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International audience; This paper aims to refine our present understanding of the use of cursive and monumental scripts in Syriac by approaching a hitherto uncharted territory for palaeography, namely epigraphy. Our reflections derive from our collective ongoing projects "E-Twoto-Digital Paleography of Syriac Inscriptions" and "Recueil des Inscriptions Syriaques de Turquie". The selected corpus consists of inscriptions and graffiti from the provinces of Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa, and Mardin, dated between the fifth and the thirteenth centuries. The examples are analysed according to the shape of the letters and other palaeographic elements such as the layout of the inscriptions, including the setup of the lines of writing and line-justification. They are then compared to earlier evidence, namely Edessan inscriptions (first-third centuries CE) as well as administrative documents, in order to retrace the evolution of the cursive writing over time and space. Attention will be paid to media (mosaics and stone) and an analysis of two particular letters, ʾolaf and he, will be presented as case studies. Finally, this chapter addresses the scripts used in paratextual elements and graffiti to offer a comprehensive overview of Syriac cursive and monumental scripts.

International audience; The National Library of Spain (NLS, Biblioteca Nacional de España [BNE]) for the target audience of digital humanities (DH), within the last two decades, has taken up major challenges to be into line with other main national libraries (France, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany, and the Library of Congress). The chapter presents NLS's success in the emerging digital scholarship and BNElab Digital Humanities (DH) projects and digital editions (e.g., the Leonardo da Vinci Madrid I & II Codices or Quixote), demonstrating the most necessary steps of libraries to take in the digital age, especially when DH is forming the mainstream and obtaining momentum. The importance of the NLS and its patrimony is in line with its commendatory policy of collaborating with a wide variety of DH projects, and with that of making its digital patrimony freely available. Through a case study of the opening up of cultural heritage data for the arts and humanities (A&H), NLS is challenged from its Semantic Web vision to find the expertise required by the key issues of contemporary digital humanities.; La Biblioteca Nacional de España (BNE) para el público objetivo de las humanidades digitales (HD), en las últimas dos décadas ha asumido grandes retos para estar a la altura de otras grandes bibliotecas nacionales (Francia, Países Bajos, Reino Unido, Alemania y la Biblioteca del Congreso). El capítulo presenta el éxito de la BNE en los proyectos de cultura digital, BNElab y ediciones digitales (por ejemplo, los Códices Leonardo da Vinci Madrid I y II o el Quijote), presentando los pasos necesarios que las bibliotecas deben tomar en la era digital, especialmente cuando las HD están convirtiéndose en la corriente principal y ganando impulso. La importancia de la BNE y su patrimonio está en línea con su política de colaborar con una amplia variedad de proyectos de HD, y con la de hacer que su patrimonio digital esté disponible gratuitamente. A través de un estudio de caso de la apertura de los datos del patrimonio cultural para las artes y las humanidades (A&H), la BNE se enfrenta al desafío de su visión de la Web Semántica para encontrar la experiencia requerida por los temas clave de las humanidades digitales contemporáneas.; La Bibliothèque nationale d'Espagne (Biblioteca Nacional de España [BNE]) pour le public cible des humanités numériques (HN), au cours des deux dernières décennies, a relevé des défis majeurs pour s'aligner sur les autres grandes bibliothèques nationales (France, Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni, Allemagne et Bibliothèque du Congrès). Le chapitre présente le succès de la BNE dans les projets émergents de culture numérique et de BNElab et les éditions numériques (par exemple, les codex Leonardo da Vinci Madrid I & II ou le Quichotte), montrant les étapes les plus nécessaires pour les bibliothèques à suivre à l'ère numérique, en particulier lorsque les HN forment le courant dominant et prennent de l'ampleur. L'importance de la BNE et de son patrimoine s'inscrit dans sa politique de collaboration avec une grande variété de projets HN, et dans celle de mise à disposition gratuite de son patrimoine numérique. À travers une étude de cas sur l'ouverture des données du patrimoine culturel pour les arts et les humanités (A&H), la une analyse atentive de la BNE révèle sa vision du Web sémantique pour trouver l'expertise requise par les enjeux clés des humanités numériques contemporaines.

Several studies have shown that about 80% of the medical information in an electronic health record is only available through unstructured data. Resources such as medical terminologies in languages other than English are limited and restrain the NLP tools. We propose here to leverage English based resources in other languages using a combination of translation, word alignment, entity extraction and term normalization (TAXN). We implement this extraction pipeline in an opensource library called "medkit". We demonstrate the interest of this approach through a specific use-case: enriching a phenotypic dictionary for post-acute sequelae in COVID-19 (PASC). TAXN proved to be efficient to propose new synonyms of UMLS terms using a corpus of 70 articles in French with 356 terms enriched with at least one validated new synonym. This study was based on freely available deeplearning models. International audience

International audience

International audience; The notion of territory plays a major role in human and social sciences as it allows to anchor in a spatio-temporal context the facts studied in humanities. Representation of territories as spatio-temporal entities has been tackled in various ways. However, approaches for an historical context are scarce, as most approaches are designed for either a contemporaneous or case specific use. Notably, most ontologies used to represent territories are focused on spatial representation and do not intend to ecompass the impact of actors over said space, which happens to be a defining dimension of territories in humanities. In order to represent historical territories, we proposed a new version of the previously conceived HHT ontology (Hierarchical Historical Territory) to represent hierarchical historical territories and include actors representation. The resulting ontology encompasses the description of evolving territories, territorial divisions, explicit change representation, the will of actors to change established characteristics of territories and allows to represent territories without having to know their geometry by relying on a notion of building blocks to replace polygonal geometry.

International audience; A central question in plant biology is how plant cells can expand while maintaining a strong cell wall. Two main mechanisms have been proposed for irreversible wall expansion, intussusception and chemorheological growth. We discuss here the molecular nature of the cross-links and how their removal can contribute to growth of both tip-growing or diffusely-growing cells. We also discuss recent observations suggesting that at least in some cases processive intussusception may contribute to cell wall expansion in plants.

La diversité biologique connaît un schéma d'érosion face auquel la communauté internationale tente de lutter. Depuis quelques années, les communautés locales et autochtones sont reconnues comme un modèle de conservation et d'utilisation durable de cette diversité. Elles recréent, expriment et transmettent des connaissances et pratiques de gestion des ressources naturelles depuis des temps immémoriaux pour certaines. En 2003, la Convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel (ci-après « Convention PCI ») est adoptée afin de préserver ce patrimoine qui est lui aussi sur le point de disparaître en raison de l'acculturation, la mondialisation, la déforestation, etc. Malgré la relation d’interdépendance qui caractérise certains éléments du patrimoine culturel immatériel (ci-après « PCI ») avec les éléments matériels naturels auxquels ils sont associés, la Convention ne guide pas ses Parties vers la reconnaissance et préservation de cette relation. Plus précisément, elle ne guide pas ses Parties vers la conservation et l’utilisation durable de l’ensemble des éléments de la biodiversité nécessaires à la sauvegarde du PCI (réseau de vie). C’est pourquoi, certains pourraient s’interroger sur la capacité de la Convention PCI à sauvegarder le PCI associé à la biodiversité ? A l’heure de l’extinction des espèces et de la raréfaction des connaissances et pratiques « traditionnelles », il apparaît primordial de faire évoluer la mise en œuvre de la Convention par une révision de ses Directives opérationnelles chargées de préciser les engagements des Parties et régulièrement amendées par le Comité intergouvernemental de sauvegarde du PCI et l’Assemblé générale des États parties à la Convention vers une sauvegarde mieux adaptée au PCI associé à la biodiversité. L’approche par écosystème développée sous l’empire de la Convention sur la diversité biologique (ci-après « CDB ») dont les objectifs sont la conservation, l’utilisation durable de la biodiversité et le partage juste et équitable des avantages découlant de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles sert de base à cette proposition de révision des directives de la Convention PCI. L’approche permet de gérer des écosystèmes considérés comme des réseaux de vie dont les Hommes et la diversité culturelle sont un élément à part entière. The international community is trying to fight the current pattern of biodiversity erosion. In recent years, local and indigenous communities have been recognized as models in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Some of them have been recreating, expressing and transmitting knowledge and natural resources management practices for centuries. In 2003, the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (hereinafter “ICH Convention”) was adopted in order to preserve this heritage, which is also on the verge of disappearing due to acculturation, globalization, deforestation, etc. Despite the interdependent relationship which characterizes certain elements of intangible cultural heritage (hereinafter “ICH”) with the natural material elements associated to it, the Convention does not guide its Parties towards the recognition and preservation of this unique relationship. More specifically, it does not guide them towards the conservation and sustainable use of the elements of biodiversity that are necessary to the safeguarding of ICH (considered as a network of life). This is why, some might question the capacity of the ICH Convention to safeguard ICH associated with biodiversity? At a time when species and tradition knowledge and practices are going extinct, it is essential to refine the implementation of the Convention by a revision of its Operational Directives responsible for specifying the commitments of the Parties – and which are regularly amended by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of ICH and the General Assemble of State Parties to the Convention – towards a better suited safeguarding of ICH associated with biodiversity. The ecosystem approach developed for the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (hereinafter “CBD”) – whose objectives are the conservation, sustainable use of biodiversity and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits obtained from the use of natural resources – is the basis for this proposal to revise the Operation Directives of the ICH Convention. This approach allows the sustainable management of ecosystems considered as being networks of life including humans and their biodiversity.

International audience; Roman engineers contributed to shaping coastal and deltaic landscapes into territories of water. These territories of water were made of intricate natural and man-made waterways connecting different coastal environments together. Navigable canals were the most prominent features connecting together coastal settlements and ports through a wide range of geomorphological units (e.g. sea, river mouths, channels, lagoons, harbours) to create larger navigable networks with higher connectivity. However, Roman engineers had to deal with natural processes that constrained their coastal planning (e.g. floods, storms, sedimentation, erosion). Diverted waters modified source-to-sink continuum at the interface between continental and marine waters. Consequently, some canals needed strong maintenance and did not work as planned, while some others became additional deltaic branches in activity until today.In the first part we will present evidence that can be collected by geophysicists, geomorphologists and archaeologists to identify and characterise a Roman navigable canal. Based on the example of Ostia and Portus in the Tiber delta, we will then present and clarify the different research objectives sought by geoarchaeologists (water and sediment management) and archaeologists (navigability) regarding canal networks dug during the Roman period.