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  • Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage
  • 2012-2021
  • Publications
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  • Estonian
  • Digital Humanities and Cultural Her...

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tark, Triin;

    Siinne doktoritöö käsitleb rahvuskuuluvuse tähendust inimeste ja riigi vahelistes suhetes 20. sajandi esimesel poolel, kasutades näidisvalimina 1941. aastal Eestist Saksamaale ümber asunud inimeste andmeid. Uurimuse eesmärk on selgitada, kas ja kuidas riiklik rahvuspoliitika mõjutas inimeste käitumist ja vastupidi – mil määral mõjutasid inimeste valikud riikide tegevust. Valimisse hõlmatud inimestest suurem osa puutus uuritaval perioodil kokku nelja riigi – Venemaa keisririigi, Eesti Vabariigi, Nõukogude Liidu ja Saksamaa – rahvuspoliitikaga. Nende põhimõtteliselt erineva rahvuspoliitikaga riikide käsitlemine võimaldab tuvastada rahvuse ühiskondliku tähenduse universaalseid jooni. Eesmärgi täitmiseks analüüsiti inimeste eluloolisi andmeid, seadusandlust ja rahvuspoliitikat puudutavat dokumentatsiooni ning ühiskondlikke olusid puudutavaid allikaid. Doktoritööst selgus, et üksikisikute rahvuskuuluvuse formaalne määramine osutus 20. sajandi esimesel poolel keeruliseks nii riikide kui ka inimeste jaoks, sest puudusid selged kriteeriumid viimaste rahvuspõhiseks kategoriseerimiseks, ühtsed arusaamad rahvuste olemusest ning takistav tegur oli ka mõlema poole pragmaatiliste kaalutluste domineerimine rahvuse määramisel. Mida suurem oli rahvuskuuluvuse formaalne tähtsus, seda enam olid üksikisikute valikud tingitud olukorrast ning märksa vähem nende harjumuspärasest keele- ja kultuurikeskkonnast. Seetõttu ei õnnestunud riikidel peaaegu kunagi soovitud määral rakendada essentsialistlikke ja objektiivsusele pretendeerinud rahvuse määramise kriteeriume, isegi kui see oli eesmärk ja taolisi põhimõtteid seadustega kehtestada püüti. Samuti ei olnud riigid objektiivsuse rakendamisel põhimõttelised ja järjekindlad, vaid kohandasid seisukohti vastavalt pragmaatilistele huvidele ning inimeste käitumisele. Üksikisikute valikutel oli riiklikele poliitikatele märkimisväärne mõju, ehkki arvuliselt oli muutliku ja ebamäärase rahvuskuuluvusega inimesi ühiskonnas marginaalselt. This dissertation focuses on the meaning of ethnicity in the relations between individuals and states in the first half of the 20th century using the biographical data of people who resettled from Estonia to Germany in 1941 as a sample. The aim of this study is to explain whether and how ethnopolitics of the states influenced the behaviour of individuals and vice versa – to what extent individual choices influenced state policy. Most people in the sample were affected by the ethnopolitics of four states: Russian Empire, Estonian Republic, Soviet Union, and Germany. Analysing the states with fundamentally different ethnopolitics enables to identify universal characteristics of the role of ethnicity in the society. To fulfil the aim, biographical data, legislation, and documentation about ethnopolitics as well as sources about the social conditions were analysed. The dissertation shows that fixing individuals’ ethnicity turned out to be difficult for both parties – the states and individuals – since there were no clear criteria for ethnic categorisation and no common understanding about the nature of ethnicity. Pragmatic considerations of both parties also turned out to be an obstacle. The more formal importance ethnicity had, the more individuals made choices dependent on the situation and not so much on their customary lingual and cultural environment. Therefore, the states almost always failed to implement essentialist and objective criteria in fixing individuals’ ethnicity in a desired manner, even if such criteria were their aim and established by law. Furthermore, the authorities of the states were neither principled nor consistent in applying objective criteria. The states had to adapt their stances to their own pragmatic interests and according to the behaviour of individuals instead. Thus, individual choices had a remarkable impact on ethnopolitics, although people with dynamic and vague ethnic identity formed a marginal group in the society. https://www.ester.ee/record=b5450809

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    Authors: Purver, Matthew; Pollak, Senja; Freienthal, Linda; Kuulmets, Hele-Andra; +2 Authors

    The dataset is an archive of articles from the Ekspress Meedia news site from 2009-2019, containing over 1.4M articles, mostly in Estonian language (1,115,120 articles) with some in Russian (325,952 articles). Keywords are included for articles after 2015. The main archive is in file ee_articles_2009_2019. Other files contain derived versions and subsets - please see README files inside those zip files. The main archive contains JSON files of all the Estonian articles from the year 2009 to 2019 May. These datasets are intended for usage in EMBEDDIA, a H2020 project. Articles are in Estonian language with some in Russian. The main archive is in file ee_*articles_*2009_2019. Other files contain derived versions and subsets (please see README files inside those zip files), in short: - eearticles2015-2019: This dataset contains Estonian and Russian articles - 5 years, with tags, that were missing in the previous versions. - files eearticles20152019lemmatized and eearticles20092014lemmatized are the files preprocessed by TEXTA (contact linda@texta.ee) - in file eeandsttarticlelemmasembeddingsand_usage you can find w2v embeddings trained by TEXTA (contact linda@texta.ee) Description of the Main Dataset (eearticles_2009_2019) There are 12 JSON files: articles_2009_ver2.json contains 161394 articles from the year 2009 articles_2010_ver2.json contains 151033 articles from the year 2010 articles_2011_ver2.json contains 168273 articles from the year 2011 articles_2012_ver2.json contains 152772 articles from the year 2012 articles_2013_ver2.json contains 141012 articles from the year 2013 articles_2014_ver2.json contains 128388 articles from the year 2014 articles_2015_ver2.json contains 127425 articles from the year 2015 articles_2016_ver2.json contains 130704 articles from the year 2016 articles_2017_ver2.json contains 119318 articles from the year 2017 articles_2018_ver2.json contains 117388 articles from the year 2018 articles_2019_Jan-Apr_ver2.json contains 35076 articles from the year 2019 January to April articles_2019_May_ver2.json contains 8329 articles from the year 2019 May In sum: 1 441 112 articles Each JSON file is a list of dictionaries, i.e. each article is represented as a dictionary. Each dictionary contains the following: id (integer) - the ID of the article title (string) - the title of the article lead (string) - the lead of the article (can contain HTML, e.g. tag) url (string) - the URL of the article tags (list of dictionaries or None) [1]: each dictionary represents one tag. The tag dictionary contains the following: domain_id (string) [2] - the ID of the domain id (string) - the ID of the tag lang (string) - the language of the tag tag (string) - the tag itself, e.g. Kert Kingo (a name) translitted_name (string) - a modified version of the tag, e.g. kert-kingo rawBody (string) - the raw text of the article (contains HTML) bodyText (string) - clean article text (stripped from HTML) publishDate (string) - published date & time of the article categoryPrimary (dictionary or empty list) - the dictionary contains the following information: categoryId (integer) - the ID of the category categoryName (string)- the name of the category (e.g. World) channelId (integer) - the ID of the channel OR articleId (integer) - the ID of the article categoryId (integer) - the ID of the category categoryName (string)- the name of the category (e.g. World) categoryPrimary (boolean) - unknown categorySort (integer) - unknown categoryUrl (string) - the URL of the category categoryVisible (boolean) - unknown channelId (integer) - the ID of the channel channelUrl (string) - the URL of the channel (e.g. 'https://sport.delfi.ee') directoryName (string) - unknown parentId (integer) - unknown channelLanguage (string or None) [3] - the language of the channel categoryLanguage (int or None) [4] -unknown commentCount (int) [5] - the number of comments relatedArticles (list of integers) - a list of related articles' ID's

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    CLARIN.SI repository
    Other ORP type . 2021
    Data sources: B2FIND
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CLARIN.SI repositoryarrow_drop_down
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      Other ORP type . 2021
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    Authors: Shekhar, Ravi; Pollak, Senja; Pelicon, Andraž; Matthew, Purver; +1 Authors

    This dataset is an archive of reader comments on the Ekspress Meedia news site from 2009-2019, containing approximately 31M comments, mostly in the Estonian language, with some in Russian. Description of the Datasets. There are 11 CSV files: comments_2009.csv contains 2 898 438 comments from the year 2009 comments_2010.csv contains 2 377 591 comments from the year 2010 comments_2011.csv contains 2 729 389 comments from the year 2011 comments_2012.csv contains 3 372 776 comments from the year 2012 comments_2013.csv contains 3 289 393 comments from the year 2013 comments_2014.csv contains 3 195 502 comments from the year 2014 comments_2015.csv contains 3 202 592 comments from the year 2015 comments_2016.csv contains 2 848 624 comments from the year 2016 comments_2017.csv contains 2 838 075 comments from the year 2017 comments_2018.csv contains 3 194 597 comments from the year 2018 comments_2019.csv contains 1 526 755 comments from the year 2019 May In sum: 3 1473 732 comments Columns: comment_id (string) - the ID of the written comment article_id (string) - the ID of the article for which the comment was written created_time (string) - the time and date of the comment subject (string) - the title of the comment reply_to_comment_id (string) - the parent comments ID content (string) - the comment itself is_anonymous (string) - 1 if the comment was published anonymously 0 if the comment was published by a registered user is_enabled (string) - 1 if the comment was published (online) 0 if it wasn’t published Questionable field: not all have been manually moderated No additional information from the moderators channel_language (string) - the language of the channel: 'nat' for Estonian, 'rus' for Russian create_user_id (string) - the user ID of the commentator '0' for all blocked comments. moderated_by (string) - the ID of the moderator

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CLARIN.SI repositoryarrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Raudsepp, Ago;

    Can a country with a constant state of emergency in its capital – as was the case in Estonia in 1918–1934 – be considered a democracy? Or a country where political violence is used against members of a parliamentary committee during a committee meeting – as was the case in Finland in 1930? Why did the Estonian Social Democrats support the 1934 coup and why did the Finnish Swedes defend the Finnish Communists? Why could Estonia not find any allies except Latvia in the 1920s and 1930s, and why was Finland left without allies in the Winter War? Why did Estonia and Finland not behave in the same way in the autumn of 1939, and why did the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand declare war on Finland in 1941? The answers to these questions lie in the relationships between democracy and security, which is exactly the topic of my dissertation. Based on the works of different philosophers, it is possible to show that democracy and security are interdependent. The relationship between democracy and security can be reduced to the classic dilemmas between freedom and security, freedom and sovereignty, and sovereignty and security. Although it is not possible to solve these dilemmas definitively, the solution can be improved indefinitely. I argue that the way in which democratic societies resolve these dilemmas does not depend on democratic culture or on the wisdom inherent in people, but on the perceptions of the majorities of democratic societies, which in turn depend primarily on historical experience. The theoretical explanation proposed in my dissertation helps to understand why Estonia’s and Finland’s quests for security failed in 1918–1948 and why Estonia and Finland made different choices at the turning points of their history. The behaviour of Estonia’s leaders during the events of 1939 and 1940 also becomes understandable. Hopefully, my dissertation will contribute to a fair judgement of the activities of Konstantin Päts and Johan Laidoner, and to reconciling Estonian society on the question of whether they were heroes or villains. However, the most important aim is to contribute to an understanding of just how fragile democracy and security can be, how they depend on each other and, in particular, how they depend on historical experience. Kas saab pidada demokraatlikuks riiki, mille pealinnas kehtib pidev erakorraline seisukord – nagu oli Eesti aastatel 1918–1934? Või riiki, kus parlamendikomisjoni liikmete vastu kasutatakse poliitilist vägivalda komisjoni istungi toimumise ajal – nagu oli Soome aastal 1930? Miks Eesti sotsiaaldemokraadid toetasid 1934. aasta riigipööret ja miks soomerootslased kaitsesid Soome kommuniste? Miks ei õnnestunud 1920-ndate ja 1930-ndate Eestil leida ühtegi liitlast peale Läti ja miks jäi Soome talvesõjas ilma liitlasteta? Miks Eesti ja Soome 1939. aasta sügisel ühtemoodi ei käitunud ja miks Ühendkuningriik, Kanada, Austraalia ja Uus-Meremaa 1941. aastal Soomele sõja kuulutasid? Vastus peitub demokraatia ja julgeoleku vahelistes seostes, mida minu väitekiri uuribki. Erinevate filosoofide töödele tuginedes on võimalik näidata, et demokraatia ja julgeolek sõltuvad vastastikku üksteisest. Demokraatia ja julgeoleku vaheline seos on taandatav klassikalistele dilemmadele vabaduse ja julgeoleku, vabaduse ja suveräänsuse ja suveräänsuse ja julgeoleku vahel. Kuigi dilemmasid ei ole võimalik lõplikult lahendada, on lahendust võimalik lõputult täiustada. Ma väidan, et see, kuidas demokraatlikud ühiskonnad neid dilemmasid lahendavad, ei sõltu mitte demokraatlikust kultuurist või rahvale omasest tarkusest, vaid demokraatlike ühiskondade enamuste arusaamadest, mis omakorda sõltuvad eelkõige ajaloolisest kogemusest. Minu väitekirjas välja pakutud teoreetiline selgitus aitab mõista, miks Eesti ja Soome julgeolekuotsingud aastatel 1918–1948 läbi kukkusid ja miks Eesti ja Soome oma ajaloo pöördepunktides erinevaid valikuid tegid. Mõistetavaks muutub ka Eesti riigijuhtide käitumine 1939. ja 1940. aasta sündmuste ajal. Loodetavasti aitab minu väitekiri kaasa õiglase hinnangu andmisele Konstantin Pätsi ja Johan Laidoneri tegevusele ja Eesti ühiskonna lepitamisele küsimuses, kas tegemist oli kangelaste või kurjategijatega. Kõige tähtsam on siiski aidata kaasa mõistmisele, kuivõrd haprad võivad olla demokraatia ja julgeolek, kuidas nad vastastikku üksteisest sõltuvad ja eriti – kuidas nad sõltuvad ajaloolisest kogemusest. https://www.ester.ee/record=b5391015

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    Authors: Tolonen, Mikko; Mäkelä, Eetu; Marjanen, Jani; Tahko, Tuuli;

    Peer reviewed

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    Authors: Meidla, Tõnu; Hang, Tiit; Hints, Olle; Kaljo, Dimitri; +7 Authors

    Geoloogiline ajaskaala 2019 on IUGSi Rahvusvahelise Stratigraafia Komisjoni poolt kinnitatud kronostratigraafilise skeemi (versioon 2019/05) eestindatud versioon. Võrreldes ajaskaala eelmise versiooniga (2018/08) on täpsustatud Kesk-Pleistotseeni alumise piiri vanust.

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    https://doi.org/10.15152/geo.4...
    Other ORP type . 2020
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      https://doi.org/10.15152/geo.4...
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  • Authors: Meidla, Tõnu; Aren, Mariliis; Hang, Tiit; Hints, Olle; +9 Authors

    Geoloogiline ajaskaala 2020 on IUGSi Rahvusvahelise Stratigraafia Komisjoni poolt kinnitatud kronostratigraafilise skeemi (versioon 2020/03) eestindatud väljaanne. Stratigraafiliste üksuste nimed on kinnitanud Eesti Stratigraafia Komisjon ning need on soovituslikuks kasutamiseks kõigis eestikeelsetes vastavaid termineid kasutavates väljaannetes. Võrreldes ajaskaala eelmise versiooniga (https://doi.org/10.15152/GEO.478) on lisandunud Chiba lade (ingl k Chibanian Stage), mis asendab Kesk-Pleistotseeni nime, ning täpsustatud Chiba, Hilis-Pleistotseeni ja Hauterive'i lademe alumise piiri vanust. Lisaks on tehtud tehnilisi parandusi.

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    Authors: Lindström, Kati;

    QC 20200415

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    Authors: Polli, Kadi;

    This PhD thesis examines the Baltic art field during the Enlightenment, focusing on the amateur pictorial legacy. By turning our attention from the professional-institutional art world, which was still quite limited in the 18th century, to the broader circle of dilettanti, and from artistically high-quality pictures to everyday drawing practices (travel and scientific drawings, cartographical records, pictures related to local history and archaeology, journal vignettes, etc), the sudden increase of art appreciation and drawing skills among the Baltic nobility and educated class in the second half of the 18th century has been traced, along with the noteworthy role played by pictorial media during the Baltic Enlightenment. In the thesis, this change of perspective and a certain re-evaluation of the descriptive patterns related to the local art field help to highlight the special features of Baltic art, by allowing the limited aesthetic quality and the modest creative flight of the early local pictorial legacy to be treated without an inferiority complex and for its inherently Enlightenment-based pragmatic attitude and applied nature to be viewed as one of the main features of Baltic German art culture. Along with the mapping of the local art lovers’ pictorial experiences and prototypes, the topographies of Baltic sights and landscapes that were the most important and most characteristic pictorial genre of the Baltic Enlightenment, and which created the local visual identity, are examined. Various articles explore the aspect of female dilettanti, the theme of art collections and the art market, and provide a view based on the history of mentality as it relates to the various functions and art/artist positions in Baltic society. Attention is separately paid to distinguishing between an artist’s hobby and artist’s profession and the awareness thereof in the Baltic mentality; and to several, cultural self-determinations that developed locally during the Enlightenment, and which continued to feed the amateur, Enlightenment-based and pragmatic attitude toward artistic creation during the 19th century. Doktoritöö võtab vaatluse alla Balti valgustusaegse kunstivälja, keskendudes harrastuslikule pildipärandile. Pöörates fookuse 18.sajandi veel tagasihoidlikult professionaalselt-institutsionaalselt kunstielult laiemale harrastajate ringile ja kunstiliselt kõrgetasemelistelt piltidelt harrastuslikele, argistele, rakenduslikele joonistuspraktikatele (reisi- ja teadusjoonistused, kartograafilised ülestähendused, koduloolised ja muinasteaduslikud pildid, päevikuvinjetid jpm) on jälgitud kunstitundmise ja joonistusoskuse hüppelist kasvu Balti aadli- ja haritlaskonna seas 18.sajandi teisel poolel – ja veel enam, pildimeedia märkimisväärset rolli Balti valgustuses. Selline vaatenurga muutmine ja seniste kohalikku kunstivälja kirjeldavate mustrite teatav ümbermängimine on töös abiks balti kunsti erijoonte esiletoomisel, lubades alaväärsuskompleksita käsitleda siinse varase pildipärandi vähest esteetilist kvaliteeti ja madalat loomelendu ning hinnata sellele omast valgustuslik-pragmaatilist suhtumist ja rakenduslikku-harrastuslikku iseloomu kui baltisaksa kunstikultuuri ühte põhijoont. Koos siinsete harrastajate pildikogemuse ja -eeskujude kaardistamisega võetakse fookusesse Balti valgustuskunsti kõige tähtsam ja iseloomulikum, kohalikku visuaalset identiteeti loov pildižanr – muististe ja vaatamisväärsuste pildilised topograafiad ning maastikujoonistused. Erinevates artiklites lisandub naisuurimuse aspekt, kunstikogude ja –turu teema ning mentaliteediajaloost lähtuv pilk joonistamise erinevatele funktsioonidele ja kunsti/kunstniku positsioonile Balti ühiskonnas. Omaette tähelepanu saavad kunstiharrastuse ja kunstnikuprofessiooni eristamine ja teadvustamine balti mentaliteedis ning mitmed just valgustusajas siinmail väljakujunenud kultuurilised enesedeterminatsioonid, mis jäävad harrastuslikku, valgustuslik-pragmaatilist suhtumist kunstiloomesse toitma ka 19. sajandi edenedes. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone https://www.ester.ee/record=b5249289~S1

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    Authors: Sirts, Kairit;

    Uurimistöö eesmärgiks oli välja töötada meetod tekstilise andmestiku kogumiseks, mille alusel saaks hiljem arendada masinõppel põhinevaid meetodeid depressiooni ja ärevuse riski automaatseks hindamiseks. Töö käigus koostati ankeet, mille abil koguti tekstilist materjali ligi 300-st vabatahtlikust koosnevalt mugavusvalimilt. Kogutud tekstid sisaldasid nii etteantud pildi kirjeldust kui ka vabalt valitud sündmuse või mälestuse kirjeldust. Valimis osalenute emotsionaalset seisundit mõõdeti EEK-2 skriiningtesti abil. Ligi 42% isikutest ületas depressiooni ning ligi 30% isikutest ärevuse alaskaala riskilävendi. Esialgsed eksperimendid masinõppe mudelitega, mis püüdsid ennustada, kas inimese EEK-2 skoor ületab depressiooni ja/või ärevuse riskilävendi, edukaid tulemusi ei andnud. Kokkuvõttes tundub, et etteantud pildi kirjeldamine ei ole sobivaim viis soovitud andmestiku kogumiseks ja pigem peaks kasutama selliseid kirjutamise ülesandeid, mis oleks inimese endaga rohkem seotud.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tark, Triin;

    Siinne doktoritöö käsitleb rahvuskuuluvuse tähendust inimeste ja riigi vahelistes suhetes 20. sajandi esimesel poolel, kasutades näidisvalimina 1941. aastal Eestist Saksamaale ümber asunud inimeste andmeid. Uurimuse eesmärk on selgitada, kas ja kuidas riiklik rahvuspoliitika mõjutas inimeste käitumist ja vastupidi – mil määral mõjutasid inimeste valikud riikide tegevust. Valimisse hõlmatud inimestest suurem osa puutus uuritaval perioodil kokku nelja riigi – Venemaa keisririigi, Eesti Vabariigi, Nõukogude Liidu ja Saksamaa – rahvuspoliitikaga. Nende põhimõtteliselt erineva rahvuspoliitikaga riikide käsitlemine võimaldab tuvastada rahvuse ühiskondliku tähenduse universaalseid jooni. Eesmärgi täitmiseks analüüsiti inimeste eluloolisi andmeid, seadusandlust ja rahvuspoliitikat puudutavat dokumentatsiooni ning ühiskondlikke olusid puudutavaid allikaid. Doktoritööst selgus, et üksikisikute rahvuskuuluvuse formaalne määramine osutus 20. sajandi esimesel poolel keeruliseks nii riikide kui ka inimeste jaoks, sest puudusid selged kriteeriumid viimaste rahvuspõhiseks kategoriseerimiseks, ühtsed arusaamad rahvuste olemusest ning takistav tegur oli ka mõlema poole pragmaatiliste kaalutluste domineerimine rahvuse määramisel. Mida suurem oli rahvuskuuluvuse formaalne tähtsus, seda enam olid üksikisikute valikud tingitud olukorrast ning märksa vähem nende harjumuspärasest keele- ja kultuurikeskkonnast. Seetõttu ei õnnestunud riikidel peaaegu kunagi soovitud määral rakendada essentsialistlikke ja objektiivsusele pretendeerinud rahvuse määramise kriteeriume, isegi kui see oli eesmärk ja taolisi põhimõtteid seadustega kehtestada püüti. Samuti ei olnud riigid objektiivsuse rakendamisel põhimõttelised ja järjekindlad, vaid kohandasid seisukohti vastavalt pragmaatilistele huvidele ning inimeste käitumisele. Üksikisikute valikutel oli riiklikele poliitikatele märkimisväärne mõju, ehkki arvuliselt oli muutliku ja ebamäärase rahvuskuuluvusega inimesi ühiskonnas marginaalselt. This dissertation focuses on the meaning of ethnicity in the relations between individuals and states in the first half of the 20th century using the biographical data of people who resettled from Estonia to Germany in 1941 as a sample. The aim of this study is to explain whether and how ethnopolitics of the states influenced the behaviour of individuals and vice versa – to what extent individual choices influenced state policy. Most people in the sample were affected by the ethnopolitics of four states: Russian Empire, Estonian Republic, Soviet Union, and Germany. Analysing the states with fundamentally different ethnopolitics enables to identify universal characteristics of the role of ethnicity in the society. To fulfil the aim, biographical data, legislation, and documentation about ethnopolitics as well as sources about the social conditions were analysed. The dissertation shows that fixing individuals’ ethnicity turned out to be difficult for both parties – the states and individuals – since there were no clear criteria for ethnic categorisation and no common understanding about the nature of ethnicity. Pragmatic considerations of both parties also turned out to be an obstacle. The more formal importance ethnicity had, the more individuals made choices dependent on the situation and not so much on their customary lingual and cultural environment. Therefore, the states almost always failed to implement essentialist and objective criteria in fixing individuals’ ethnicity in a desired manner, even if such criteria were their aim and established by law. Furthermore, the authorities of the states were neither principled nor consistent in applying objective criteria. The states had to adapt their stances to their own pragmatic interests and according to the behaviour of individuals instead. Thus, individual choices had a remarkable impact on ethnopolitics, although people with dynamic and vague ethnic identity formed a marginal group in the society. https://www.ester.ee/record=b5450809

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    Authors: Purver, Matthew; Pollak, Senja; Freienthal, Linda; Kuulmets, Hele-Andra; +2 Authors

    The dataset is an archive of articles from the Ekspress Meedia news site from 2009-2019, containing over 1.4M articles, mostly in Estonian language (1,115,120 articles) with some in Russian (325,952 articles). Keywords are included for articles after 2015. The main archive is in file ee_articles_2009_2019. Other files contain derived versions and subsets - please see README files inside those zip files. The main archive contains JSON files of all the Estonian articles from the year 2009 to 2019 May. These datasets are intended for usage in EMBEDDIA, a H2020 project. Articles are in Estonian language with some in Russian. The main archive is in file ee_*articles_*2009_2019. Other files contain derived versions and subsets (please see README files inside those zip files), in short: - eearticles2015-2019: This dataset contains Estonian and Russian articles - 5 years, with tags, that were missing in the previous versions. - files eearticles20152019lemmatized and eearticles20092014lemmatized are the files preprocessed by TEXTA (contact linda@texta.ee) - in file eeandsttarticlelemmasembeddingsand_usage you can find w2v embeddings trained by TEXTA (contact linda@texta.ee) Description of the Main Dataset (eearticles_2009_2019) There are 12 JSON files: articles_2009_ver2.json contains 161394 articles from the year 2009 articles_2010_ver2.json contains 151033 articles from the year 2010 articles_2011_ver2.json contains 168273 articles from the year 2011 articles_2012_ver2.json contains 152772 articles from the year 2012 articles_2013_ver2.json contains 141012 articles from the year 2013 articles_2014_ver2.json contains 128388 articles from the year 2014 articles_2015_ver2.json contains 127425 articles from the year 2015 articles_2016_ver2.json contains 130704 articles from the year 2016 articles_2017_ver2.json contains 119318 articles from the year 2017 articles_2018_ver2.json contains 117388 articles from the year 2018 articles_2019_Jan-Apr_ver2.json contains 35076 articles from the year 2019 January to April articles_2019_May_ver2.json contains 8329 articles from the year 2019 May In sum: 1 441 112 articles Each JSON file is a list of dictionaries, i.e. each article is represented as a dictionary. Each dictionary contains the following: id (integer) - the ID of the article title (string) - the title of the article lead (string) - the lead of the article (can contain HTML, e.g. tag) url (string) - the URL of the article tags (list of dictionaries or None) [1]: each dictionary represents one tag. The tag dictionary contains the following: domain_id (string) [2] - the ID of the domain id (string) - the ID of the tag lang (string) - the language of the tag tag (string) - the tag itself, e.g. Kert Kingo (a name) translitted_name (string) - a modified version of the tag, e.g. kert-kingo rawBody (string) - the raw text of the article (contains HTML) bodyText (string) - clean article text (stripped from HTML) publishDate (string) - published date & time of the article categoryPrimary (dictionary or empty list) - the dictionary contains the following information: categoryId (integer) - the ID of the category categoryName (string)- the name of the category (e.g. World) channelId (integer) - the ID of the channel OR articleId (integer) - the ID of the article categoryId (integer) - the ID of the category categoryName (string)- the name of the category (e.g. World) categoryPrimary (boolean) - unknown categorySort (integer) - unknown categoryUrl (string) - the URL of the category categoryVisible (boolean) - unknown channelId (integer) - the ID of the channel channelUrl (string) - the URL of the channel (e.g. 'https://sport.delfi.ee') directoryName (string) - unknown parentId (integer) - unknown channelLanguage (string or None) [3] - the language of the channel categoryLanguage (int or None) [4] -unknown commentCount (int) [5] - the number of comments relatedArticles (list of integers) - a list of related articles' ID's

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    Other ORP type . 2021
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      Other ORP type . 2021
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    Authors: Shekhar, Ravi; Pollak, Senja; Pelicon, Andraž; Matthew, Purver; +1 Authors

    This dataset is an archive of reader comments on the Ekspress Meedia news site from 2009-2019, containing approximately 31M comments, mostly in the Estonian language, with some in Russian. Description of the Datasets. There are 11 CSV files: comments_2009.csv contains 2 898 438 comments from the year 2009 comments_2010.csv contains 2 377 591 comments from the year 2010 comments_2011.csv contains 2 729 389 comments from the year 2011 comments_2012.csv contains 3 372 776 comments from the year 2012 comments_2013.csv contains 3 289 393 comments from the year 2013 comments_2014.csv contains 3 195 502 comments from the year 2014 comments_2015.csv contains 3 202 592 comments from the year 2015 comments_2016.csv contains 2 848 624 comments from the year 2016 comments_2017.csv contains 2 838 075 comments from the year 2017 comments_2018.csv contains 3 194 597 comments from the year 2018 comments_2019.csv contains 1 526 755 comments from the year 2019 May In sum: 3 1473 732 comments Columns: comment_id (string) - the ID of the written comment article_id (string) - the ID of the article for which the comment was written created_time (string) - the time and date of the comment subject (string) - the title of the comment reply_to_comment_id (string) - the parent comments ID content (string) - the comment itself is_anonymous (string) - 1 if the comment was published anonymously 0 if the comment was published by a registered user is_enabled (string) - 1 if the comment was published (online) 0 if it wasn’t published Questionable field: not all have been manually moderated No additional information from the moderators channel_language (string) - the language of the channel: 'nat' for Estonian, 'rus' for Russian create_user_id (string) - the user ID of the commentator '0' for all blocked comments. moderated_by (string) - the ID of the moderator

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    CLARIN.SI repository
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    Authors: Raudsepp, Ago;

    Can a country with a constant state of emergency in its capital – as was the case in Estonia in 1918–1934 – be considered a democracy? Or a country where political violence is used against members of a parliamentary committee during a committee meeting – as was the case in Finland in 1930? Why did the Estonian Social Democrats support the 1934 coup and why did the Finnish Swedes defend the Finnish Communists? Why could Estonia not find any allies except Latvia in the 1920s and 1930s, and why was Finland left without allies in the Winter War? Why did Estonia and Finland not behave in the same way in the autumn of 1939, and why did the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand declare war on Finland in 1941? The answers to these questions lie in the relationships between democracy and security, which is exactly the topic of my dissertation. Based on the works of different philosophers, it is possible to show that democracy and security are interdependent. The relationship between democracy and security can be reduced to the classic dilemmas between freedom and security, freedom and sovereignty, and sovereignty and security. Although it is not possible to solve these dilemmas definitively, the solution can be improved indefinitely. I argue that the way in which democratic societies resolve these dilemmas does not depend on democratic culture or on the wisdom inherent in people, but on the perceptions of the majorities of democratic societies, which in turn depend primarily on historical experience. The theoretical explanation proposed in my dissertation helps to understand why Estonia’s and Finland’s quests for security failed in 1918–1948 and why Estonia and Finland made different choices at the turning points of their history. The behaviour of Estonia’s leaders during the events of 1939 and 1940 also becomes understandable. Hopefully, my dissertation will contribute to a fair judgement of the activities of Konstantin Päts and Johan Laidoner, and to reconciling Estonian society on the question of whether they were heroes or villains. However, the most important aim is to contribute to an understanding of just how fragile democracy and security can be, how they depend on each other and, in particular, how they depend on historical experience. Kas saab pidada demokraatlikuks riiki, mille pealinnas kehtib pidev erakorraline seisukord – nagu oli Eesti aastatel 1918–1934? Või riiki, kus parlamendikomisjoni liikmete vastu kasutatakse poliitilist vägivalda komisjoni istungi toimumise ajal – nagu oli Soome aastal 1930? Miks Eesti sotsiaaldemokraadid toetasid 1934. aasta riigipööret ja miks soomerootslased kaitsesid Soome kommuniste? Miks ei õnnestunud 1920-ndate ja 1930-ndate Eestil leida ühtegi liitlast peale Läti ja miks jäi Soome talvesõjas ilma liitlasteta? Miks Eesti ja Soome 1939. aasta sügisel ühtemoodi ei käitunud ja miks Ühendkuningriik, Kanada, Austraalia ja Uus-Meremaa 1941. aastal Soomele sõja kuulutasid? Vastus peitub demokraatia ja julgeoleku vahelistes seostes, mida minu väitekiri uuribki. Erinevate filosoofide töödele tuginedes on võimalik näidata, et demokraatia ja julgeolek sõltuvad vastastikku üksteisest. Demokraatia ja julgeoleku vaheline seos on taandatav klassikalistele dilemmadele vabaduse ja julgeoleku, vabaduse ja suveräänsuse ja suveräänsuse ja julgeoleku vahel. Kuigi dilemmasid ei ole võimalik lõplikult lahendada, on lahendust võimalik lõputult täiustada. Ma väidan, et see, kuidas demokraatlikud ühiskonnad neid dilemmasid lahendavad, ei sõltu mitte demokraatlikust kultuurist või rahvale omasest tarkusest, vaid demokraatlike ühiskondade enamuste arusaamadest, mis omakorda sõltuvad eelkõige ajaloolisest kogemusest. Minu väitekirjas välja pakutud teoreetiline selgitus aitab mõista, miks Eesti ja Soome julgeolekuotsingud aastatel 1918–1948 läbi kukkusid ja miks Eesti ja Soome oma ajaloo pöördepunktides erinevaid valikuid tegid. Mõistetavaks muutub ka Eesti riigijuhtide käitumine 1939. ja 1940. aasta sündmuste ajal. Loodetavasti aitab minu väitekiri kaasa õiglase hinnangu andmisele Konstantin Pätsi ja Johan Laidoneri tegevusele ja Eesti ühiskonna lepitamisele küsimuses, kas tegemist oli kangelaste või kurjategijatega. Kõige tähtsam on siiski aidata kaasa mõistmisele, kuivõrd haprad võivad olla demokraatia ja julgeolek, kuidas nad vastastikku üksteisest sõltuvad ja eriti – kuidas nad sõltuvad ajaloolisest kogemusest. https://www.ester.ee/record=b5391015

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    Authors: Tolonen, Mikko; Mäkelä, Eetu; Marjanen, Jani; Tahko, Tuuli;

    Peer reviewed

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    Authors: Meidla, Tõnu; Hang, Tiit; Hints, Olle; Kaljo, Dimitri; +7 Authors

    Geoloogiline ajaskaala 2019 on IUGSi Rahvusvahelise Stratigraafia Komisjoni poolt kinnitatud kronostratigraafilise skeemi (versioon 2019/05) eestindatud versioon. Võrreldes ajaskaala eelmise versiooniga (2018/08) on täpsustatud Kesk-Pleistotseeni alumise piiri vanust.

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    https://doi.org/10.15152/geo.4...
    Other ORP type . 2020
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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      https://doi.org/10.15152/geo.4...
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  • Authors: Meidla, Tõnu; Aren, Mariliis; Hang, Tiit; Hints, Olle; +9 Authors

    Geoloogiline ajaskaala 2020 on IUGSi Rahvusvahelise Stratigraafia Komisjoni poolt kinnitatud kronostratigraafilise skeemi (versioon 2020/03) eestindatud väljaanne. Stratigraafiliste üksuste nimed on kinnitanud Eesti Stratigraafia Komisjon ning need on soovituslikuks kasutamiseks kõigis eestikeelsetes vastavaid termineid kasutavates väljaannetes. Võrreldes ajaskaala eelmise versiooniga (https://doi.org/10.15152/GEO.478) on lisandunud Chiba lade (ingl k Chibanian Stage), mis asendab Kesk-Pleistotseeni nime, ning täpsustatud Chiba, Hilis-Pleistotseeni ja Hauterive'i lademe alumise piiri vanust. Lisaks on tehtud tehnilisi parandusi.

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    Authors: Lindström, Kati;

    QC 20200415

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    Authors: Polli, Kadi;

    This PhD thesis examines the Baltic art field during the Enlightenment, focusing on the amateur pictorial legacy. By turning our attention from the professional-institutional art world, which was still quite limited in the 18th century, to the broader circle of dilettanti, and from artistically high-quality pictures to everyday drawing practices (travel and scientific drawings, cartographical records, pictures related to local history and archaeology, journal vignettes, etc), the sudden increase of art appreciation and drawing skills among the Baltic nobility and educated class in the second half of the 18th century has been traced, along with the noteworthy role played by pictorial media during the Baltic Enlightenment. In the thesis, this change of perspective and a certain re-evaluation of the descriptive patterns related to the local art field help to highlight the special features of Baltic art, by allowing the limited aesthetic quality and the modest creative flight of the early local pictorial legacy to be treated without an inferiority complex and for its inherently Enlightenment-based pragmatic attitude and applied nature to be viewed as one of the main features of Baltic German art culture. Along with the mapping of the local art lovers’ pictorial experiences and prototypes, the topographies of Baltic sights and landscapes that were the most important and most characteristic pictorial genre of the Baltic Enlightenment, and which created the local visual identity, are examined. Various articles explore the aspect of female dilettanti, the theme of art collections and the art market, and provide a view based on the history of mentality as it relates to the various functions and art/artist positions in Baltic society. Attention is separately paid to distinguishing between an artist’s hobby and artist’s profession and the awareness thereof in the Baltic mentality; and to several, cultural self-determinations that developed locally during the Enlightenment, and which continued to feed the amateur, Enlightenment-based and pragmatic attitude toward artistic creation during the 19th century. Doktoritöö võtab vaatluse alla Balti valgustusaegse kunstivälja, keskendudes harrastuslikule pildipärandile. Pöörates fookuse 18.sajandi veel tagasihoidlikult professionaalselt-institutsionaalselt kunstielult laiemale harrastajate ringile ja kunstiliselt kõrgetasemelistelt piltidelt harrastuslikele, argistele, rakenduslikele joonistuspraktikatele (reisi- ja teadusjoonistused, kartograafilised ülestähendused, koduloolised ja muinasteaduslikud pildid, päevikuvinjetid jpm) on jälgitud kunstitundmise ja joonistusoskuse hüppelist kasvu Balti aadli- ja haritlaskonna seas 18.sajandi teisel poolel – ja veel enam, pildimeedia märkimisväärset rolli Balti valgustuses. Selline vaatenurga muutmine ja seniste kohalikku kunstivälja kirjeldavate mustrite teatav ümbermängimine on töös abiks balti kunsti erijoonte esiletoomisel, lubades alaväärsuskompleksita käsitleda siinse varase pildipärandi vähest esteetilist kvaliteeti ja madalat loomelendu ning hinnata sellele omast valgustuslik-pragmaatilist suhtumist ja rakenduslikku-harrastuslikku iseloomu kui baltisaksa kunstikultuuri ühte põhijoont. Koos siinsete harrastajate pildikogemuse ja -eeskujude kaardistamisega võetakse fookusesse Balti valgustuskunsti kõige tähtsam ja iseloomulikum, kohalikku visuaalset identiteeti loov pildižanr – muististe ja vaatamisväärsuste pildilised topograafiad ning maastikujoonistused. Erinevates artiklites lisandub naisuurimuse aspekt, kunstikogude ja –turu teema ning mentaliteediajaloost lähtuv pilk joonistamise erinevatele funktsioonidele ja kunsti/kunstniku positsioonile Balti ühiskonnas. Omaette tähelepanu saavad kunstiharrastuse ja kunstnikuprofessiooni eristamine ja teadvustamine balti mentaliteedis ning mitmed just valgustusajas siinmail väljakujunenud kultuurilised enesedeterminatsioonid, mis jäävad harrastuslikku, valgustuslik-pragmaatilist suhtumist kunstiloomesse toitma ka 19. sajandi edenedes. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone https://www.ester.ee/record=b5249289~S1

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sirts, Kairit;

    Uurimistöö eesmärgiks oli välja töötada meetod tekstilise andmestiku kogumiseks, mille alusel saaks hiljem arendada masinõppel põhinevaid meetodeid depressiooni ja ärevuse riski automaatseks hindamiseks. Töö käigus koostati ankeet, mille abil koguti tekstilist materjali ligi 300-st vabatahtlikust koosnevalt mugavusvalimilt. Kogutud tekstid sisaldasid nii etteantud pildi kirjeldust kui ka vabalt valitud sündmuse või mälestuse kirjeldust. Valimis osalenute emotsionaalset seisundit mõõdeti EEK-2 skriiningtesti abil. Ligi 42% isikutest ületas depressiooni ning ligi 30% isikutest ärevuse alaskaala riskilävendi. Esialgsed eksperimendid masinõppe mudelitega, mis püüdsid ennustada, kas inimese EEK-2 skoor ületab depressiooni ja/või ärevuse riskilävendi, edukaid tulemusi ei andnud. Kokkuvõttes tundub, et etteantud pildi kirjeldamine ei ole sobivaim viis soovitud andmestiku kogumiseks ja pigem peaks kasutama selliseid kirjutamise ülesandeid, mis oleks inimese endaga rohkem seotud.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DSpace at Tartu Univ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/