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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Yeshiwas Abunie; Endalkachew Teshome; Mesfin Dessiye;

    AbstractNowadays, scholars are more interested in researching how tourism contributes to conserving natural and cultural heritage in a sustainable manner. If tourism is planned properly, it can contribute to the sustainable conservation of heritage. The Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve is known for both natural and cultural heritage, which has been the source of tourists’ attractions. The key objective of this study was to examine tourism’s contribution to the sustainable conservation of natural and cultural heritage found within the Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve. A qualitative, single-site case study design was used. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and field observations. A total of 65 respondents participated in the study. To manage and code the collected data into themes, Open-Code Software Version 4.02 was used. The data were analyzed using a thematic analysis method. The findings indicate that, in environmental, economic, social and cultural, political, and bureaucratic contribution dimensions, tourism doesn’t have an effective contribution to the sustainable conservation of natural and cultural heritage found within the Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve. Thus, it informs us that governments and sustainable tourism operators must systematically address these issues to encourage tourism’s contribution to the sustainable conservation of natural and cultural heritage.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cogent Social Scienc...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Cogent Social Sciences
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 2023
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 2023
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Cogent Social Sciences
    Article . 2024
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cogent Social Scienc...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Cogent Social Sciences
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Other literature type . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Other literature type . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Cogent Social Sciences
      Article . 2024
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Habtamu Wondimu; Shikur Nasir; Shashetu Bayu;

    AbstractThis study analyzed the indigenous drama elements of Kurfewe, Gichame, and Weyeg traditional folk performances among the Gurage people. Using an ethnographic study methodology, data was collected through 20 in-depth interviews, 3 focus group discussions, 5 key informant interviews, and document analysis. The snowball sampling method guided the selection of informants from Muhur Aklil, Abshegi, Cheha, and Ezhaworedas based on local recommendations. Local language data were translated into English using a literal translation approach while preserving original meaning. The study found that Kurfewe, Gichame, and Weyeg encompassed various indigenous drama elements, including location, properties, costumes, verbal and physical responses, imitation, role distribution, actor/audience separation, and representational acting. These traditional performances served different purposes. Kurfewe provided entertainment and commemorated Jesus Christ’s suffering while preserving ancestral culture and facilitating spouse-finding. Gichame expressed gratitude to God and the Virgin Mary, enhanced group energy during work, and enlivened events. Weyeg entertained, praised gods and goddesses, recognized exemplary individuals, engaged in constructive criticism, and more. Categorically, Kurfewe was a calendric performance following Easter, Gichame encompassed calendric, seasonal (weddings), and occasional (Debo) categories, and Weyeg included periodical (praising Waq and Demuamit), seasonal (weddings), and occasional (honoring individuals) performances. In summary, this study provided insights into the indigenous drama elements and roles of Kurfewe, Gichame, and Weyeg among the Gurage people. These traditional performances showcased unique cultural expressions and served various purposes, contributing to the rich traditional performing arts heritage of the Gurage culture.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cogent Arts & Hu...arrow_drop_down
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    Cogent Arts & Humanities
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Cogent Arts & Humanities
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cogent Arts & Hu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Cogent Arts & Humanities
      Article . 2023
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      Cogent Arts & Humanities
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the humane costs of the 1973–74 and 1984–85 famine in North Wollo, Ethiopia. In Wollo, the northern side is always prone to drought and famine and its effect beyond the death tolls is also much highest. As a qualitative approach, descriptive analysis and purposive sampling techniques are used. Data’s gathered via interview, focused group discussion and document review showed, in the 20th century the two famines of 1973–74 and 1984–85 were the most difficult periods in which the people paid much sacrifice especially from the later which caused not only much death but also unnatural practices, and devotion towards one’s own interest (survival).The period passed as a trying times for families, and people of the region. The family ties and support of one another and the social fabric established through time seen hardly survived.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cogent Arts & Hu...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Cogent Arts & Humanities
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 2023
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 2023
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Cogent Arts & Humanities
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cogent Arts & Hu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Cogent Arts & Humanities
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Other literature type . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Other literature type . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Cogent Arts & Humanities
      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Teshome Deresse; Tsegu Ereso; Erko Geremu;

    AbstractEcosystem services are vital for the well-being of all life on the earth’s surface. However, soil loss resulting from soil erosion affects ecosystem services and societal well-being, which is a difficulty facing humans currently. Though the main objectives of the study were to assess the impacts of soil erosion on the provision of food and fresh water services in Odo Shakiso district, The sequential explanatory research design was employed to identify the impacts of soil erosion, and questionnaires were distributed to 309 households with two site residents, and key informant discussions were held with ten individuals selected from organizations. Binary logistic regression would be used to analyze the relationships and effects among variables. At Odo Shakiso, the soil erosion is equated with the statistics of potential slight erosion type, which has the prime change, and the result shows soil loss has high significant impacts on the productivity of land, availability of water, and fuel wood access (p < 0.01) and has significant effects on land use (p < 0.05). A common considerate effect of soil erosion on ecosystem provisioning services and these linked interactions is essential to making sound decisions, and our results could also help to intervene in the policy of sustainable land management and soil conservation decisions to mount future human socioeconomic and environmental quality. Therefore, before this great abode of diverse ecosystem services and the all-over existence of the surrounding communities’ soil are gradually devastated, decisive measures need to be taken by the concerned stakeholders.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cogent Arts &amp; Hu...arrow_drop_down
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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cogent Arts &amp; Hu...arrow_drop_down
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      Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Muhammed Hamid Yasien; Tesfamichael Teshale Kebede; Ahmed Sheikeh Abdirahman Abdile;

    AbstractThe study investigated the role of Somalis in Ethiopia’s struggle against Italian colonial forces in the Ogaden region from 1915 to 1941, which has been overlooked in existing literature. The research was conducted using an exploratory design and qualitative data obtained from primary records, oral evidence, and secondary sources. The relationship between Ethiopia and Italian forces in the Ogaden frontiers from 1915 to 1935 was characterized by tensions due to Italian incursions and Ethiopian resistance. The Somali people, who considered the Italians as threats to their socio-economic wellbeing, resisted the invasion of their territories in the Ogaden from 1915 onwards. They played a crucial role in the Ethiopian resistance by providing information, logistics, and combatants. Notable figures such as Omer Semeter, Ali Nur, Erzi Jama, Sultan Bede, Hussein Elmie, Ahmed Hashi, and Mahamud Ebrahim organized the Somalis in the resistance against the Italian colonial forces. Although there are pieces of literature related to Ethiopia’s resistance against Italian colonial forces, most of them are geographically confined to the north and temporally limited from 1935 to 1941. Moreover, existing literature on Ethiopian resistance in the Ogaden mainly focuses on defensive wars headed by higher nobles. This study reveals historical realities that have been made invisible in historical literature by highlighting the contributions of local peoples of the Ogaden who participated in the resistance against Italian invasion.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cogent Arts &amp; Hu...arrow_drop_down
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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cogent Arts &amp; Hu...arrow_drop_down
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      Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tesfaye Ashenafi Shiferaw;

    AbstractBlessings, both ritualized and religious, are universal phenomena despite varying from one society to another in terms of linguistic expressions and manner of practice. They are “performative utterances” intricately woven into the very fabric of human existence. This paper set out to uncover the semantics and pragmatics of blessing expressions in Rayya Tigrinya, a variety of Tigrinya, spoken in the Southern Tigray Zone in Ethiopia. Accordingly, blessing expressions’ literal and contextual meanings performed by elders and parents were presented and analyzed. The study adopted a descriptive design within a qualitative research approach. To obtain authentic data, a total of 9 native Rayya Tigrinya speakers, 4 males and 5 females, aged 45–85 years, were purposefully selected. The data were collected via semi-structured interviews and validated through the introspective method. The gathered data were thematically classified and analyzed through linguistic descriptive methods. The results confirmed that blessings are predominantly used metaphorically or connotatively, devoid of their literal meanings. Peace, health, unity, wealth, long life, success, successor, caretaker, and inclusion, all of which are basic for humans’ existence, are the most general and recurrent themes expressed in the elders’ and parents’ blessings. Blessing expressions, which are believed to be materialized in the future, are used for face-saving acts. In most instances, blessings are made implicitly appealing to the supernatural whose divine power is believed to execute the good wishes/benedictions, which also makes them religious. In other words, blessings are applied for mediation between the human world and the divine realm.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cogent Arts &amp; Hu...arrow_drop_down
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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023
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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2023
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      Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mengistie Zewdu Tessema; Aderajew Melkie Zegeye; Mesfin Tadesse;

    AbstractThe administrative and military structures of the medieval Ethiopian state were based on a system called the gult system that gave tribute-collecting rights to state officials and military personnel. Nevertheless, there were various occasions in which the administrative and military system and structure of the state were hampering the economic development of the medieval Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia. There were different factors that were responsible for the underdevelopment of medieval Ethiopian economy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the administrative and military impediments to the economy of medieval Ethiopia. Using different primary and secondary sources, this study endeavoured to thematically analyse how the administrative and military structures were hampering the economic development of Ethiopia in the period. Analysis of fragmentary sources of the period has revealed that the inherently precarious nature of the gult system, the military deployment, the soldiery, and the incessant war that had been fought in the state had been impeding the economic prosperity of the medieval Ethiopian state.

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    Article . 2023
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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2023
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      Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
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  • Authors: Enanu Girma Melka; Wubshet Berhanu;
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  • Authors: Mohammed Ahmed; Truayinet Mekuriaw; Yazachew Genet; Abune Gudeta; +3 Authors
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  • Authors: Milkiyas Asso Goshu;
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Yeshiwas Abunie; Endalkachew Teshome; Mesfin Dessiye;

    AbstractNowadays, scholars are more interested in researching how tourism contributes to conserving natural and cultural heritage in a sustainable manner. If tourism is planned properly, it can contribute to the sustainable conservation of heritage. The Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve is known for both natural and cultural heritage, which has been the source of tourists’ attractions. The key objective of this study was to examine tourism’s contribution to the sustainable conservation of natural and cultural heritage found within the Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve. A qualitative, single-site case study design was used. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and field observations. A total of 65 respondents participated in the study. To manage and code the collected data into themes, Open-Code Software Version 4.02 was used. The data were analyzed using a thematic analysis method. The findings indicate that, in environmental, economic, social and cultural, political, and bureaucratic contribution dimensions, tourism doesn’t have an effective contribution to the sustainable conservation of natural and cultural heritage found within the Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve. Thus, it informs us that governments and sustainable tourism operators must systematically address these issues to encourage tourism’s contribution to the sustainable conservation of natural and cultural heritage.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cogent Social Scienc...arrow_drop_down
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    Cogent Social Sciences
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 2023
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    Cogent Social Sciences
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cogent Social Scienc...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Habtamu Wondimu; Shikur Nasir; Shashetu Bayu;

    AbstractThis study analyzed the indigenous drama elements of Kurfewe, Gichame, and Weyeg traditional folk performances among the Gurage people. Using an ethnographic study methodology, data was collected through 20 in-depth interviews, 3 focus group discussions, 5 key informant interviews, and document analysis. The snowball sampling method guided the selection of informants from Muhur Aklil, Abshegi, Cheha, and Ezhaworedas based on local recommendations. Local language data were translated into English using a literal translation approach while preserving original meaning. The study found that Kurfewe, Gichame, and Weyeg encompassed various indigenous drama elements, including location, properties, costumes, verbal and physical responses, imitation, role distribution, actor/audience separation, and representational acting. These traditional performances served different purposes. Kurfewe provided entertainment and commemorated Jesus Christ’s suffering while preserving ancestral culture and facilitating spouse-finding. Gichame expressed gratitude to God and the Virgin Mary, enhanced group energy during work, and enlivened events. Weyeg entertained, praised gods and goddesses, recognized exemplary individuals, engaged in constructive criticism, and more. Categorically, Kurfewe was a calendric performance following Easter, Gichame encompassed calendric, seasonal (weddings), and occasional (Debo) categories, and Weyeg included periodical (praising Waq and Demuamit), seasonal (weddings), and occasional (honoring individuals) performances. In summary, this study provided insights into the indigenous drama elements and roles of Kurfewe, Gichame, and Weyeg among the Gurage people. These traditional performances showcased unique cultural expressions and served various purposes, contributing to the rich traditional performing arts heritage of the Gurage culture.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cogent Arts &amp; Hu...arrow_drop_down
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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023
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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the humane costs of the 1973–74 and 1984–85 famine in North Wollo, Ethiopia. In Wollo, the northern side is always prone to drought and famine and its effect beyond the death tolls is also much highest. As a qualitative approach, descriptive analysis and purposive sampling techniques are used. Data’s gathered via interview, focused group discussion and document review showed, in the 20th century the two famines of 1973–74 and 1984–85 were the most difficult periods in which the people paid much sacrifice especially from the later which caused not only much death but also unnatural practices, and devotion towards one’s own interest (survival).The period passed as a trying times for families, and people of the region. The family ties and support of one another and the social fabric established through time seen hardly survived.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Cogent Arts &amp; Hu...arrow_drop_down
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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023
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      Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Teshome Deresse; Tsegu Ereso; Erko Geremu;

    AbstractEcosystem services are vital for the well-being of all life on the earth’s surface. However, soil loss resulting from soil erosion affects ecosystem services and societal well-being, which is a difficulty facing humans currently. Though the main objectives of the study were to assess the impacts of soil erosion on the provision of food and fresh water services in Odo Shakiso district, The sequential explanatory research design was employed to identify the impacts of soil erosion, and questionnaires were distributed to 309 households with two site residents, and key informant discussions were held with ten individuals selected from organizations. Binary logistic regression would be used to analyze the relationships and effects among variables. At Odo Shakiso, the soil erosion is equated with the statistics of potential slight erosion type, which has the prime change, and the result shows soil loss has high significant impacts on the productivity of land, availability of water, and fuel wood access (p < 0.01) and has significant effects on land use (p < 0.05). A common considerate effect of soil erosion on ecosystem provisioning services and these linked interactions is essential to making sound decisions, and our results could also help to intervene in the policy of sustainable land management and soil conservation decisions to mount future human socioeconomic and environmental quality. Therefore, before this great abode of diverse ecosystem services and the all-over existence of the surrounding communities’ soil are gradually devastated, decisive measures need to be taken by the concerned stakeholders.

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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023
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      Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Muhammed Hamid Yasien; Tesfamichael Teshale Kebede; Ahmed Sheikeh Abdirahman Abdile;

    AbstractThe study investigated the role of Somalis in Ethiopia’s struggle against Italian colonial forces in the Ogaden region from 1915 to 1941, which has been overlooked in existing literature. The research was conducted using an exploratory design and qualitative data obtained from primary records, oral evidence, and secondary sources. The relationship between Ethiopia and Italian forces in the Ogaden frontiers from 1915 to 1935 was characterized by tensions due to Italian incursions and Ethiopian resistance. The Somali people, who considered the Italians as threats to their socio-economic wellbeing, resisted the invasion of their territories in the Ogaden from 1915 onwards. They played a crucial role in the Ethiopian resistance by providing information, logistics, and combatants. Notable figures such as Omer Semeter, Ali Nur, Erzi Jama, Sultan Bede, Hussein Elmie, Ahmed Hashi, and Mahamud Ebrahim organized the Somalis in the resistance against the Italian colonial forces. Although there are pieces of literature related to Ethiopia’s resistance against Italian colonial forces, most of them are geographically confined to the north and temporally limited from 1935 to 1941. Moreover, existing literature on Ethiopian resistance in the Ogaden mainly focuses on defensive wars headed by higher nobles. This study reveals historical realities that have been made invisible in historical literature by highlighting the contributions of local peoples of the Ogaden who participated in the resistance against Italian invasion.

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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023
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      Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Tesfaye Ashenafi Shiferaw;

    AbstractBlessings, both ritualized and religious, are universal phenomena despite varying from one society to another in terms of linguistic expressions and manner of practice. They are “performative utterances” intricately woven into the very fabric of human existence. This paper set out to uncover the semantics and pragmatics of blessing expressions in Rayya Tigrinya, a variety of Tigrinya, spoken in the Southern Tigray Zone in Ethiopia. Accordingly, blessing expressions’ literal and contextual meanings performed by elders and parents were presented and analyzed. The study adopted a descriptive design within a qualitative research approach. To obtain authentic data, a total of 9 native Rayya Tigrinya speakers, 4 males and 5 females, aged 45–85 years, were purposefully selected. The data were collected via semi-structured interviews and validated through the introspective method. The gathered data were thematically classified and analyzed through linguistic descriptive methods. The results confirmed that blessings are predominantly used metaphorically or connotatively, devoid of their literal meanings. Peace, health, unity, wealth, long life, success, successor, caretaker, and inclusion, all of which are basic for humans’ existence, are the most general and recurrent themes expressed in the elders’ and parents’ blessings. Blessing expressions, which are believed to be materialized in the future, are used for face-saving acts. In most instances, blessings are made implicitly appealing to the supernatural whose divine power is believed to execute the good wishes/benedictions, which also makes them religious. In other words, blessings are applied for mediation between the human world and the divine realm.

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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023
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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
      Article . 2023
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      Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Mengistie Zewdu Tessema; Aderajew Melkie Zegeye; Mesfin Tadesse;

    AbstractThe administrative and military structures of the medieval Ethiopian state were based on a system called the gult system that gave tribute-collecting rights to state officials and military personnel. Nevertheless, there were various occasions in which the administrative and military system and structure of the state were hampering the economic development of the medieval Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia. There were different factors that were responsible for the underdevelopment of medieval Ethiopian economy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the administrative and military impediments to the economy of medieval Ethiopia. Using different primary and secondary sources, this study endeavoured to thematically analyse how the administrative and military structures were hampering the economic development of Ethiopia in the period. Analysis of fragmentary sources of the period has revealed that the inherently precarious nature of the gult system, the military deployment, the soldiery, and the incessant war that had been fought in the state had been impeding the economic prosperity of the medieval Ethiopian state.

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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023
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    Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
      Article . 2023
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      Cogent Arts &amp; Humanities
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Enanu Girma Melka; Wubshet Berhanu;
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  • Authors: Mohammed Ahmed; Truayinet Mekuriaw; Yazachew Genet; Abune Gudeta; +3 Authors
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  • Authors: Milkiyas Asso Goshu;
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