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Beytülmakdis'in Müslümanlar tarafından yedinci asırda gerçekleştirilen ilk fethi, Kutsal Topraklar için dikkat çekici bir dönüm noktasıydı. Asırlar süren dışlamanın sonunda Kutsal Topraklarda barış ve kucaklayıcılık nihayet kurulabilmişti. Onun da ötesinde bu tarihi olay, iki süpergücün, Bizans ve Persin arasında İslamın duruşunu da yükseltmekteydi. Bu önemli gelişme Ömer bin Hattabın zamanında gerçekleştiği için onun o önemli rolü ile ilgili bazı çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Ancak çok kısıtlı sayıda kaynak ilk İslam halifesi Ebubekir es-Sıddık'ın rolüne odaklanmaktadır. O halife seçilmesi ile beraber, sadece Medinede kurulan İslam devletini güçlendirmeye yönelik katkılar sağlamamız aynı zamanda Beytülmakdis'in özgürleştirilmesine / fethine de önemlı katkılar sağlamıştır. Erken dönem kaynaklar ve tarihi kayıtlar göstermiştir ki Halife Ebu Bekr, Hz Peygamberin Beytülmakdis'in fethine dair planını devam ettirmeye kararlıydı. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada, Hz Ebubekirin hilafeti boyunca Kutsal Toprakların fethinin zeminini hazırlamadaki katkıları incelenecektir. Bu katkılar, Usame Ordusunu yola çıkarması, yerel tehditleri güvence altına alması, Ridde Savaşları esnasında Müslümanları birleştirilmesi, Biladüşşama ordular göndermesi ve bunu öncelemesi, kendisinden sonraki halifesi aday göstermek suretiyle Kutsal Toprakların fetih planının devam etmesini garanti altına alması gibi hususları içerecektir. Bu çalışma sonucunda, Halife Ebu Bekirin katkılarının, vefatından sadece birkaç sene sonra onun halefi olan, Halife Ömerin devrinde Beytülmakdis'in ilk İslami fethine olanak sağladığı fikri desteklenmiştir. The first Muslim fath/ liberation of Islamicjerusalem in the seventh century was a remarkable historical turning point for the Holy Land. After centuries of exclusion, peace and inclusivity in Holy Land were finally established. Moreover, this historical event raised the standing of Islam between two superpowers, Byzantium and the Persia. As this vital event occurred in the era of ‘Umar Ibn al-Khattāb, several studies have documented his significant role. However, limited literature focuses on the role of his predecessor, the first Muslim Caliph, Abū Bakr al-Siddiq. Since his appointment as Caliph, Abū Bakr made crucial contributions not only to strengthen the foundation of the Islamic State in Madinah but also to liberate Islamicjerusalem. Investigation and analysis based on primary sources and historical records show that Caliph Abū Bakr was determined to continue the Prophet's plan to liberate Bayt al-Maqdis. Therefore, this study examined Caliph Abū Bakr’s contributions during his reign in paving the way for the liberation of the Holy Land. His significant contributions included sending out ’Usamah’s army, securing domestic threats and uniting Muslims during the Apostates War, prioritising and directing armies to al-Sham, and even the selection of his successor, all of which has contributed to the liberation of Bayt al-Maqdis. The result of this study supports the view that Caliph Abū Bakr's contributions enabled the first Muslim liberation of Islamicjerusalem to be achieved merely a few years after his demise, during the reign of his successor, ‘Umar Ibn al-Khattāb. كان الفتح الأول لبيت المقدس في القرن الأول الهجري/ السابع الميلادي نقطة تحول تاريخية في الأرض المقدسة. فبعد قرون من الإقصاء، ومع وصول المسلمين ترسخت فكرة التعايش والسلام والشمولية على الأرض المقدسة. بالاضافة لذلك، أبرز هذا الحدث التاريخي الهام مكانة الإسلام والمسلمين بين أقوى امبراطوريتين الروم البيزنطيين والفرس. وبما أن هذه الحادثة التاريخية الهامة حصلت في عهد الخليفة عمر بن الخطاب، فقد وثقت العديد من الدراسات وأبرزت دوره الهام في هذا الفتح. ومع أنه لم يكن من خطط لهذا الفتح ابتداء، فأغلب الدراسات لا تركز على دور من سبقه وخصوصا الخليفة الراشدي الأول، أبو بكر الصديق. فمنذ اختياره كخليفة للمسلمين، ساهم أبو بكر الصديق مساهمات محورية لم تنحصر فقط في تأسيس وتثبيت الدولة الإسلامية في المدينة المنورة بعد وفاة رسول الله، بل وكانت له بصمات جوهرية في تحرير بيت المقدس وفتحه. تُظهر هذه الدراسة من خلال تحليل المصادر التاريخية المبكرة بأن الخليفة الراشدي أبو بكر الصديق كان قد عزم على مواصلة واتمام خطة رسول الله الاستراتيجية لفتح بيت المقدس. لذلك يناقش هذا البحث إساهمات الخليفة أبو بكر الصديق خلال فترة خلافته في تمهيد الطريق لتحرير بيت المقدس والأرض المقدسة. وقد استنتج البحث أن أهم إساهماته تتمحور في إنفاذه بعث أسامة بن زيد رغم كل العقبات والصعوبات، وتأمين الجبهة الداخلية من خلال القضاء على المرتدين وبذلك استطاع توحيد المسلمين تحت راية واحدة، هذا بالإضافة لإعطاء الأولوية لتوجيه جيوش وعساكر المسلمين إلى الشام، وأخيرا اختياره للخليفة من بعده، وقد ساهم كل هذا في فتوح بيت المقدس وبلاد الشام. وبذلك تساند هذه النتائج الرأي القائل بأن إساهمات الخليفة الراشدي أبو بكر الصديق قد مكنت الفتح الأول لبيت المقدس وتحريره بعد سنوات قليلة من وفاة أبوبكر، في عهد خليفته عمر بن الخطاب.

In recent years, several biblical gardens were constructed in the harsh climate of Poland. They try to convey spiritual values through the medium of garden art and design. Rarely are they built from scratch with a granted budget; the majority of them represent the effort to revitalize degraded urban space and cultural heritage. In most cases, they are constructed and maintained as a challenge by groups of enthusiasts with no institutional financial help. From the very beginning, they are attracting numerous visitors, individuals, and organized groups to previously neglected spaces. The scope of this paper is to present the phenomenon of their construction, discuss the selected case studies, and try to identify whether their creation is strengthening the resilience of cultural landscapes. cultural heritag, therapeutic landscapes, resilience, biblical gardens, Gdańsk, Poland 1-30 70 1

The article describes the aspects of Joachim Zintel’s (Berlin, 1943) graphics that are referred to as typography. In his graphics, the artist processes snippets of memories of the flight from Stettin to Berlin at the end of the World War II. But it is not the historical events that come to the fore in the graphics, but the processes of remembering and forgetting, the themes of images that are characterized by shifts, highlights, obscuring, blurring and gaps.

The language of the Moldavian books and chancery documents written during the reign of Peter Rareş (1527–1538, 1541–1546) shows an unneglectable variability depending on the purpose, addressee and format of the texts. Using all kinds of preserved texts from this period, we have tried to describe this variability focusing on the texts written in the Cyrillic script. These texts are evaluated according to three criteria: spelling, morphosyntax and vocabulary. The most prestigious variety was the Trinovitan (Tărnovo) variety of Middle Church Slavonic. Its shape in the texts, belonging to the common Church Slavonic legacy, shows the lowest impact of the Moldavian linguistic environment. The original Church Slavonic bookish texts composed in Moldavia (Macarie’s Chronicle, Enkomion to St John the New, colophons and inscriptions) show a variable proportion of Moldavian spelling and morphosyntactic markers. The chancery documents can be characterised by blending of Church Slavonic and Ruthenian (Ukrainian-based) elements. Except the Ruthenian-based documents addressed to Poland, the chancery documents are basically Church Slavonic shaped with Ruthenian infiltrations on the level of some fixed formulas, function words and few lexical items. Moreover, Slavonic letters sent to Transylvania show tiny Wallachian Slavonic influence, manifested by forms of Serbian chancery origin. Monastery charters combine CS-shaped Ruthenian formulas with Trinovitan Church Slavonic formulas, partly shared with colophons and inscriptions. Thus, the Moldavian written legacy shares common elements both with the Wallachian milieu (e.g. Romanian Cyrillic spelling of proper names, Romanian impact on morphosyntax, specific terminology etc.) as well as with a broader Ruthenian area (mainly the eastern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Union).

The sketch tries to show the importance of social media for writers. The author focused on the (auto)promotional activity of authors carried out via social media (with particular emphasis on Facebook). The analysis would primarily cover fan pages managed by prose writers themselves (including Joanna Bator, Katarzyna Bonda, Jacek Dehnel, Remigiusz Mróz, Szczepan Twardoch, Michał Witkowski, Jakub Żulczyk). The main aim of the sketch was to show how the authors (representing various literary genres) approach the issue of building their brand and how they model their images. Szkic próbuje pokazać znaczenie social mediów dla pisarek i pisarzy. Autorka skoncentrowała się na działalności (auto)promocyjnej autorek i autorów prowadzonej za pośrednictwem social mediów (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Facebooka). Analizie poddane zostały przede wszystkim fanpage’e zarządzane przez samych prozaików (m.in. Joanna Bator, Katarzyna Bonda, Jacek Dehnel, Remigiusz Mróz, Szczepan Twardoch, Michał Witkowski, Jakub Żulczyk). Nadrzędnym celem szkicu było pokazanie, w jaki sposób autorki i autorzy (reprezentujący różne gatunki literackie) podchodzą do kwestii budowania własnej marki i w jaki sposób modelują swoje wizerunki.

The successful development of the digital economy, which we can observe since the advent of the internet, is closely related to progress in several "frontier technologies" (frontier technologies), among which the most important, according to the scientific community and international organizations, are such software-oriented technologies as blockchain, Big Data Analytics (Big Data), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and cloud Computing (Cloud Computing), as well as specialized machine-oriented equipment: 3D printers, internet of Things devices (Internet of things Things, IoT), automation and robotics. Significant progress in the application of these technologies contributes to the growth of production capabilities, labor productivity, and capital return of both digital companies and enterprises of the non-digital economy while transforming their established business models and principles of generating income and expenses of companies. This makes it necessary to study the above technologies in detail from the point of view of analyzing their essence, role, and potential for use in various spheres of economic life. Although the term "blockchain" has recently entered scientific and public use, the idea of the technology appeared in the late 1980s, namely in 1989. Lamport proposed "a model for achieving consensus on results in a network of computers, where computers or the network itself can be unreliable". In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto proposed the concept of using a decentralized computer network to operate a P2P electronic money system. In the article "Bitcoin: a Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" published on the internet, the innovator described the algorithm of functioning of the Bitcoin cryptocurrency as a completely independent electronic cash system from a single issue Center, which does not require the trust (mediation) of a third party, but relies on direct operations between the parties to the transaction, protected by cryptographic encryption.

Despite the ubiquity of conventional implicatures in language and the critical role they play in argumentation, they have heretofore been almost entirely absent from theories of argument and the linguistic expression of reasoning. In this paper, we discuss conventional implicatures (cis) as an interesting phenomenon at the interface of semantics, pragmatics and argumentation by harnessing research in semantics and pragmatics and extending an existing account for argument diagramming with this type of implicit meaning. In particular, we show that cis are unlike enthymemes, which are extremely challenging to conceptualise and to specify precisely. Instead, cis are anchored on the linguistic surface, trigger a largely predictable discourse contribution and are therefore more apt for argument analysis. By surfacing conventionally implicated material, we can unpack a wider variety of ways in which arguments are triggered by, composed of, and demolished by implicit discourse material, in particular inferential structures, conflicts and references to ethos. This also allows us to model the complex interplay between conventional implicature and argumentation, which in turn sheds new light on the interplay of meaning and argumentation in general.