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: translating acronyms of media and international (& world) organizations helps the researcher to draw the following conclusions:1- Acronyms of world news agencies can be translated into Arabic in three ways: by indicating the lexical meaning; by indicating English abbreviated form as letter by letter & by indicating Arabic abbreviated form as a word. 2- Acronyms of world satellite TV's can be translated into Arabic in two ways: by indicating the lexical meaning & by indicating English abbreviated form as letter by letter. 3- Acronyms of world newspapers can be translated into Arabic in two ways: by indicating both the lexical meaning & Arabic transliteration of the English form. 4- Acronyms of U.N. & world organizations can be translated into Arabic in three ways: by indicating the lexical meaning; by indicating English abbreviated form as letter by letter & by indicating Arabic abbreviated form as a word. Thus, acronyms in the fields, under study, are either letter or syllabic. This verifies hypothesis no. (4). From the above tables of acronyms, the researcher notices that translation & transliteration can be both applied on in dealing with acronyms. This verifies hypothesis no. (5). Other hypotheses can be verified easily by noticing the wide progress, the world of communication & media witnesses.With the emergence of modern information and communication, scientific progress in all fields of life and knowledge, in our world of today, have led to the appearance of large number of terms that are used to designate various concepts and discoveries, as speed plays a big role in stirring all aspects of life that surround us to the extent to be the main trait of our life. By such progress, the need to reduce full names and terms of concepts, shortening them into smaller ones, emerges to the surface as using such names and terms in full causes trouble, disturbance and waste of time & efforts in speech, writing & printing. To solve this complex situation, using the initial letters of words appears to be one smooth solution. This process is called "Acronymy" and the letters being abbreviated "Acronyms". The usage of acronyms is a relatively new linguistic phenomenon as the art of reducing a sequence of words to their initial letters became well created, developed & used increasingly in the 50s & 60s of the 20th century (1). It is a real reflection of the main characteristics of modern era which witnesses a revolution in technical & scientific discoveries. The first acronym was included in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1943 despite the fact that the word "initialisms" first appeared in the same dictionary in 1899 (2). It did not come into general use until 1965, well after "acronym" had become common. The current study will take the exploration of the phenomenon of acronyms, abbreviations & initialisms as its main goal, trying to present full discussion about its definitions, formulations, types, orthography and pronunciation. It sheds light on how to translate English acronyms into Arabic, suggesting different methods. It, also, highlights the challenges & difficulties they may pose in front of the translators and how such challenges & difficulties can be solved and surmounted.Hypotheses: It is hypothesized that:1) Acronyms, in all various forms & styles, reflect the scientific and technological advancement & progress our world witnesses.2) Acronyms are used increasingly in the world of media and international policy circles as they cut off time & efforts being wasted in speech, writing and printing.3) Communication field represents the best environment to create acronyms.4) media & U.N.(international) organizations are mainly letter & syllabic acronyms.5) Translation and transliteration are both applied on the acronyms both fields.Aims: The current study aims at :a) Discussing acronyms historically and theoretically in detail. b) Handling the issue of translating English acronyms into Arabic & suggesting ways of translation that can be useful, sufficient and effective. c) Making lists of acronyms that are of significance in the world of media & U.N. with their translations.

O presente trabalho centra-se na análise do livro Primeiro de abril: narrativas da cadeia e na crônica Seqüelas de uma prisão, presente no compêndio Eu e as corruíras, do escritor catarinense Salim Miguel. Nesses relatos, destaca-se a experiência traumática vivida pelo autor durante os quarenta e oito dias em que esteve preso pela Ditadura Militar, em Florianópolis, e suas consequências futuras. Assim, tanto no relato testemunhal quanto na crônica pode-se perceber certa dificuldade em dizer aliada a um dever ético de lembrar, de não deixar esquecer. Dever este que subjaz a própria subjetividade do escritor-narrador que, mesmo traumatizado, intenta debruçar-se sobre os acontecimentos de forma racional, isenta, e encontra reflexos inclusive na forma escolhida para narrar. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do trabalho é analisar o porquê de certas escolhas formais na narrativa, buscando, para isso, auxílio na crônica jornalística produzida pelo escritor.

Les recherches antérieures ont étudié les monuments et les mémoriaux comme des constructions purement esthétiques, d’une part, et comme de puissants outils servant la reproduction de l’autorité et du contrôle, d’autre part. Ce faisant, ces recherches ont, volontairement ou non, créé un fossé entre les dimensions matérielle, symbolique et politique des monuments. Certains travaux ont également mis l’emphase sur les intentions des concepteurs au détriment des interprétations des usagers des monuments, et inversement. Dans cet article, nous proposons une approche holistique pour décrire comment ces différents aspects se recoupent et se complètent dans la signification des monuments. Ce texte a plus généralement pour but de fournir les principes de base d’une approche sémiotique des monuments et des mémoriaux.

ABSTRACT The aim of this article was to evaluate the effect of company earnings and of harmonization with IFRS on the readability of Management Reports in the Brazilian stock market. There is a gap to be filled both in the elaboration and adaptation of readability measures to the context studied, as the studies tend to replicate the original formulas, and in identifying the determinants of the readability of Brazilian company reports, as the research in this field remains in its infancy and the results are inconclusive. The results provide indications for investors to identify complex textual information and may help public policymakers to establish a simple writing manual, along the lines of the SEC’s 1998 Plain English Handbook. The modified metrics and the one developed overcome the criticisms regarding the use of readability formulas in accounting research and could be used in substitution of the original metrics in future studies. An econometric model was used that presents the determinants of readability. Readability was calculated for the Results Analysis section of the Management Report. The resulting construct is understood via three attributes: persistence, current performance, and the reference benchmark. Harmonization with IFRS is a dummy variable, which delimits the pre- and post-IFRS periods. The hypotheses were tested in a sample of Brazilian companies made up of 714 company-year observations covering the period from 2006 to 2019. The descriptive results show that there is an apparent improvement in the readability of the reports in the pre- and post-IFRS period comparison. The econometric evidence shows that, in general, companies with persistent and positive earnings present less complex reports and are more likely to have highly readable reports, because managers publish reports with better readability to signal positive results to the market. RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar o efeito do resultado das empresas e da harmonização com as IFRS na readability do Relatório da Administração no mercado acionário brasileiro. Existe uma lacuna a ser preenchida, seja na elaboração e adaptação de medidas de readability ao contexto estudado, porque os estudos tendem a replicar as fórmulas originais, seja na identificação dos determinantes da readability nos relatórios de empresas brasileiras, pois as pesquisas nessa seara ainda são incipientes e os resultados, inconclusivos. Os resultados fornecem indícios para os investidores identificarem informações textuais complexas e podem auxiliar os formuladores de políticas públicas a instituir um manual de escrita simples, nos moldes do promovido pelo Plain English Handbook da SEC de 1998. As métricas modificadas e a desenvolvida superam as críticas sobre a utilização de fórmulas de readability nas pesquisas contábeis e podem ser utilizadas em substituição das métricas originais em pesquisas futuras. Foi utilizado um modelo econométrico apresentando os determinantes da readability. A readability foi calculada para a seção Análise dos Resultados do Relatório da Administração. O constructo resultado é entendido por três atributos: a persistência, o desempenho atual e o benchmark de referência. A harmonização com as IFRS é uma variável dummy, que delimita o período pré e pós-IFRS. As hipóteses foram testadas em uma amostra de empresas brasileiras constituída por 714 empresas-ano para o período de 2006 a 2019. Os resultados descritivos mostram que há uma aparente melhoria na readability dos relatórios na comparação do período pré e pós-IFRS. As evidências econométricas mostram que, no geral, as empresas com resultados persistentes e positivos apresentam relatórios menos complexos e têm chances de ter relatórios com alta readability, porque os gestores divulgam relatórios com melhor readability, para sinalizar ao mercado o resultado positivo.

The tritrophic association of bats, bat flies, and Laboulbeniales microfungi is a remarkably understudied system that may reveal patterns applicable to community ecology theory of (hyper)parasites. Laboulbeniales are biotrophic microfungi, exclusively associated with arthropods, with several species that are specialized on bat flies, which themselves are permanent ectoparasites of bats. Several hypotheses were tested on biotic and abiotic traits that may influence the presence and prevalence of hyperparasitic Laboulbeniales fungi on bat flies, based on southeastern European data. We found a wide distribution of fungal infection on bat flies, with underground-dwelling bats hosting more Laboulbeniales-infected flies compared to crevice-dwelling species. Bat host behavior, sociality, roost selection (underground versus crevice), bat fly sex, and season all have significant effects on the prevalence of fungal infection. Laboulbeniales infections are more common on bat flies that are infecting bat species with dense and long-lasting colonies (Miniopterus schreibersii, Myotis myotis, Myotis blythii), which roost primarily in underground sites. Inside these sites, elevated temperature and humidity may enhance the development and transmission of Laboulbeniales fungi. Sexual differences in bat hosts’ behavior also have an effect on fungal infection risk, with densely roosting female bat hosts harboring more Laboulbeniales-infected bat flies.

De evidence-based richtlijn stotteren geeft antwoord op een aantal uitgangsvragen over onderzoek, behandeling, verwijzing en nazorg bij personen die stotteren. In 2020 is de richtlijn uit 2014 herzien. Het startpunt was om geen nieuwe uitgangsvragen te formulerenmaar om de bestaande vragen te actualiseren. De werkgroep die de richtlijnherziening heeft uitgevoerd bestond uit vertegenwoordigers van de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Logopedie en Foniatrie (NVLF), deNederlandse Vereniging voor Stottertherapie (NVST) en de patiëntenvereniging de Nederlandse Stottervereniging Demosthenes (Demosthenes). Relevante nieuwe publicaties werden geëvalueerd en gewaardeerd op kwaliteit van bewijs. De gebruikers van de richtlijn is gevraagd om commentaar te geven op de oude richtlijn. Dit commentaar is meegenomen in de overwegingen. In dit artikel worden de wijzigingen in de aanbevelingen per uitgangsvraag toegelicht en onderbouwd. Daarbij wordt ook aangegeven welk nader onderzoek gewenst is om lacunes op te vullen in de kennis over de diagnostiek en behandeling van stotteren.