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This work analyses the economic cooperation between the Socialist Republic of Montenegro and the Federal Republic of Germany, that is to say its federal states. The Federal Republic of Germany was among the most significant economic partners of Yugoslavia, i.e. the Yugoslav Republics in the late 1970s. With regard to the value of trade, it was the second most important foreign trade partner of Montenegro at the time. Montenegro’s objective was to reduce the trade deficit through an increase in exports, to attract German investors and extend the cooperation to other regions. This objective required the establishment of direct political and economic relations. In the mid-70s the Yugoslav republics established direct relations with the German Federal Republics. Relations between the Executive Council (Government) of Montenegro and the governments of the states of Hamburg, Baden-Württemberg and Bremen were established in the late 70s and the early 80s. U radu je analizirana ekonomska suradnja Socijalističke Republike Crne Gore i Savezne Republike Njemačke, odnosno njezinih saveznih pokrajina. Savezna Republika Njemačka bila je među najvažnijim ekonomskim partnerima Jugoslavije, odnosno jugoslavenskih republika krajem 70-ih godina XX. stoljeća. Tada je po vrijednosti trgovinske razmjene bila drugi vanjskotrgovinski partner Crne Gore. Cilj Crne Gore bio je povećanjem izvoza smanjiti trgovinski deficit, zatim privući njemačke investitore i proširiti suradnju na druge oblasti. Taj je cilj zahtijevao uspostavu izravnih političkih i ekonomskih odnosa. Sredinom 70-ih jugoslavenske republike uspostavile su neposredne odnose s njemačkim saveznim pokrajinama. Krajem 70-ih i početkom 80-ih uspostavljeni su odnosi Izvršnoga vijeća (vlade) Crne Gore s vladama pokrajina Hamburg, Baden-Württemberg i Bremen.

This paper aimed to present the regional differences in literacy between the former Yugoslav republics with special reference to internal discrepancies in Montenegro. Gender gaps took a central place in the analysis. First, we gave a brief historical overview of the various attitudes towards schooling in the Balkan, divided between the great empires. Religion, finance, government policy, and social norms contributed greatly to the results that persisted during the interwar period. After the Second World War, intensive literacy courses for adults and the expansion of school infrastructure created conditions for significant enhancement. Statistics are a basic source of data. They are methodologically compatible and could be beneficial for some further research in this field. Comparisons were made between republics, as well as within Montenegrin regions. The explanation of the gap between the male and female population is based on complex historical and socio-political circumstances that could be the subject of interdisciplinary research in history, geography, sociology, anthropology, economics, etc. These various factors had an intensive and long-term impact on literacy. However, with coexistence in Yugoslavia, the differences between the republics were reduced to such an extent that they almost disappeared at the beginning of the 21st century. The main reasons are the expansion of the school infrastructure, stricter compliance with mandatory school attendance, but also the state’s insistence on the importance of education. A similar situation is in Montenegro, where illiteracy persists only in closed and marginalized groups. There, poverty is a dominant factor in illiteracy.

We present the first high-resolution Holocene pollen, plant-macrofossil, and charcoal records from the upper-montane zone in the central Dinaric Alps. Drawing on these new records from well-dated lacustrine sediments of Zminje Jezero (ca. 1500 m a.s.l.; Montenegro) and on independent chironomid-inferred summer temperatures, we explore long-term ecosystem responses to variations in climate, fire disturbances and land use, as well as legacy effects of past environmental changes. A mixed spruce-fir forest established in the upper-montane zone around 9500 cal BP, and Fagus sylvatica became co-dominant with the two conifers after 5000 cal BP. Prehistoric land-use pressure was overall remarkably low, but increased since 2000 cal BP and was highest after the Middle Ages. We found a significant positive relationship between biomass burning and summer temperature, indicating that fires were mostly climate driven. Picea abies was insensitive to summer temperature, biomass burning and human impact, which supports the view that spruce forests may not be significantly impacted by fire. In contrast, Abies alba and other disturbance-sensitive trees ( Tilia, Ulmus, Fraxinus excelsior-type) show significant negative responses to land-use pressure and positive responses to summer temperature. This supports the notion that these species may be well-adapted to warmer-than present summer temperatures and that their populations declined in recent millennia due to land-use activities. Conversely, F. sylvatica was sensitive to summer temperatures but was promoted by low biomass burning, indicating that its expansion in the spruce-fir dominated forest was enhanced by the onset of cooler and possibly also moister climatic conditions as well as by fire disturbances. International audience

Abstract This article looks into the political stance and diplomatic activities of Serbia and Montenegro during the Cretan crisis at the end of the nineteenth century. At the time, no agreement was reached between Greece and the other Balkan states on any joint action due to mutually intertwined territorial and political claims. The Balkan states were trying to promote their individual political goals, either with the Sublime Porte or with the European Great Powers. Serbia, with support from Montenegro, required that the Porte grant church and school autonomy to the population in the northern districts of Ottoman Macedonia. Seeking to resolve the contentious issues with the Porte, Montenegro played a prominent role in the international gendarmerie mission in Crete from 1897 to 1899. The article is based on historical documents from the State Archives of Serbia and Montenegro, as well as the press of the time.

The foundation models based on pre-training technology have significantly advanced artificial intelligence from theoretical to practical applications. These models have facilitated the feasibility of computer-aided diagnosis for widespread use. Medical contrastive vision-language pre-training, which does not require human annotations, is an effective approach for guiding representation learning using description information in diagnostic reports. However, the effectiveness of pre-training is limited by the large-scale semantic overlap and shifting problems in medical field. To address these issues, we propose the Knowledge-Boosting Contrastive Vision-Language Pre-training framework (KoBo), which integrates clinical knowledge into the learning of vision-language semantic consistency. The framework uses an unbiased, open-set sample-wise knowledge representation to measure negative sample noise and supplement the correspondence between vision-language mutual information and clinical knowledge. Extensive experiments validate the effect of our framework on eight tasks including classification, segmentation, retrieval, and semantic relatedness, achieving comparable or better performance with the zero-shot or few-shot settings. Our code is open on https://github.com/ChenXiaoFei-CS/KoBo. International audience

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-hol-10.1177_09596836231163515 for The role of fire disturbances, human activities and climate change for long-term forest dynamics in upper-montane forests of the central Dinaric Alps by Eleonora Cagliero, Laure Paradis, Niccolò Marchi, Zsuzsa Lisztes-Szabó, Mihály Braun, Katalin Hubay, Pierre Sabatier, Milić Čurović, Velibor Spalevic, Renzo Motta, Emanuele Lingua and Walter Finsinger in The Holocene