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  • Authors: Rashmi Saxena Pal; Yogendra Pal; Saranya Punniyakotti; Deepti Katiyar; +1 Authors

    Abstract: Hesperidin is one of the most well-known, naturally occurring flavonoids with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, occurring in high concentrations in citrus fruits. Citrus fruits and juices are widely consumed worldwide and are readily available dietary sources for their intake. Its use has been associated with a great number of health benefits, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. Due to its biological activities, hesperidin is often used in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Supplements containing hesperidin, alone or in combination with other citrus bioflavonoids, are commercially available. The utilization of hesperidin can be used for the production of novel nutraceuticals or for the improvement of older ones. This piece of review aims to discuss the various diversified aspects of the naturally occurring bioflavonoid hesperidin.

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  • Authors: Jyoshna R Dash; Gurudutta Pattnaik; Goutam Ghosh; Goutam Rath; +1 Authors

    Background and Aims: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder affecting global public health. Since ancient, natural-based compounds are widely used for multiple indications of diabetes. Methods: The natural-based (-)-Epicatechin has enormous biological functions including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This review mainly focuses on the importance of epicatechin in the control of pathogenesis involved in diabetic mellitus. Additionally, its possible mechanisms involved in beta cell regeneration, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity. Results: The present article explored the potential antioxidant, mitochondrial protection, and antiinflammatory properties using the preclinical and clinical model, and also established the role of (-)- Epicatechin in the mitigation of diabetic-associated complications. Lastly, the article mentioned the limitation of the use of epicatechin. Conclusion: This will provide new insight to budding scientists for the development of novel bioactivebased pharmaceuticals for the management of diabetic mellitus.

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  • Authors: Gurleen Kaur; Sujit Bose; Tanushka Kataria; Ankit Tyagi; +4 Authors

    Background:: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Therapy for cancer has remained a challenge for a very long period of time, though developments of various treatment strategies have been introduced. However, Curcuma longa L (Turmeric) attains major attention to cure cancer due to its phytoconstituents which can be used in the treatment of various cancers. Due to the wide availability and minimal adverse effects, curcumin has become a source of significant interest in research for cancer treatment which can lead to heavy cost cut off in the treatment. Objective:: In this review article, the anti-cancer properties of curcumin in the treatment of cancer are highlighted. Conclusion:: Scientists from all over the world have been interested in curcumin, a polyphenol isolated from Curcuma longa, for its biological properties, the most well-known of which is its ability to fight cancer. It is one of the most promising classes of bioactive natural substances, particularly in the treatment of various cancer types. Curcumin demonstrates anticancer properties. To overcome the limitation of curcumin numerous studies, analysis, and research has been already completed and many are still going on. The use of curcumin either alone or in combination might alter the treatment of cancer.

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  • Authors: Naman Jain; Omkar Tambekar; Tanvi Goel; Subhash Laxmanrao Bodhankar; +1 Authors

    Abstract: Central nervous system disorders are expected to profoundly impact the global healthcare needs of the human community in this era. Senile decay of neurons is (Alzheimers Disease) AD. The hallmark of the pathophysiology of AD disease has two pivotal features: extracellular beta-amyloid deposition and intracellular tau hyperphosphorylation. New medicine-based psychoactive treatments have met with modest effectiveness due to the multifactorial nature of these diseases. As a result, there is an increasing need for new products that can address various receptors and enhance behavioral abilities independently or in tandem with traditional medications. Herbal products focused on conventional expertise have recently been widely popular in developed and developing countries. Ayurveda is a medical science that deals with the treatment of diseases using naturally occurring plant products. Ayurveda claims to have a large number of neuroprotective herbs. This review discusses the pharmacological effects and therapeutic properties of In vivo, In vitro, In silico and human clinical trials of (Bacopa monnieri) BM against AD.

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  • Authors: Pankaj Malhotra; Neha Minocha; Parijat Pandey; Dhirender Kaushik; +1 Authors

    Background: Valerian officinalis is a variant of herbaceous flowering plants in the Caprifoliaceae family, members of which can be generally called valerians. Valerian is derived from Valerius, the Latin term “valere”, which means health or well-being. It is used as a sedative and anxiolytic in many countries. The beneficial effects of valerian have always been controversial due to inconsistent clinical trial results. Valerian contains more than 150 chemical constituents. Valerian exhibits sedative, anxiolytic, and antispasmodic activities, and is used to treat various diseases. Objective: The main aim of this study was to gather knowledge on this herbal plant, its chemical constituents, and how they can be used to treat the most common diseases, such as depression, anxiety, headache, insomnia, etc. Result: Studies show that valerian is used to treat cardiac arrhythmia, sleep disorders, depression, and headaches, as this plant possesses sedative, anxiolytic, and antispasmodic activities. Conclusion: This review has explored the different types of studies conducted on valerian, and with their help, we can learn more about its activities and medicinal uses. Additionally, this review paper includes the recent patents on this herbal plant.

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  • Authors: Ankita Wal; Manju Rawat Singh; Arpit Gupta; Shruti Rathore; +2 Authors

    Background: The pumpkin, a very well-edible plant that is a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, has long been utilised as a functional food and an herbal remedy. Pumpkins include a wealth of phytoestrogens, unsaturated fatty acids, and vitamin E in their seeds that may have medicinal, nutritional, and cosmetic benefits. In recent years, knowledge of the nutritional benefits and medicinal uses of pumpkin seeds has grown significantly. An abundant source of nutrients and a well-known multipurpose food, pumpkin has recently given scientists fresh insights. Primary and secondary metabolites, such as carbohydrates, proteins, monounsaturated fatty acids, poly saturated fatty acids, carotenoids, tocopherols, tryptophan, delta-7-sterols, & numerous other phytochemicals, are abundant in the pumpkin fruit, including the meat, seed, and peel. Objective: In this review, the nutraceutical importance of pumpkin's seed anti-diabetic, hypoglycemic, cardiovascular preventive and anti-cancer effects are explored along with the nutraceutical effects of anti-depressants, anti-helminthic and anti-oxidants effects are involved. Methods: A comprehensive analysis of the literature search was conducted. A number of databases have been searched using the common terms "pumpkin,", "pumpkin seeds", "cucurbita,", "functional food", "phenolic compounds", "minerals,", and "phytochemicals" using PubMed and Google Scholar as search engines. The content was based on information from publications like Bentham Science, Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, Nature, Plos One, etc. We have focused on the review and research papers published between 2000 and 2023. Result: Meanwhile, some research gaps on the biological activities of pumpkin seeds and their potential as a functional food element have been discovered in the current literature. The pharmacokinetics of Pumpkin seeds bioactives and the characterization and identification of functional molecules have received very little attention in the literature. It is necessary to conduct more studies to connect the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Pumpkin seeds. Conclusion: The therapeutic benefits of pumpkin seeds & the potential disease-preventing mechanisms are updated in this review article, also on the chemical make-up, nutritional value, phytochemical research, pharmacological characteristics, bioavailability, food use, & industrial applications of pumpkin.

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  • Authors: Aastha Sharma; Keshav Bansal; Meenakshi Bajpai;

    Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS/PCOD) indicates a common, multifactorial endocrine condition marked by polycystic ovaries, chronic anovulation, and hyperandrogenism, resulting in asymmetric menstrual periods, hirsutism, acne, and infertility. Standard treatment for PCOS is often accompanied by adverse effects, and is ineffective in certain situations, refutation-based medical guidance accented an integrative progress. Furthermore, women suffering from PCOS may benefit from alternative treatments. Herbal treatment includes herbs that have a phytoestrogenic and non-estrogenic nature, including Mentha spicata, Panax ginseng, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Aloe barbadensis, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Matricaria chamomilla, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Linum usitatissimum, and Zingiber officinale, which are effective and safe. This review focuses on the reproductive endocrine effects of phytomedicine as a choice treatment so as to PCOD and accompanying oligo/amenorrhoea, acne, hirsutism, and infertility.

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  • Authors: Dipthi Shree; Chinam Niranjan Patra; Biswa Mohan Sahoo;

    Abstract: Since ancient times, traditional herbs have been widely used around the world for health promotion and therapy. Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder and is becoming a mammoth problem that adversely affects an individual’s quality of life. Conventional therapy for the management of obesity mainly involves the use of synthetic moiety and bariatric surgical procedures which has severe side effects and patient non-compliance. To circumvent these limitations, plant-derived medicines are utilized which are safe, effective, economic, and easily available. The advancement of nanotechnology enables the development of novel strategies that could potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of the phytoconstituents with minimal toxic effects and promotes the controlled release of the plant bioactive compounds. Moreover, great efforts have been made through targeted nanotechnology-based herbal treatment, where novel nanocarriers are employed as herbal drug delivery vehicles to improve the pharmacokinetics of antiobesity drugs. The recent advancement in phytonanotechnology have opened an avenue to explore novel carriers to utilize bioactive compounds in biomedical and therapeutic applications. In the current review, an extensive search is conducted for the existing original research articles using databases i.e., Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Baidu, etc. Further, painstaking efforts are made to compile and update the novel herbal nanocarriers such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, etc. which are widely used for the treatment of obesity. This article portrays a comprehensive survey of the novel strategies employed by the innovators working exclusively on herbal drug delivery systems. The recent development of nanotechnology-based herbal drug delivery has a wide range of biomedical applications and has provided an unprecedented opportunity to improve the treatment of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. Furthermore, the advancement of phytopharmacological science has led to several novel strategies with improved nanotherapeutics for the management of obesity. Scientific research is still being carried out in the field of nanotechnology for a better perspective on herbal drug delivery for obesity treatment over conventional therapy.

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  • Authors: Vasanti Suvarna; Niserga Sawant; Namita Desai;

    Background: Unconjugated nanoparticles used in the treatment of cancer and various metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders exhibit extended blood circulation time, inhibition of enzymatic degradation, and increased chemical stability of the encapsulated therapeutic molecules. However, the unconjugated nanoparticles often show off-target effects and lack of specificity, which limit their applications in the healthcare system. Objective: Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound known for its proficiency to scavenge reactive oxygen species attributed to antioxidant activity and anticancer effects associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, is one of the most effective therapeutic agents. Therefore, with respect to chemotherapeutic strategies, the development of mitochondrial targeting curcumin nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery has been extensively studied. Conclusion: The present review has focused on diverse curcumin-loaded nanoparticles targeting mitochondria along with their improved delivery potential, enhanced localization and biodistribution profile.

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  • Authors: Bhupesh Chander Semwal; Amjad Hussain; Sonia Singh;

    Abstract: Lithospermic acid is a phenylpropanoid oligomer isolated from an aqueous extract of dried roots of various Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae plants and used as a folk medicine to treat cardiovascular disease and to improve body functions. The manuscript has been written to provide valuable insights into naturally occurring phytocomponent, Lithospermic acid, and even explore its therapeutic potential. The data have been gathered from books and web sources, including Science Direct, Publons, Web of Science, and Scopus of the latest year. Lithospermic acid is a conjugate of rosmarinic and caffeic acid with a dihydro benzofuran nucleus and possesses a high antioxidant potential and prevents the production of superoxide radicals and lipid peroxidation and protects the tissue from deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species. In addition, it also possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities, including reducing atherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-viral, HIV-1 integrase, and hyaluronidase inhibition, aldose reductase inhibition and improvement in uremic symptoms guanidino succinic acid level. Due to its anti-HIV activity, LA has gained much attention among the scientific community. Moreover, it is widely distributed to all the peripheral tissue in rats, and its metabolites undergo enterohepatic circulation and are excreted through biliary excretion. In this review, we concluded LA with its phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological activities.

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  • Authors: Rashmi Saxena Pal; Yogendra Pal; Saranya Punniyakotti; Deepti Katiyar; +1 Authors

    Abstract: Hesperidin is one of the most well-known, naturally occurring flavonoids with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, occurring in high concentrations in citrus fruits. Citrus fruits and juices are widely consumed worldwide and are readily available dietary sources for their intake. Its use has been associated with a great number of health benefits, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. Due to its biological activities, hesperidin is often used in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Supplements containing hesperidin, alone or in combination with other citrus bioflavonoids, are commercially available. The utilization of hesperidin can be used for the production of novel nutraceuticals or for the improvement of older ones. This piece of review aims to discuss the various diversified aspects of the naturally occurring bioflavonoid hesperidin.

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  • Authors: Jyoshna R Dash; Gurudutta Pattnaik; Goutam Ghosh; Goutam Rath; +1 Authors

    Background and Aims: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder affecting global public health. Since ancient, natural-based compounds are widely used for multiple indications of diabetes. Methods: The natural-based (-)-Epicatechin has enormous biological functions including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This review mainly focuses on the importance of epicatechin in the control of pathogenesis involved in diabetic mellitus. Additionally, its possible mechanisms involved in beta cell regeneration, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity. Results: The present article explored the potential antioxidant, mitochondrial protection, and antiinflammatory properties using the preclinical and clinical model, and also established the role of (-)- Epicatechin in the mitigation of diabetic-associated complications. Lastly, the article mentioned the limitation of the use of epicatechin. Conclusion: This will provide new insight to budding scientists for the development of novel bioactivebased pharmaceuticals for the management of diabetic mellitus.

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  • Authors: Gurleen Kaur; Sujit Bose; Tanushka Kataria; Ankit Tyagi; +4 Authors

    Background:: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Therapy for cancer has remained a challenge for a very long period of time, though developments of various treatment strategies have been introduced. However, Curcuma longa L (Turmeric) attains major attention to cure cancer due to its phytoconstituents which can be used in the treatment of various cancers. Due to the wide availability and minimal adverse effects, curcumin has become a source of significant interest in research for cancer treatment which can lead to heavy cost cut off in the treatment. Objective:: In this review article, the anti-cancer properties of curcumin in the treatment of cancer are highlighted. Conclusion:: Scientists from all over the world have been interested in curcumin, a polyphenol isolated from Curcuma longa, for its biological properties, the most well-known of which is its ability to fight cancer. It is one of the most promising classes of bioactive natural substances, particularly in the treatment of various cancer types. Curcumin demonstrates anticancer properties. To overcome the limitation of curcumin numerous studies, analysis, and research has been already completed and many are still going on. The use of curcumin either alone or in combination might alter the treatment of cancer.

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  • Authors: Naman Jain; Omkar Tambekar; Tanvi Goel; Subhash Laxmanrao Bodhankar; +1 Authors

    Abstract: Central nervous system disorders are expected to profoundly impact the global healthcare needs of the human community in this era. Senile decay of neurons is (Alzheimers Disease) AD. The hallmark of the pathophysiology of AD disease has two pivotal features: extracellular beta-amyloid deposition and intracellular tau hyperphosphorylation. New medicine-based psychoactive treatments have met with modest effectiveness due to the multifactorial nature of these diseases. As a result, there is an increasing need for new products that can address various receptors and enhance behavioral abilities independently or in tandem with traditional medications. Herbal products focused on conventional expertise have recently been widely popular in developed and developing countries. Ayurveda is a medical science that deals with the treatment of diseases using naturally occurring plant products. Ayurveda claims to have a large number of neuroprotective herbs. This review discusses the pharmacological effects and therapeutic properties of In vivo, In vitro, In silico and human clinical trials of (Bacopa monnieri) BM against AD.

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  • Authors: Pankaj Malhotra; Neha Minocha; Parijat Pandey; Dhirender Kaushik; +1 Authors

    Background: Valerian officinalis is a variant of herbaceous flowering plants in the Caprifoliaceae family, members of which can be generally called valerians. Valerian is derived from Valerius, the Latin term “valere”, which means health or well-being. It is used as a sedative and anxiolytic in many countries. The beneficial effects of valerian have always been controversial due to inconsistent clinical trial results. Valerian contains more than 150 chemical constituents. Valerian exhibits sedative, anxiolytic, and antispasmodic activities, and is used to treat various diseases. Objective: The main aim of this study was to gather knowledge on this herbal plant, its chemical constituents, and how they can be used to treat the most common diseases, such as depression, anxiety, headache, insomnia, etc. Result: Studies show that valerian is used to treat cardiac arrhythmia, sleep disorders, depression, and headaches, as this plant possesses sedative, anxiolytic, and antispasmodic activities. Conclusion: This review has explored the different types of studies conducted on valerian, and with their help, we can learn more about its activities and medicinal uses. Additionally, this review paper includes the recent patents on this herbal plant.

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  • Authors: Ankita Wal; Manju Rawat Singh; Arpit Gupta; Shruti Rathore; +2 Authors

    Background: The pumpkin, a very well-edible plant that is a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, has long been utilised as a functional food and an herbal remedy. Pumpkins include a wealth of phytoestrogens, unsaturated fatty acids, and vitamin E in their seeds that may have medicinal, nutritional, and cosmetic benefits. In recent years, knowledge of the nutritional benefits and medicinal uses of pumpkin seeds has grown significantly. An abundant source of nutrients and a well-known multipurpose food, pumpkin has recently given scientists fresh insights. Primary and secondary metabolites, such as carbohydrates, proteins, monounsaturated fatty acids, poly saturated fatty acids, carotenoids, tocopherols, tryptophan, delta-7-sterols, & numerous other phytochemicals, are abundant in the pumpkin fruit, including the meat, seed, and peel. Objective: In this review, the nutraceutical importance of pumpkin's seed anti-diabetic, hypoglycemic, cardiovascular preventive and anti-cancer effects are explored along with the nutraceutical effects of anti-depressants, anti-helminthic and anti-oxidants effects are involved. Methods: A comprehensive analysis of the literature search was conducted. A number of databases have been searched using the common terms "pumpkin,", "pumpkin seeds", "cucurbita,", "functional food", "phenolic compounds", "minerals,", and "phytochemicals" using PubMed and Google Scholar as search engines. The content was based on information from publications like Bentham Science, Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, Nature, Plos One, etc. We have focused on the review and research papers published between 2000 and 2023. Result: Meanwhile, some research gaps on the biological activities of pumpkin seeds and their potential as a functional food element have been discovered in the current literature. The pharmacokinetics of Pumpkin seeds bioactives and the characterization and identification of functional molecules have received very little attention in the literature. It is necessary to conduct more studies to connect the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Pumpkin seeds. Conclusion: The therapeutic benefits of pumpkin seeds & the potential disease-preventing mechanisms are updated in this review article, also on the chemical make-up, nutritional value, phytochemical research, pharmacological characteristics, bioavailability, food use, & industrial applications of pumpkin.

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  • Authors: Aastha Sharma; Keshav Bansal; Meenakshi Bajpai;

    Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS/PCOD) indicates a common, multifactorial endocrine condition marked by polycystic ovaries, chronic anovulation, and hyperandrogenism, resulting in asymmetric menstrual periods, hirsutism, acne, and infertility. Standard treatment for PCOS is often accompanied by adverse effects, and is ineffective in certain situations, refutation-based medical guidance accented an integrative progress. Furthermore, women suffering from PCOS may benefit from alternative treatments. Herbal treatment includes herbs that have a phytoestrogenic and non-estrogenic nature, including Mentha spicata, Panax ginseng, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Aloe barbadensis, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Matricaria chamomilla, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Linum usitatissimum, and Zingiber officinale, which are effective and safe. This review focuses on the reproductive endocrine effects of phytomedicine as a choice treatment so as to PCOD and accompanying oligo/amenorrhoea, acne, hirsutism, and infertility.

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  • Authors: Dipthi Shree; Chinam Niranjan Patra; Biswa Mohan Sahoo;

    Abstract: Since ancient times, traditional herbs have been widely used around the world for health promotion and therapy. Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder and is becoming a mammoth problem that adversely affects an individual’s quality of life. Conventional therapy for the management of obesity mainly involves the use of synthetic moiety and bariatric surgical procedures which has severe side effects and patient non-compliance. To circumvent these limitations, plant-derived medicines are utilized which are safe, effective, economic, and easily available. The advancement of nanotechnology enables the development of novel strategies that could potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of the phytoconstituents with minimal toxic effects and promotes the controlled release of the plant bioactive compounds. Moreover, great efforts have been made through targeted nanotechnology-based herbal treatment, where novel nanocarriers are employed as herbal drug delivery vehicles to improve the pharmacokinetics of antiobesity drugs. The recent advancement in phytonanotechnology have opened an avenue to explore novel carriers to utilize bioactive compounds in biomedical and therapeutic applications. In the current review, an extensive search is conducted for the existing original research articles using databases i.e., Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Baidu, etc. Further, painstaking efforts are made to compile and update the novel herbal nanocarriers such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, etc. which are widely used for the treatment of obesity. This article portrays a comprehensive survey of the novel strategies employed by the innovators working exclusively on herbal drug delivery systems. The recent development of nanotechnology-based herbal drug delivery has a wide range of biomedical applications and has provided an unprecedented opportunity to improve the treatment of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. Furthermore, the advancement of phytopharmacological science has led to several novel strategies with improved nanotherapeutics for the management of obesity. Scientific research is still being carried out in the field of nanotechnology for a better perspective on herbal drug delivery for obesity treatment over conventional therapy.

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  • Authors: Vasanti Suvarna; Niserga Sawant; Namita Desai;

    Background: Unconjugated nanoparticles used in the treatment of cancer and various metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders exhibit extended blood circulation time, inhibition of enzymatic degradation, and increased chemical stability of the encapsulated therapeutic molecules. However, the unconjugated nanoparticles often show off-target effects and lack of specificity, which limit their applications in the healthcare system. Objective: Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound known for its proficiency to scavenge reactive oxygen species attributed to antioxidant activity and anticancer effects associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, is one of the most effective therapeutic agents. Therefore, with respect to chemotherapeutic strategies, the development of mitochondrial targeting curcumin nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery has been extensively studied. Conclusion: The present review has focused on diverse curcumin-loaded nanoparticles targeting mitochondria along with their improved delivery potential, enhanced localization and biodistribution profile.

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  • Authors: Bhupesh Chander Semwal; Amjad Hussain; Sonia Singh;

    Abstract: Lithospermic acid is a phenylpropanoid oligomer isolated from an aqueous extract of dried roots of various Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae plants and used as a folk medicine to treat cardiovascular disease and to improve body functions. The manuscript has been written to provide valuable insights into naturally occurring phytocomponent, Lithospermic acid, and even explore its therapeutic potential. The data have been gathered from books and web sources, including Science Direct, Publons, Web of Science, and Scopus of the latest year. Lithospermic acid is a conjugate of rosmarinic and caffeic acid with a dihydro benzofuran nucleus and possesses a high antioxidant potential and prevents the production of superoxide radicals and lipid peroxidation and protects the tissue from deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species. In addition, it also possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities, including reducing atherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-viral, HIV-1 integrase, and hyaluronidase inhibition, aldose reductase inhibition and improvement in uremic symptoms guanidino succinic acid level. Due to its anti-HIV activity, LA has gained much attention among the scientific community. Moreover, it is widely distributed to all the peripheral tissue in rats, and its metabolites undergo enterohepatic circulation and are excreted through biliary excretion. In this review, we concluded LA with its phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological activities.

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