tourists and nature lovers and artists through several festivals and exhibitions. Original water landscapes were built in the valley and at the contact between the river and the sea (delta). Their development over the centuries is the product of a complex evolution between the natural environment and human history. Numerous archaeological excavations reflect man–environment interactions, emphasising the strong constraint of fluviatile–deltaic environments, and how human societies, since the Greeks and the Romans, found some parades to mitigate the fluvial risk. The geomorphology of the landscapes is most of the time discrete, and we must learn to decipher the old and recent landforms derived from fluvial, lagoonal or marine environments. The landforms are now subject to different aggressions (erosion, pollution) and metamorphoses related to human activities combining with the natural dynamics: the protection of the “nature” has become a real challenge.