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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zeitlin, Jonathan; Bokhorst, David; Eihmanis, Edgars;

    Beyond its remarkable financial size, the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) introduces an innovative ‘demand-driven and performance-based’ governance design centred on National Recovery and Resilience Plans (NRRPs) agreed between Member States, the Commission, and the Council. This chapter analyzes the practical functioning of this new governance design, drawing on an in-depth study of the drafting, implementation, and monitoring of NRRPs in eleven Member States. It assesses how far governments took ownership of the plans, their inclusiveness, and the Commission’s role in their negotiation. It then examines how the NRRPs have affected domestic policy making, what obstacles have arisen in their implementation, and how monitoring and assessment by the Commission works in practice, with particular attention to its interpretive flexibility, administrative load, and responsiveness to unanticipated changes in circumstances. The chapter concludes by assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the RRF governance model, together with the implications for future EU policy.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Other literature type . 2023
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
    ZENODO
    Research . 2023
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Other literature type . 2023
      License: CC BY
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      ZENODO
      Research . 2023
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      SSRN Electronic Journal
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Catherine Gibson;

    Borders are key sites for the amplification of emotions, yet historians have rarely made emotions into a focal point for studies of boundary-making processes. This article sets out fragmentary evidence for how to read across a fuller array of sources that move us beyond technocratic understandings of boundary commissions to highlight the range of emotional interactions which occurred between boundary commissioners and local populations. It draws on evidence from the Estonian-Latvian Boundary Commission, established in the summer of 1919 to demarcate the international border between the newly independent states of Estonia and Latvia. Petitions sent to the Boundary Commission by the border region inhabitants expressed fear, trepidation or anger about the border proposal and professed feelings of patriotic loyalty to the Estonian or Latvian state. The press derided the Boundary Commission, using humour to convey frustration and shock at the absurdity of the border proposal and tarnish the reputation of the commissioners by portraying them as hot-headed. The accumulating emotional toll of these public sentiments left the boundary commissioners feeling weary and disheartened. By attuning to moods and sentiments surrounding the work of the Estonian-Latvian Boundary Commission, this exploratory article calls for historians to consider emotions methodologically as part of a broader toolkit of approaches for studying histories of boundary-making and to reflect on the insights such perspectives can bring to the field.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Modern Eu...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of Modern European History
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Modern Eu...arrow_drop_down
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      Journal of Modern European History
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Veersalu Karine; Hoffmann Thomas;

    Abstract Contemporary technology and artificial intelligence increasingly facilitate the delivery of justice by automating, accelerating, and supporting judicial procedures with digitisation and automation tools. This article analyses options for the automatisation of the European Small Claims Procedure. The authors propose the digitisation of the procedure to a greater extent by additional features, such as AI-powered translation and text-to-speech tools, as well as creation of a trustworthy system for submission and storing of procedural documents based on the Estonian e-File example within the framework of the ongoing EU-funded SCAN II-project.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ TalTech Journal of E...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    TalTech Journal of European Studies
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ TalTech Journal of E...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      TalTech Journal of European Studies
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mölder Holger; Chochia Archil; Nyman-Metcalf Katrin;

    Abstract The following desk research was conducted in the framework of the Horizon 2020 project Mediatized EU to study how media discourses have been constructed to foster or hamper the European project and how they resonated among the public, by focusing on the elite–media–public triangle. This is an in-depth longitudinal review of the existing academic literature, policy developments, and available data on the transformation of media discourses, elite views, and public opinion on the EU and Europeanization in Estonia, Estonia’s path towards European integration, and the ways in which the media has influenced public opinion throughout the last twenty years since Estonia joined the European Union.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ TalTech Journal of E...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    TalTech Journal of European Studies
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ TalTech Journal of E...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      TalTech Journal of European Studies
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Põldsam, Rebeka;

    Doktoritöös „„Kas ikka veel oleme ebanormaalsed?!“ Uurimus Eesti normivälise soolisuse ja seksuaalsuse kohta käivate diskursuste ajaloost“ uurin, kuidas on möödunud saja aasta jooksul Eestis kujutatud seksuaalseid ja soolisi norme. Uurisin, kuidas kujutati avalikkuses (meedias, seadustes ja seksuaalkasvatuses) seksuaal- ja soovähemusrühmi. Lisaks avalikes materjalides levinud kujutamisviisile uurisin inimeste isiklikke kogemusi, mis on talletatud mitmesugustesse arhiivimaterjalidesse, intervjuudesse, memuaaridesse ja osalusvaatluste märkmetesse. Iga artiklit raamistab üks uuritav periood, kus keskendun domineerivate diskursuste välja joonistamisele, vastavalt sellele, kuidas on kujutatud seksuaalsete ja sooliste normidega vastuolus olevaid inimesi sõdadevahelises Eesti Vabariigis, Nõukogude Eestis, taasiseseisvusajal ning 21. sajandil. Toetudes feministliku teoreetiku Karen Baradi agentse realismi analüüsisüsteemile, pakun doktoritöös välja analüüsimudeli, mille abil kõrvutada avalikke diskursuseid ja isiklikke lugusid, neid üksteise kaudu lugeda ja tähenduste võrgustikuna seostada. Analüüsist selgub, et igal uuritud perioodil on normivälist seksuaalsust ja soolisust mõtestatud erimoodi, mis omakorda on loonud erinevaid kogemusi ja subjektsuseid. Domineerivat diskursust on omakorda kujundanud seadused, mis reguleerivad soolist väljendust ja seksuaalset käitumist, ja teadus, mis just 20. sajandil seksuaalsuse ja soolisusega seotud norme korduvalt ümber mõtestas. Kõige tugevamat mõju avaldas seksuaal- ja soovähemuste kuvandile Nõukogude aeg, kui meeste homoseksuaalsed suhted olid kriminaliseeritud ja seostatud seksuaalse ärakasutamisega, samas kui naiste homoseksuaalsus ja sooline mitmekesisus olid üldiselt maha vaikitud. Trans-inimesed, kes leidsid võimaluse sooliseks üleminekuks, pidid seda varjama. Nõukogude võimu püüe seksuaal- ja soovähemused kui nähtus ühiskonnast kaotada, vaigistas – nagu muudegi teemade puhul – pikaks ajaks ka sõdadevahelise perioodi vähemuste lood ning mõjutab veel 21. sajandil paljude inimeste arusaama normatiivsusest seksuaalsuse ja soolisuse küsimustes. Samas on Eestis levinud arusaamasid seksuaalsusest ja soolisusest kujundanud uuritava saja aasta vältel rahvusvahelised suundumused ja poliitika, nagu selgub iga perioodi analüüsist. Dissertation ““Why are we still abnormal?!” History of discourses on non-normative sex-gender subjects in Estonia” analyses how notions of homosexuality and transgender identities have been conceptualised and changed over the past one hundred years. I study the representations of sex-gender minorities in public discourse (print media, laws and sexual education handbooks). In addition to public materials I studied individual accounts, which I found through a diverse set of archival sources, interviews, memoirs and participant observations. Each article focuses on a distinct period – interwar Estonia, Soviet Estonia, during the transition period of independence and in the twenty-first century – in the case of which I outline and examine dominant discourses on non-normative sex-gender subjects. Drawing on feminist theorist Karen Barad's agential realism, I propose an analytic model for diffractive reading of public discourses and personal stories, by juxtaposing and reading them through one another to study their entangled meanings. The analysis shows that in each studied period, the non-normative sex-gender subject has been constructed in a particular way, which in turn has created different experiences and subjectivities. The dominant discourse is mostly shaped by the laws and science regulating gender expression and sexual behaviour, which repeatedly reinterpreted the norms of sexuality and sexuality over the twentieth century. The Soviet era had a most extensive impact on the representation of non-normative sex-gender subjects. In Soviet Estonia male homosexuality was criminalised and conflated with sexual abuse, while female homosexuality and gender diversity were generally silenced. Trans-people who found ways to transition were required to hide it. The Soviet regime attempted to erase non-normative sex-gender subjects from its society, similarly to several other topics, and it succeeded in marginalising the history of sex-gender minorities’ lives from the interwar period, and continues to shape the twenty-first century discourses on sex-gender normativity for many. At the same time, the analysis shows that the discourses on non-normative sex-gender subjects have been shaped by international developments and politics throughout the 1920s–2020s. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone https://www.ester.ee/record=b5645396

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DSpace at Tartu Univ...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DSpace at Tartu Univ...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Tuuli Kurisoo; Anu Lillak; Andres Rõigas; Küllike Tint;
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    International Journal of Heritage Studies
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
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      International Journal of Heritage Studies
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Anastassia Zabrodskaja; Natalia Meir; Sviatlana Karpava; Natalia Ringblom; +1 Authors

    This study explored the language and literacy practices of multilingual families in Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Israel, and Sweden during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study focuses on the different roles of family members in language transmission in order to understand whether these practices might have been influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to answer two key research questions: RQ1, whether and how the pandemic conditions affected the heritage language, societal language acquisition, and heritage language literacy learning environments in the five countries examined (Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Israel, and Sweden); and RQ2, what is the nature of child and parental agency in facilitation of the possible changes in the corresponding five countries? Fifty semi-structured interviews (ten in each country) were conducted. The data highlighted the factors that triggered changes in family language policy during the pandemic and the role of the child’s agency, parents, extended family, and social network during this period. Based on our findings, we argue that the pandemic conditions gave the children new opportunities for agency when it comes to language and literacy choice and communication with extended family members. This even facilitated new sources of input and suggested the active role of a child as an agent in shaping family language policy in the family.

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    Article . 2023
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    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Thompson, Jess E; Inskip, Sarah A; Scheib, Christiana L; Bates, Jessica; +4 Authors

    AbstractThe lateral angle method of sex estimation is tested on an archaeological population with genetic sex estimates. Casts of the internal auditory canal were made using a quick drying impression material on 90 individuals (76 adults and 14 nonadults) from Anglo‐Saxon and Medieval Cambridgeshire. The anterior and posterior angles of the internal auditory canal were measured, and the relationship of the angle to genetic sex was tested. The posterior angle failed intra‐observer error tests, and only the anterior angle could be analysed. Using the previously published sectioning point for unburnt remains (45°), the method did not adequately distinguish between the sexes. Furthermore, the difference between male and female was insufficient to create population‐specific discriminant functions. The anterior angle does not meet the requirements for an osteological method of sex estimation, exhibiting no statistical correlation with genetic sex in this population.

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    Apollo
    Article . 2023
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    Archaeometry
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Apollo
    Article . 2023
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      Archaeometry
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    Authors: Tambet Muide;

    This paper examines the road corvée, a practice of using unpaid labour for road maintenance, in the nineteenth and twentieth century. I focus on the case of Estonia, where the road corvée, originating in the feudal economic system, persisted surprisingly long, being abolished only in 1959. Earlier studies on the road corvée have focused mainly on road construction and have therefore failed to recognise the use of the practice beyond absolutist Europe and colonial Africa. Focusing on maintenance reveals that the corvée was also widespread in twentieth-century Europe. I examine how the road corvée was organised and debated to reveal what inhibited and what accelerated its abolition. The study shows how maintenance practices can be deeply embedded in social and economic structures – like the agricultural system in this case – and ultimately be highly inert and resistant to change.

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    The Journal of Transport History
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Journal of Transport History
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    Authors: Lucquin, Alexandre; Robson, Harry K.; Oras, Ester; Lundy, Jasmine; +26 Authors

    To investigate changes in culinary practices associated with the arrival of farming, we analysed the organic residues of over 1,000 pottery vessels from hunter-gatherer-fisher and early agricultural sites across Northern Europe from the Lower Rhine Basin to the Northeastern Baltic. Here, pottery was widely used by hunter-gatherer-fishers prior to the introduction of domesticated animals and plants. Overall, there was surprising continuity in the way that hunter-gatherer-fishers and farmers used pottery. Both aquatic products and wild plants remained prevalent, a pattern repeated consistently across the study area. We argue that the rapid adaptation of farming communities to exploit coastal and lagoonal resources facilitated their northerly expansion, and in some cases, hunting, gathering, and fishing became the most dominant subsistence strategy. Nevertheless, dairy products frequently appear in pottery associated with the earliest farming groups often mixed with wild plants and fish. Interestingly, we also find compelling evidence of dairy products in hunter-gatherer-fisher Ertebølle pottery, which predates the arrival of domesticated animals. We propose that Ertebølle hunter-gatherer-fishers frequently acquired dairy products through exchange with adjacent farming communities prior to the transition. The continuity observed in pottery use across the transition to farming contrasts with the analysis of human remains which shows substantial demographic change through ancient DNA and, in some cases, a reduction in marine consumption through stable isotope analysis. We postulate that farmers acquired the knowledge and skills they needed to succeed from local hunter-gatherer-fishers but without substantial admixture.

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    NTNU Open
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zeitlin, Jonathan; Bokhorst, David; Eihmanis, Edgars;

    Beyond its remarkable financial size, the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) introduces an innovative ‘demand-driven and performance-based’ governance design centred on National Recovery and Resilience Plans (NRRPs) agreed between Member States, the Commission, and the Council. This chapter analyzes the practical functioning of this new governance design, drawing on an in-depth study of the drafting, implementation, and monitoring of NRRPs in eleven Member States. It assesses how far governments took ownership of the plans, their inclusiveness, and the Commission’s role in their negotiation. It then examines how the NRRPs have affected domestic policy making, what obstacles have arisen in their implementation, and how monitoring and assessment by the Commission works in practice, with particular attention to its interpretive flexibility, administrative load, and responsiveness to unanticipated changes in circumstances. The chapter concludes by assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the RRF governance model, together with the implications for future EU policy.

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    SSRN Electronic Journal
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    Authors: Catherine Gibson;

    Borders are key sites for the amplification of emotions, yet historians have rarely made emotions into a focal point for studies of boundary-making processes. This article sets out fragmentary evidence for how to read across a fuller array of sources that move us beyond technocratic understandings of boundary commissions to highlight the range of emotional interactions which occurred between boundary commissioners and local populations. It draws on evidence from the Estonian-Latvian Boundary Commission, established in the summer of 1919 to demarcate the international border between the newly independent states of Estonia and Latvia. Petitions sent to the Boundary Commission by the border region inhabitants expressed fear, trepidation or anger about the border proposal and professed feelings of patriotic loyalty to the Estonian or Latvian state. The press derided the Boundary Commission, using humour to convey frustration and shock at the absurdity of the border proposal and tarnish the reputation of the commissioners by portraying them as hot-headed. The accumulating emotional toll of these public sentiments left the boundary commissioners feeling weary and disheartened. By attuning to moods and sentiments surrounding the work of the Estonian-Latvian Boundary Commission, this exploratory article calls for historians to consider emotions methodologically as part of a broader toolkit of approaches for studying histories of boundary-making and to reflect on the insights such perspectives can bring to the field.

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    Journal of Modern European History
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Modern European History
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Veersalu Karine; Hoffmann Thomas;

    Abstract Contemporary technology and artificial intelligence increasingly facilitate the delivery of justice by automating, accelerating, and supporting judicial procedures with digitisation and automation tools. This article analyses options for the automatisation of the European Small Claims Procedure. The authors propose the digitisation of the procedure to a greater extent by additional features, such as AI-powered translation and text-to-speech tools, as well as creation of a trustworthy system for submission and storing of procedural documents based on the Estonian e-File example within the framework of the ongoing EU-funded SCAN II-project.

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    TalTech Journal of European Studies
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      TalTech Journal of European Studies
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    Authors: Mölder Holger; Chochia Archil; Nyman-Metcalf Katrin;

    Abstract The following desk research was conducted in the framework of the Horizon 2020 project Mediatized EU to study how media discourses have been constructed to foster or hamper the European project and how they resonated among the public, by focusing on the elite–media–public triangle. This is an in-depth longitudinal review of the existing academic literature, policy developments, and available data on the transformation of media discourses, elite views, and public opinion on the EU and Europeanization in Estonia, Estonia’s path towards European integration, and the ways in which the media has influenced public opinion throughout the last twenty years since Estonia joined the European Union.

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    TalTech Journal of European Studies
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      TalTech Journal of European Studies
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    Authors: Põldsam, Rebeka;

    Doktoritöös „„Kas ikka veel oleme ebanormaalsed?!“ Uurimus Eesti normivälise soolisuse ja seksuaalsuse kohta käivate diskursuste ajaloost“ uurin, kuidas on möödunud saja aasta jooksul Eestis kujutatud seksuaalseid ja soolisi norme. Uurisin, kuidas kujutati avalikkuses (meedias, seadustes ja seksuaalkasvatuses) seksuaal- ja soovähemusrühmi. Lisaks avalikes materjalides levinud kujutamisviisile uurisin inimeste isiklikke kogemusi, mis on talletatud mitmesugustesse arhiivimaterjalidesse, intervjuudesse, memuaaridesse ja osalusvaatluste märkmetesse. Iga artiklit raamistab üks uuritav periood, kus keskendun domineerivate diskursuste välja joonistamisele, vastavalt sellele, kuidas on kujutatud seksuaalsete ja sooliste normidega vastuolus olevaid inimesi sõdadevahelises Eesti Vabariigis, Nõukogude Eestis, taasiseseisvusajal ning 21. sajandil. Toetudes feministliku teoreetiku Karen Baradi agentse realismi analüüsisüsteemile, pakun doktoritöös välja analüüsimudeli, mille abil kõrvutada avalikke diskursuseid ja isiklikke lugusid, neid üksteise kaudu lugeda ja tähenduste võrgustikuna seostada. Analüüsist selgub, et igal uuritud perioodil on normivälist seksuaalsust ja soolisust mõtestatud erimoodi, mis omakorda on loonud erinevaid kogemusi ja subjektsuseid. Domineerivat diskursust on omakorda kujundanud seadused, mis reguleerivad soolist väljendust ja seksuaalset käitumist, ja teadus, mis just 20. sajandil seksuaalsuse ja soolisusega seotud norme korduvalt ümber mõtestas. Kõige tugevamat mõju avaldas seksuaal- ja soovähemuste kuvandile Nõukogude aeg, kui meeste homoseksuaalsed suhted olid kriminaliseeritud ja seostatud seksuaalse ärakasutamisega, samas kui naiste homoseksuaalsus ja sooline mitmekesisus olid üldiselt maha vaikitud. Trans-inimesed, kes leidsid võimaluse sooliseks üleminekuks, pidid seda varjama. Nõukogude võimu püüe seksuaal- ja soovähemused kui nähtus ühiskonnast kaotada, vaigistas – nagu muudegi teemade puhul – pikaks ajaks ka sõdadevahelise perioodi vähemuste lood ning mõjutab veel 21. sajandil paljude inimeste arusaama normatiivsusest seksuaalsuse ja soolisuse küsimustes. Samas on Eestis levinud arusaamasid seksuaalsusest ja soolisusest kujundanud uuritava saja aasta vältel rahvusvahelised suundumused ja poliitika, nagu selgub iga perioodi analüüsist. Dissertation ““Why are we still abnormal?!” History of discourses on non-normative sex-gender subjects in Estonia” analyses how notions of homosexuality and transgender identities have been conceptualised and changed over the past one hundred years. I study the representations of sex-gender minorities in public discourse (print media, laws and sexual education handbooks). In addition to public materials I studied individual accounts, which I found through a diverse set of archival sources, interviews, memoirs and participant observations. Each article focuses on a distinct period – interwar Estonia, Soviet Estonia, during the transition period of independence and in the twenty-first century – in the case of which I outline and examine dominant discourses on non-normative sex-gender subjects. Drawing on feminist theorist Karen Barad's agential realism, I propose an analytic model for diffractive reading of public discourses and personal stories, by juxtaposing and reading them through one another to study their entangled meanings. The analysis shows that in each studied period, the non-normative sex-gender subject has been constructed in a particular way, which in turn has created different experiences and subjectivities. The dominant discourse is mostly shaped by the laws and science regulating gender expression and sexual behaviour, which repeatedly reinterpreted the norms of sexuality and sexuality over the twentieth century. The Soviet era had a most extensive impact on the representation of non-normative sex-gender subjects. In Soviet Estonia male homosexuality was criminalised and conflated with sexual abuse, while female homosexuality and gender diversity were generally silenced. Trans-people who found ways to transition were required to hide it. The Soviet regime attempted to erase non-normative sex-gender subjects from its society, similarly to several other topics, and it succeeded in marginalising the history of sex-gender minorities’ lives from the interwar period, and continues to shape the twenty-first century discourses on sex-gender normativity for many. At the same time, the analysis shows that the discourses on non-normative sex-gender subjects have been shaped by international developments and politics throughout the 1920s–2020s. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone https://www.ester.ee/record=b5645396

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    Authors: Tuuli Kurisoo; Anu Lillak; Andres Rõigas; Küllike Tint;
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    International Journal of Heritage Studies
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Journal of Heritage Studies
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    Authors: Anastassia Zabrodskaja; Natalia Meir; Sviatlana Karpava; Natalia Ringblom; +1 Authors

    This study explored the language and literacy practices of multilingual families in Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Israel, and Sweden during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study focuses on the different roles of family members in language transmission in order to understand whether these practices might have been influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to answer two key research questions: RQ1, whether and how the pandemic conditions affected the heritage language, societal language acquisition, and heritage language literacy learning environments in the five countries examined (Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Israel, and Sweden); and RQ2, what is the nature of child and parental agency in facilitation of the possible changes in the corresponding five countries? Fifty semi-structured interviews (ten in each country) were conducted. The data highlighted the factors that triggered changes in family language policy during the pandemic and the role of the child’s agency, parents, extended family, and social network during this period. Based on our findings, we argue that the pandemic conditions gave the children new opportunities for agency when it comes to language and literacy choice and communication with extended family members. This even facilitated new sources of input and suggested the active role of a child as an agent in shaping family language policy in the family.

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    Article . 2023
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    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Thompson, Jess E; Inskip, Sarah A; Scheib, Christiana L; Bates, Jessica; +4 Authors

    AbstractThe lateral angle method of sex estimation is tested on an archaeological population with genetic sex estimates. Casts of the internal auditory canal were made using a quick drying impression material on 90 individuals (76 adults and 14 nonadults) from Anglo‐Saxon and Medieval Cambridgeshire. The anterior and posterior angles of the internal auditory canal were measured, and the relationship of the angle to genetic sex was tested. The posterior angle failed intra‐observer error tests, and only the anterior angle could be analysed. Using the previously published sectioning point for unburnt remains (45°), the method did not adequately distinguish between the sexes. Furthermore, the difference between male and female was insufficient to create population‐specific discriminant functions. The anterior angle does not meet the requirements for an osteological method of sex estimation, exhibiting no statistical correlation with genetic sex in this population.

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    Apollo
    Article . 2023
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    Archaeometry
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    Apollo
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      Apollo
      Article . 2023
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      Archaeometry
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Apollo
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      Apollo
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Tambet Muide;

    This paper examines the road corvée, a practice of using unpaid labour for road maintenance, in the nineteenth and twentieth century. I focus on the case of Estonia, where the road corvée, originating in the feudal economic system, persisted surprisingly long, being abolished only in 1959. Earlier studies on the road corvée have focused mainly on road construction and have therefore failed to recognise the use of the practice beyond absolutist Europe and colonial Africa. Focusing on maintenance reveals that the corvée was also widespread in twentieth-century Europe. I examine how the road corvée was organised and debated to reveal what inhibited and what accelerated its abolition. The study shows how maintenance practices can be deeply embedded in social and economic structures – like the agricultural system in this case – and ultimately be highly inert and resistant to change.

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    The Journal of Transport History
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Journal of Trans...arrow_drop_down
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      The Journal of Transport History
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Lucquin, Alexandre; Robson, Harry K.; Oras, Ester; Lundy, Jasmine; +26 Authors

    To investigate changes in culinary practices associated with the arrival of farming, we analysed the organic residues of over 1,000 pottery vessels from hunter-gatherer-fisher and early agricultural sites across Northern Europe from the Lower Rhine Basin to the Northeastern Baltic. Here, pottery was widely used by hunter-gatherer-fishers prior to the introduction of domesticated animals and plants. Overall, there was surprising continuity in the way that hunter-gatherer-fishers and farmers used pottery. Both aquatic products and wild plants remained prevalent, a pattern repeated consistently across the study area. We argue that the rapid adaptation of farming communities to exploit coastal and lagoonal resources facilitated their northerly expansion, and in some cases, hunting, gathering, and fishing became the most dominant subsistence strategy. Nevertheless, dairy products frequently appear in pottery associated with the earliest farming groups often mixed with wild plants and fish. Interestingly, we also find compelling evidence of dairy products in hunter-gatherer-fisher Ertebølle pottery, which predates the arrival of domesticated animals. We propose that Ertebølle hunter-gatherer-fishers frequently acquired dairy products through exchange with adjacent farming communities prior to the transition. The continuity observed in pottery use across the transition to farming contrasts with the analysis of human remains which shows substantial demographic change through ancient DNA and, in some cases, a reduction in marine consumption through stable isotope analysis. We postulate that farmers acquired the knowledge and skills they needed to succeed from local hunter-gatherer-fishers but without substantial admixture.

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    NTNU Open
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: NTNU Open
    https://doi.org/10.17169/refub...
    Other literature type . 2023
    License: CC BY
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      NTNU Open
      Article . 2023
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      https://doi.org/10.17169/refub...
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