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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: García-Pereda, Ignacio; Gregório, Helena; Freitas, Joana Gaspar de;

    As administrações florestais espanhola e portuguesa colaboraram, no final do século XIX, para produzir um conjunto pioneiro de projetos de plantações florestais em vários territórios dunares. A silvicultura das dunas ocupava um lugar privilegiado no pensamento administrativo e tinha características materiais passíveis de classificação padronizada. A análise destes projetos no Algarve e na Andaluzia revela claramente como as comunidades de peritos nacionais e internacionais geraram conhecimento e novas infraestruturas sobre o território dunar. As plantações de dunas constituíram uma conquista inovadora devido ao seu potencial para unificar as práticas de administração e assegurar para os estados o controlo dos territórios e recursos destas regiões periféricas. The Spanish and Portuguese forestry administrations cooperated in the late 19th century to carry out a series of pioneering reforestation projects in various dunes areas. Dunes forestry held a privileged place in administration thought and had material characteristics that lent themselves to standardized classification. The analysis of these projects in the Algarve and Andalucia showed very clearly how national and international communities of experts generated knowledge and new infrastructures about the dunes territory. Producing credible environmental knowledge at that time required an international network of disciplined experts. The dunes plantations constituted a groundbreaking accomplishment because of their potential to unify administration practices.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ OpenEditionarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    OpenEdition
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: OpenEdition
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO; Ler História
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO; Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Ler História
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ OpenEditionarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      OpenEdition
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: OpenEdition
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO; Ler História
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO; Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ler História
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: DOAJ
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Gautherot, Laure; Schneider-Mizony, Odile;

    This contribution examines the discursive strategies used by certain speakers and writers in the Federal Republic of Germany to reject a gender-inclusive language as a variety suitable for all social uses. The strong positions taken on its subject are aimed at an argumentative destruction that could be understood as a refusal to grant it a systemic and social status: it cannot be a language. Three types of argument are used to achieve this otherness (altera lingua): (1) the denial of scientific status to the discussion and to the language; (2) the ridiculousness of the language produced; (3) the denial of an existence right to gender-inclusive language. The corpus consists of statements by linguists as well as by informed speakers (writers, journalists, humorists) refusing to pervert the only true language. International audience

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Glottopolarrow_drop_down
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    Glottopol
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Glottopol
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    OpenEdition
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: OpenEdition
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Glottopolarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Glottopol
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Glottopol
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      OpenEdition
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: OpenEdition
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Marta Cabezas Fernández; Alexandre Pichel-Vázquez; Begonya Enguix Grau;

    El antifeminismo del discurso de Vox, un partido de ultraderecha emparentado con las nuevas derechas latinoamericanas y con la derecha radical europea, es una de sus señas de identidad. Pese a la relevancia mediática de la toma de posición “antigénero” de las élites de este partido —en otras palabras, de su oposición a la justicia de género y a la diversidad sexual—, poco sabemos de la resonancia de este marco entre el electorado del bloque de la derecha en un sentido más amplio, donde Vox cosecha votos. Abordamos esta tarea a través de tres grupos de discusión con votantes de Vox y del Partido Popular —los principales partidos de derechas en España— analizando cómo este marco de inter-pretación de la realidad se declina de modo diferencial en cuatro fracciones discursivas: (1) liberalismo androcéntrico; (2) conservadurismo patriarcal; (3) reaccionarismo misó-gino; y (4) radicalismo femonacionalista. Pese a las notables divergencias entre fracciones discursivas, hubo una resonancia transversal del marco antigénero que movilizó a los votantes de derechas contra las políticas de igualdad entre mujeres y hombres, y contra el feminismo. Solo el conservadurismo patriarcal mostró cierta ambivalencia, pues se desmarcó en algunos momentos. En cambio, la fracción liberal androcéntrica fue más consistente en su posicionamiento antigénero, en consonancia con el reaccionarismo misógino y el radicalismo femonacionalista. Ponemos de relieve que el liberalismo andro-céntrico supone una amenaza para la política feminista, por cuanto niega la desigualdad entre hombres y mujeres a través de argumentos legales que gozan de legitimidad dentro del discurso democrático. O antifeminismo do discurso do Vox, um partido ultradireita alinhado com as novas direitas latino-americanas e com a direita radical europeia, é um dos seus sinais de identidade. Embora a relevância midiática da tomada de posição “antigênero” das elites desse partido — em outras palavras, de sua oposição à justiça de gênero e à diversidade sexual —, pouco sabemos da ressonância desse enquadramento entre o eleitorado do bloco da direita num sentido mais amplo, em que o Vox colhe votos. Abordamos essa tarefa por meio de três grupos de discussão com votantes do Vox e do Partido Popular — os principais partidos de direita da Espanha —, analisando como esse enquadramento de interpretação da realidade se declina de modo diferencial em quatro fracções discursivas: (1) liberalismo androcêntrico; (2) conservadorismo patriarcal; (3) reacionarismo misógino; (4) radicalismo femonacionalista. Apesar das notáveis divergências entre fracções discursivas, houve uma ressonância transversal do enquadramento antigênero que mobilizou os votantes de direitas contra as políticas de igualdade entre mulheres e homens, e contra o feminismo. Somente o conservado-rismo patriarcal mostrou certa ambivalência, pois se desmarcou em alguns momentos. Em contrapartida, a fracção liberal androcêntrica foi mais consistente em seu posicio-namento antigênero, em consonância com o reacionarismo misógino e o radicalismo femonacionalista. Enfatizamos que o liberalismo androcêntrico supõe uma ameaça para a política feminista, portanto nega a desigualdade entre homens e mulheres por meio de argumentos legais que gozam de legitimidade dentro do discurso democrático. One of the hallmarks of Vox, a far-right political party associated with both the Latin American new right and the European radical right, is its anti-feminist discourse. Despite the media prominence of the “anti-gender” stance taken by the elites of this party —in other words, of its opposition to gender justice and sexual diversity—, we know little about how this frame resonates among the broader right-wing electorate, where Vox gains support. To address this gap, we conducted three focus groups with voters from Vox and Partido Popular, the main right-wing parties in Spain. We analyzed how the anti-gender interpretation of reality is expressed in four discursive fractions: (1) androcentric liberalism; (2) patriarchal conservatism; (3) misogynist reactionaryism; and (4) feminist-nationalist radicalism. Despite significant differences between these discursive fractions, there was a transversal resonance of the anti-gender frame that mobilized right-wing voters against gender equality and feminism. Patriarchal conser-vatism was the only discursive fraction that showed ambivalence, dissociating itself from the anti-gender frame at some points. Conversely, the androcentric liberal faction was consistent in its opposition to gender justice, aligning with misogynist reactionaryism and feminist-nationalist radicalism. It is important to note that androcentric liberalism poses a threat to feminist politics as it denies the inequality between men and women through legal arguments that are legitimized within democratic discourse.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Biblos-e Archivo
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: Biblos-e Archivo
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    OpenEdition
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: OpenEdition
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Revista de Estudios Sociales
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: DOAJ
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Revista de Estudios Sociales
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Biblos-e Archivo
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: Biblos-e Archivo
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      OpenEdition
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: OpenEdition
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Revista de Estudios Sociales
      Article . 2023
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      Revista de Estudios Sociales
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Catherine Therrien; Catherine Phipps;

    This article presents a historical and anthropological approach to mixed marriages in Morocco, tracking the continuities and changes between the French colonial period and contemporary experiences to see how attitudes towards mixed couples changed in Morocco throughout the French protectorate, in the post-independence period and the increasingly globalised world of the 21st century. This interdisciplinary approach combines historic data (primarily from a 1949 study into mixed marriages conducted by the colonial government as well as magazines, novels and memoirs) with 52 anthropological semi-structured interviews (conducted in Morocco between 2018 and 2022) with children of mixed couples and some of their parents.We examine first how the demographic make-up of mixed couples and where they choose to settle has shifted, looking at their gender split, their countries of origin, their occupations and where they met. This has diversified considerably throughout the 20th century: the individuals come from a much larger number of countries (no longer primarily Moroccan soldiers who returned from France with French women) and Moroccan women are now more likely to travel abroad. But gender still impacts mobility as the country of settlement is still often linked to the husband’s job. We then compare how in some cases legal and religious restraints have affected which mixed couples can marry. Although European men could marry Moroccan women, the French colonial authorities sought to ban European wives or partners of Moroccan men from entering Morocco because they believed these relationships would threaten the hierarchies of colonial rules. However, in contemporary Morocco migration is considerably easier for individuals from the Global North. Today the Moroccan family law (Mudawana) states that a foreign man has to convert to Islam if he wishes to marry a Moroccan Muslim woman. What is forbidden has changed, but women’s freedom remains subject to external pressures to maintain social cohesion. Finally, we examine the emotional motivations behind choosing mixed marriages, often overlooked by studies of migration, arguing that mixed marriage in Morocco has always shown a “desire for elsewhereness” and offered a space of freedom, a way to embrace new possibilities and turn away from certain social norms. In the 20th century, in the colonial and post-independence period, many Moroccan men used mixed marriage as a way to escape traditional pressures to pay a bride price (sdaq) to a Moroccan woman’s family. Some Moroccan men also expressed colonialist ideas that European women were more “evolved” and would make better partners than Moroccan women as they were more educated because of gender inequalities in access to education. This has changed due to Moroccan women’s improved access to education. But emotions are still at the heart of these experiences of intimacy across racial, national and religious borders. Contemporary and historical couples see mixedness as imbued with new opportunities to express their desire for change, for a new way of living and for creativity. Mixed marriages provide a change to re-evaluate customs and lifestyles, but these are also deeply intimate relationships born out of emotional attachment. This article reminds readers that marriage migration is, at heart, a migration for love. This love, and the feeling of possibility it offers, can be considered a threat to existing power structures. We argue that in post-independence Morocco, mixed marriages are no longer considered a threat to political power but that they still reveal the existence of persistent racial and gender symbolic boundaries. Indeed, social perception of mixed couples has shifted from a fear of neo-imperialism to a feeling of opportunities in a globalized world, but gender and racial hierarchies still prevail as significant symbolic boundaries that shape mixed couples and attitudes towards them. Cet article présente une approche historique et anthropologique des mariages mixtes au Maroc. Il retrace les continuités et les changements qui se sont produits entre la période coloniale française et l’époque contemporaine afin de voir de quelle façon les attitudes envers les couples mixtes ont changé, entre le Protectorat français, la période qui a suivi l’Indépendance et le monde de plus en plus globalisé du 21ème siècle. Cette approche interdisciplinaire compare des données historiques (tirées principalement d’une étude sur les mariages menée par les autorités coloniales en 1949, ainsi que de magazines, de romans et de mémoires) et des données anthropologiques (52 entretiens semi-structurés menés au Maroc entre 2018 et 2022 avec des enfants issus de couples mixtes et certains de leurs parents). Nous examinons d’abord les changements dans la composition démographique des couples mixtes ainsi que dans l’endroit où ces derniers décident de s’installer en regardant plus spécifiquement la répartition entre les sexes (est-ce que ce sont des hommes marocains avec des femmes étrangères ou bien des femmes marocaines avec des hommes étrangers?), leurs pays d’origine, leurs professions ainsi que le lieu où ils se sont rencontrés. Les lieux de rencontre se sont considérablement diversifiés tout au long du 20ème siècle : les étrangers viennent d’un plus grand nombre de pays (il ne s’agit plus seulement de soldats marocains revenus de France avec des femmes françaises) et les femmes marocaines sont désormais plus nombreuses à voyager à l’étranger. Le genre continue cependant d’influencer la mobilité puisque le pays d’installation est encore bien souvent lié à l'emploi du mari. Nous comparons ensuite les contraintes juridiques et religieuses qui affectent les couples mixtes. Durant la période coloniale, bien que les hommes européens pussent épouser des femmes marocaines, les autorités coloniales françaises ont cherché à interdire aux épouses ou partenaires des hommes marocains d’entrer au Maroc parce qu’elles percevaient ces relations comme une menace pour la hiérarchie raciale coloniale. Dans le Maroc contemporain, la migration est considérablement facilitée pour les individus provenant du Nord. Pour ce qui est du mariage mixte, le Code de la famille marocaine (la Moudawana) stipule qu’un homme étranger doit se convertir à l’Islam s’il souhaite épouser une Marocaine musulmane. Ce qui est interdit a donc changé, mais la liberté des femmes reste encore soumise à des pressions extérieures pensées comme garantes de la cohésion sociale. Enfin, nous examinons les motivations émotionnelles derrière le choix des mariages mixtes, un aspect souvent négligé par les études sur la migration. Nous avançons que les individus en couples mixtes (et ceci est visible dans l’étude historique que dans l’étude anthropologique contemporaine) sont stimulés par un « désir d’ailleurs ». La mixité conjugale offre à ces couples un espace de liberté, un moyen d’embrasser de nouvelles possibilités et une possibilité de distanciation des normes sociales. Au 20ème siècle, dans la période coloniale et post-coloniale, le mariage mixte était notamment une voie pour échapper aux normes sociales traditionnelles qui obligeait les hommes à payer une dot (sdaq) à la famille de sa future épouse. Certains hommes marocains pensaient que les femmes européennes étaient plus « évoluées » et donc feraient de meilleures partenaires que les femmes marocaines, moins éduquées en raison des inégalités entre les sexes, instaurées par le système colonial, dans l’accès à l’éducation. Aujourd’hui, l’accès des femmes marocaines à l’éducation s’est significativement amélioré. Un autre point commun entre l’étude historique et anthropologique est le fait que les couples voient en la mixité, un espace de créativité, une façon de répondre à leur désir de changements et de créer un nouveau mode de vie. Cet article rappelle que ces relations mixtes - et par le fait même les migrations qui leur sont liées - prennent d’abord et avant tout naissance au travers d’affects. Il s’agit de migrations amoureuses. Nous avons pu observer que l’amour et le sentiment de possibilités qu’il offre peuvent être considérés comme des menaces pour les structures de pouvoir existantes. Nous soutenons que, dans la période qui a suivi l’indépendance, bien que les unions mixtes ne soient plus considérés comme une menace par le pouvoir politique, les réactions sociales à la mixité révélaient toujours l’existence de frontières symboliques raciales et genrées. Ainsi, si la perception sociale de la mixité conjugale est bien passée de la peur (néo-impérialiste) à la valorisation (dans un monde globalisé), les hiérarchies de genre et les classifications raciales prévalent toujours en tant que frontières symboliques importantes façonnant les couples mixtes et les attitudes à leurs égards. يُـقَـدِّم هذا المقالُ مقاربةً تاريخية وأنثروبولوجية لحالات الزواج المختلط في المغرب. ويَتَتَبَّع السيرورات والتغيرات التي حدثت بين فترة الاستعمار الفرنسي والفترة المعاصرة من أجل رؤية كيفية تغيُّر المواقف تجاه الأزواج المختلطين بين فترة الحماية الفرنسية على المغرب والفترة التي أعقبَت الاستقلال وعالَم القرن الحادي والعشرين الذي تزداد عولَمَتُه. وتُقارنُ هذه المقارَبة متعددةُ التخصصات البياناتِ التاريخيةَ (المستمدَّةَ بشكل أساسي من دراسة حول الزيجات قامت بها السلطاتُ الاستعمارية في عام 1949، وكذلك المجلات والروايات والمذكرات) والبيانات الأنثروبولوجية (52 مقابلة شبه منظمة أُجرِيَت في المغرب بين عامي 2018 و 2022 مع أطفال من أزواج مختلطين وبعض من أهلهم). نقوم أولاً بدراسة التغيرات في التركيبة الديموغرافية للأزواج المختلطين وكذلك في المكان الذي يقررون الاستقرار فيه من خلال النظر بشكل أكثر تحديدًا في التوزيع بين الجنسين (هل هم رجال مغاربة مع نساء أجنبيات؟ أم نساء مغربيات مع رجال أجانب؟) وفي بلدهم الأصلي ومِهَنِهم ومكان التقائهم. لقد تنوعت أماكن الاجتماعات بشكل هائل خلال القرن العشرين : الأجانب يأتون من أكبر عدد ممكن من البلدان (ولم يَعُد الموضوع مُجَرَّد جنود مغاربة يعودون من فرنسا مع نساء فرنسيات)، كما ازداد عدد النساء المغربيات اللواتي يسافرن إلى الخارج. ومع ذلك، لا يزال موضوع الجندر يؤثر على الحِراك لأن بلد الإقامة لا يزال مرتبطًا في كثير من الأحيان بعمل الزوج. ثم نقوم بمقارنة القيود القانونية والدينية التي تؤثر على الأزواج المختلطين. فخلال فترة الاستعمار، وعلى الرغم من أن الرجال الأوروبيين يمكنهم الزواج من نساء مغربيات، إلا أن السلطات الاستعمارية الفرنسية عمِلَت على منع زوجات أو شريكات الرجال المغاربة من دخول المغرب لأنها كانت تعتبر مثلَ هذه العلاقات تهديدًا للتراتُبية الهرمية العرقية الاستعمارية. في المغرب المعاصر، يتم تسهيل الهجرة بشكل كبير جدًا للأفراد القادمين من الشمال. فيما يتعلق بالزواج المختلط، ينص قانون الأسرة المغربي (المدونة) على وجوب اعتناق الرجل الأجنبي الإسلامَ إذا رغب في الزواج من مغربية مسلمة. لذلك تَغَـيَّـر ما هو ممنوع، لكن حرية المرأة لا تزال تخضع لضغوط خارجية يُـعتقَـد أنها تضمن التماسك الاجتماعي.أخيرًا، سندرس الدوافع العاطفية وراء اختيار الزيجات المختلطة، وهو جانب غالبًا ما تتجاهله الدراسات حول الهجرة. ونقترح أن الأفراد في الزيجات المختلطة (وهذا واضح في الدراسة التاريخية وكذلك في الدراسة الأنثروبولوجية المعاصرة) تدفعهم «الرغبة في مكان آخر». يوفر الزواج المختلط للأزواج مساحةً من الحرية وطريقةً لاكتشاف آفاق جديدة وإمكانيةَ الابتعاد عن الأعراف الاجتماعية. ففي القرن العشرين، وفي فترة الاستعمار وما بعد الاستعمار، كان الزواج المختلط وسيلةً للتهرُّب على وجه الخصوص من الأعراف الاجتماعية التقليدية التي تُـلزِم الرجالَ بدفع مَهر (صِداق) لأسرة زوجته المستقبلية. ويعتقد بعضُ الرجال المغاربة أن النساء الأوروبيات أكثر «تـحَـضُّرًا» وبالتالي سيكونن شريكات أفضل من النساء المغربيات الأقل تعليمًا بسبب حالات عدم المساواة بين الجنسين والتي فرضَها النظام الاستعماري في الحصول على التعليم. واليوم، قد تحسَّنَ وصولُ المرأة المغربية إلى التعليم بشكل ملحوظ. هناك نقطة أخرى مشتركة بين الدراسة التاريخية والأنثروبولوجية وهي حقيقة أن الأزواج يرون في الزواج المختلط مساحة للإبداع وطريقة لتلبية رغبتهم في التغيير وفي خَلق طريقة جديدة للحياة. يشير هذا المقال إلى أن هذه العلاقات المختلطة - وبالتالي الهجرات المرتبطة بها - تنشأ أولاً وقبل كل شيء من خلال التأثيرات. فالقصة هي قصة هجرات غرامية. وقد لاحظنا أن الحب والإحساس بالإمكانيات التي يقدمها يمكن اعتبارهما تهديدات لهياكل السلطة القائمة. نؤيّد فكرة أنه في فترة ما بعد الاستقلال وعلى الرغم من عدم اعتبار الزيجات المختلطة تهديدًا للسلطة السياسية إلا أن ردود الفعل الاجتماعية على الزواج المختلط ما زالت تكشف عن وجود حدود رمزية عِرقية وجندرية. وهكذا، إذا كان الاستيعاب الاجتماعي للزواج المختلط قد تحوَّلَ من الخوف (الإمبريالي الجديد) إلى التثمين (في عالم العولَمة) فإن الراتبيات الهرمية الجندرية والعرقية لا تزال سائدة كحدود رمزية مهمة تصنع الأزواج المختلطين والمواقفَ تجاههم.

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    L’Année du Maghreb
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      L’Année du Maghreb
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      L’Année du Maghreb
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    Authors: Telmo Menezes; Antonin Pottier; Camille Roth;

    Since the 1990s, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis posits an inverted U-shaped relationship between pollutants and economic development. The hypothesis has attracted a lot of research. We provide here a review of more than 2000 articles that have been published on the EKC. We aim at mapping the development of this specialized research, both in term of actors and of content, and to trace the transformation it has undergone from its beginning to the present. To that end, we combine traditional bibliometric analysis and semantic analysis with a novel method, that enables us to recover the type of pollutants that are studied and the empirical claims made on EKC (whether the hypothesis is invalidated or not). We principally exhibit the existence of a few epistemic communities that are related to distinct time periods, topics and, to some extent, proportion of positive results on EKC.; Depuis les années 1990, l’hypothèse de la courbe environnementale de Kuznets (EKC en anglais) postule une relation en forme de U inversé entre les polluants et le développement économique. Cette hypothèse a suscité de nombreux travaux et nous fournissons ici une revue de plus de 2000 articles publiés sur l’EKC. Nous avons pour objectif de cartographier le développement de cette spécialité de recherche, tant en termes d’acteurs que de contenu, et de retracer les transformations qu’elle a connues depuis ses débuts jusqu’à aujourd’hui. À cette fin, nous combinons une analyse bibliométrique traditionnelle et une analyse sémantique avec une nouvelle méthode qui nous permet de déterminer les types de polluants étudiés et les affirmations empiriques faites sur l’EKC (portant notamment sur la validation ou l’information de cette hypothèse). Nous mettons principalement en évidence l’existence de quelques communautés épistémiques liées à diverses périodes temporelles, sujets d’étude et, dans une certaine mesure, proportions de résultats positifs sur l’EKC.

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    Œconomia
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    Authors: Martínez Martín, Laura; Adámez Castro, Guadalupe;

    Objetivo/Contexto: El texto propone un recorrido por la metodología y el proceso de trabajo seguidos en el proyecto Post Scriptum. A Digital Archive of Ordinary Writings (Early Modern in Spain and Portugal), el cual llevó a la conformación de un corpus epistolar digital —hoy disponible online— a partir de los fondos conservados en archivos judiciales durante la Edad Moderna en la Península Ibérica. Se reflexiona, desde un caso práctico, sobre la realidad del trabajo de campo realizado para construir un corpus digital y se evidencian sus fortalezas y debilidades, lo que nos permite ofrecer un examen de primera mano de algunos de los cambios y desafíos que supone la revolución digital en la que estamos sumergidos. Metodología: Se toman como punto de partida los avances en el campo de las Humanidades Digitales, a partir de los cuales se delinea la multidisciplinariedad que caracteriza tanto el proceso de conformación del corpus como sus posibilidades de análisis y estudio. Originalidad: Se muestra el trabajo completo que implica la transformación de las fuentes primarias en fuentes digitales en un proyecto innovador en el campo de las Humanidades Digitales y se plasman las problemáticas a las que se enfrenta el historiador/a en el trabajo con cartas privadas producidas por gente común (s. xvi-xix), que van desde la localización de estas fuentes hasta su selección, digitalización, edición, tratamiento y estudio posterior. Conclusiones: Además de mostrar el proceso de transformación de las fuentes y las posibilidades de análisis de un corpus digital, se evidencian los diferentes caminos de análisis de estas. Igualmente, se aborda la riqueza de los archivos como repositorios imprescindibles para recuperar fuentes epistolares privadas y cotidianas y se reflexiona sobre el futuro de la conservación en el entorno digital. Objective/Context: The text proposes a journey through the methodology and work process followed in the Post Scriptum. A Digital Archive of Ordinary Writings (Early Modern in Spain and Portugal) project, which led to the formation of a digital epistolary corpus—now available online—from funds preserved in judicial archives during the Modern Age in the Iberian Peninsula. Based on a practical case, the paper reflects on the reality of the fieldwork carried out in order to build a digital corpus, as well as on its strengths and weaknesses, which allows a first-hand insight of some changes and challenges of the digital revolution we are immersed in. Methodology: Advances in the field of Digital Humanities are taken as a starting point to examine the multidisciplinarity that characterizes both the corpus formation process and the possibilities for its analysis and study. Originality: The paper describes the complete work process involved in the transformation of primary sources into digital sources in an innovative project in the field of Digital Humanities; it also reflects on problems faced by historians in working with private letters produced by common people (sixteenth-nineteenth centuries), which range from the location of these sources to their selection, digitization, editing, treatment, and subsequent study. Conclusions: In addition to describing the process of transforming sources into a digital corpus and the possibilities of its analysis, the article evidences different analytical ways. Likewise, it addresses the wealth of archives as essential repositories for recovering private and ordinary epistolary sources while also reflecting on the future of their conservation in the digital environment. Objetivo/Contexto: neste texto, são apresentados um percorrido pela metodologia e o processo de trabalho seguido no projeto europeu Post Scriptum. A Digital Archive of Ordinary Writings (Early Modern in Spain and Portugal), o qual levou à conformação de corpus epistolar digital —hoje disponibilizado online— a partir dos fundos conservados em arquivos judiciais durante a Idade Moderna na Península Ibérica. Reflete-se, a partir de um caso prático, sobre a realidade do trabalho de campo realizado para construir um corpus digital e são evidenciadas suas fortalezas e debilidades, o que nos permite oferecer uma análise de primeira mão de algumas das mudanças e dos desafios que supõe a revolução digital na qual estamos inseridos. Metodologia: como ponto de partida são considerados os avanços no campo das Humanidades Digitais, a partir dos quais é delineada a multidisciplinariedade que caracteriza tanto o processo de conformação do corpus como sus possibilidades de análise e estudo. Originalidade: é apresentado o trabalho completo que implica a transformação das fontes primárias em fontes digitais num projeto inovador no campo das Humanidades Digitais e são registradas as problemáticas que o historiador/a enfrenta no trabalho com cartas privadas produzidas por pessoas comuns (s. xvi-xix) e que vão desde a localização dessas fontes até sua seleção, digitalização, edição, tratamento e estudo posterior. Conclusões: além de mostrar o processo de transformação das fontes e das possibilidades de análise de um corpus digital, são evidenciados os diferentes caminhos de análise destas. Ainda, é abordada a riqueza dos arquivos como repositórios imprescindíveis para recuperar fontes epistolares privadas e cotidianas, e é refletido sobre o futuro da conservação no ambiente digital.

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    Authors: Paula Cardoso;

    Under the Observant reforms –a pan-European movement that aimed to reform Christianity by enforcing observance of its pristine ideals– the reformist environment in late medieval Portugal contributed to the formation of a number of new convents, most of them female. Especially in the case of the Dominicans – analysed here – the majority of the new convents stemmed from lay religious communities of women experiencing gradual processes of institutionalisation. As will be analysed in this paper, in accordance with the Observants’ strategy of using text and image to promote their reformist ideals, the surviving accounts and artworks produced and commissioned in these newly Observant communities reflect their efforts to shape, and embrace, a Dominican and Observant identity. Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 101030153 and the Institute for Medieval Studies of the Nova University of Lisbon in the scope of its strategic project UIDB/00749/2020.

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    Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez
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      Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez
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    Authors: G. Heiss, Andreas; Matterne, Véronique; Monteix, Nicolas; Tillier, Margaux; +1 Authors

    Parmi les mobiliers archéologiques figurent régulièrement des fragments de matière organique carbonisée (MOC), fréquemment assimilables à des produits végétaux transformés. Les plus grands d’entre eux laissent encore deviner leur forme d’origine, et ils peuvent être identifiés comme des artéfacts. Dans les cas où l’analyse les désigne comme des mets élaborés, le potentiel informatif de ces éléments paniformes (EPF) – potentiellement des pâtes, pains, pains plats, galettes, gâteaux, biscuits, etc. – est considérable, même si leurs composantes ne sont plus visibles macroscopiquement. Ils sont en effet le reflet direct de pratiques alimentaires en contexte domestique, ou ils participent de rites en contexte cultuel. Encore sous-exploités dans la démarche archéologique, ces EPF représentent en réalité des produits complexes, témoignant de savoir-faire culinaires dans un environnement culturel précis. Plusieurs démarches analytiques permettent d’identifier la composition de ces préparations alimentaires et de préciser certaines étapes de leur apprêt. Les grains moulus de céréales sont identifiés par l’histologie du son, en observant notamment la morphologie de certaines couches de cellules. Les pratiques boulangères sont approchées par microtomographie aux rayons X, de manière non intrusive, en observant l’aspect des pâtes, révélateur de leur façonnage (pétrissage, levée, pliage, formation d’une croûte, cuisson dans un moule, etc.). Par observation au microscope électronique à balayage, on relève aussi la présence d’impuretés ou l’adjonction d’ingrédients. L’étude des farines et des modes de préparation permet de voir en quoi les standards de qualité évoluent sur le temps long, en relation avec les caractéristiques des céréales. À titre d’illustration, les résultats des analyses de six préparations alimentaires à base de céréales, datées entre le iie s. av. J.-C. et le vie s. apr. J.-C., sont présentés dans cet article. Over the past several decades, both the philosophy of cultural, social and historical anthropology have focused on the many avenues of study relating to food, or rather modes of consumption, by focusing on the construction of individual and collective identities. As a counterpoint to these theoretical considerations, archaeological experience brings its share of concrete, though uncertain observations, discoveries, and interpretations that arise from both the artefacts and their related contexts. While raw foodstuffs –ecofacts– are regularly found and identified in archaeological contexts in the form of seeds and fruits, observations on food preparations are rarer, with less attention paid to their analysis and interpretation. These findings pose particular challenges to researchers, as they require an adequate analytical strategy for their study. Many fragments of so-called amorphous charred objects (ACO) can indeed be identified as being processed plant products. On the other hand, items that appear more complete, and whose outer form appears to be the result of intentional shaping, are often “blindly” described as breads or flatbreads. Still, these also require sophisticated technical equipment and extra care in interpretation, as even the mere hypothesis that such an object is cereal-based must be systematically verified. For this reason, it is preferable to refer to these elements as “bread-like objects” (BLO), rather than identifying them straight away as breads or dough. Examination of the surfaces, with the naked eye or by optical microscopy, in most cases does not reveal any identifiable macroscopic component; it is therefore necessary to use appropriate and non-destructive analytical methods. But why focus on the study of these seemingly rare finds anyway? In historical archaeology, the research into consumption practices is more often than not based solely on textual and epigraphic sources, which often do not reveal the phases of food preparation, or do not necessarily apply to a particular region. In contrast, archaeological remains of food preparations reflect the actual outcomes of the physical transformation of natural ingredients into elaborate dishes. Reconstructing these transformation processes by analysing the micro-structure of food remains therefore opens a new field of research leading to the possibility of reconstituting recipes. In the same vein as the previous considerations, we follow the idea that a dish or a drink represent artefacts, in the current definition as objects “predominantly shaped by human action”. We therefore consider it legitimate to evaluate processed foods, and their archaeological remains, as material witnesses to an ancient culinary heritage and we interpret them as such. This article describes the results of the analysis of six food preparations derived from cereals, discovered in Gaul and dated between the 2nd and the 6th c. CE. It also aims to elaborate on the conceptual environment in which these studies are placed, and the methodological aspects related to them. Considered as processed and shaped artefacts, the BLO can therefore be studied by referring to the concept of the chaîne opératoire (operational sequence). The ingredients, instruments and equipment used, products and by-products generated at each stage of this occasionally complex sequence are used to illustrate and reconstruct the manufacturing process, possibly supported by the experimental reproduction of the actions involved. Based on this concept of the chaîne opératoire, an objective classification of products and by-products can be attempted. Since the primary components of the preparations are no longer identifiable under a binocular magnifying glass, non-invasive imaging techniques are used to facilitate their analysis. Current approaches consist of the search for diagnostic elements to determine the plant foods used. A preliminary scanning electron microscope analysis confirms the presence of dough made from semolina or flour, derived from cereals, but also sometimes from legumes or dried fruits, such as acorns and hazelnuts. Identification of cereals is based, in particular, on tissue fragments from the outer layers of the cereal grain (commonly called “bran” as a whole), or even fragments of glumes or awns, whose micro-anatomy (histology) offer diagnostic characteristics for their identification. Starch granules and yeast spores are also sought after. Chemical approaches using mass spectrometry occasionally supplement these methods, in order to identify certain aspects of their molecular composition. In addition to the attention paid to the basic ingredients, we also endeavour to understand the succession of actions applied to the dough and the way in which they were created and prepared, as well as the cooking methods that they subsequently experienced. Protocols of study are still being refined, in particular for the recognition of fermented doughs, and the criteria that would make it possible to differentiate a bread from a flatbread, for example. Without damaging the archaeological specimen, X-ray microtomography allows for an observation of the internal structure of the dough and the gas bubbles (pores) produced by fermentation, as well as inclusions and additions of ingredients other than flour. Results from initial analysis reveal that the products studied were prepared from extremely pure flours and were very carefully ground and sieved. We note that wheat(s), but also barley are the main components, sometimes mixed, though it is not yet possible to assess the proportions of such mixtures. Examination of the doughs reveals signifcant differences in texture and structure: presence or absence of a crust, pores of varying sizes and frequency, doughs whose air has been kneaded out, etc. The first observations also highlight the high quality of the flour used for making (flat) breads from the Roman period, which appear to have been very fine and rather free of impurities (such as husk fragments). This suggests the use of ingredients that are well cleaned before milling, as well as the use of free-threshing cereals, initially lowering the proportion of inedible elements likely to be found in the flours. These findings differ from the Metal Age specimens previously studied in Europe, which appear to contain a higher frequency of bran and glume remains. The major shift from hulled towards free-threshing cereals was motivated more by technical constraints weighing on the product intended for sale, than by new dietary habits: free-threshing wheat species could be directly processed. The demand for “ready-to-use” grains has sometimes been coupled with a demand for semi-processed ingredients: in Northern Gaul, we know of certain sites from the late La Tène period documenting milling activities largely exceeding the needs of their occupants, probably partly oriented towards the supply of ground or crushed products. It is likely crucial to include the development of the bakery in this new organization of food trade networks, wherein establishments respond to urban consumers’ needs for basic food products by ensuring the entire chaîne opératoire from grinding grain to selling bread.

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    Authors: Caiado, André; Ferreira, Verónica; Cardina, Miguel;

    Durante um largo período, o efetivo impacto da guerra colonial na sociedade portuguesa foi acompanhado de um relativo silêncio institucional envolvendo a memória do conflito. À escassa abordagem pública do evento seguiu-se, nas duas últimas décadas, o crescimento de diferentes processos de memorialização do conflito, para os quais contribuiu decisivamente o trabalho de memória produzido por associações ou grupos mais ou menos formalizados de antigos combatentes. Este artigo analisa dois desses eixos memoriais: os monumentos evocativos da guerra e as representações mnemónicas do conflito no maior blogue português de antigos combatentes. Argumentaremos que apesar de estarem circunscritos às comunidades de recordação que os promovem e neles participam, influenciam e são influenciados pela memória pública dominante da guerra e contribuem para gerar momentos de sociabilidade e sentimentos de (auto)reconhecimento para esses grupos. For a long period of time, the effective impact of the colonial war on Portuguese society was accompanied by a relative institutional silence concerning the memory of the conflict. The scarce public approach to the event was followed, in the last two decades, by the growth of different processes of memorialization of the conflict, to which the memory work produced by more or less formalized associations or groups of former combatants contributed decisively. This article analyzes two of these memorial axes: the war memorials and the mnemonic representations of the conflict in the largest Portuguese blog of former combatants. We will argue that despite being circumscribed to the communities of remembrance that promote and participate in them, they influence and are influenced by the dominant public memory of the war and contribute to generate moments of sociability and feelings of (self)recognition for these groups. Pendant une longue période, l’impact effectif de la guerre coloniale sur la société portugaise s’est accompagné d’un relatif silence institutionnel concernant la mémoire du conflit. La rareté de l’approche publique de l’événement a été suivie, au cours des deux dernières décennies, par la croissance de différents processus de mémorisation du conflit, auxquels a contribué de manière décisive le travail de mémoire produit par des associations ou des groupes plus ou moins formalisés d’anciens combattants. Cet article analyse deux de ces axes mémoriels: les monuments de guerre et les représentations mnémoniques du conflit dans le plus grand blog portugais d’anciens combattants. Nous soutiendrons que, bien qu’ils soient circonscrits aux communautés du souvenir qui les promeuvent et y participent, ils influencent et sont influencés par la mémoire publique dominante de la guerre et contribuent à générer des moments de sociabilité et des sentiments d’(auto)reconnaissance pour ces groupes.

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    Ler História
    Article . 2021
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    Article . 2021
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      Ler História
      Article . 2021
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      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Véronique Dasen; Typhaine Haziza;

    Ce dossier explore les notions de normes et de transgressions dans l’Antiquité gréco-romaine à travers le prisme du jeu en tant qu’opérateur et révélateur d’une société. Six études de cas s’échelonnent de la Grèce classique au Haut-Empire romain. Chacune témoigne de la capacité du jeu à créer un espace de cohésion sociale, comme dans le cadre du symposion ou du sphaeristerium, en fédérant une collectivité par le respect de règles communes dans un cadre civique, mais sans contrainte institutionnelle ou temporelle. Le contrat ludique contribue à l’intégration des individus en marge du corps civique, comme les esclaves et les affranchis. Une dimension transgressive se manifeste de différentes manières. Elle peut constituer une forme de jeu social, comme dans l’inversion des rôles de maîtres et esclaves pendant les Saturnales. Le contrat ludique peut aussi être rompu par l’excès, que ce soit de jeux d’argent ou d’une violence inappropriée exercée sur des animaux. This issue investigates the notions of norms and transgressions in Greco-Roman antiquity through the prism of play and games as fashioning as well as revealing a society. Six case studies range from Classical Greece to the High Roman Empire. Each one testifies to the capacity of games to create a space of social cohesion, as in the symposion or the sphaeristerium, by federating a community through the observance of common rules in a civic framework, but without institutional or temporal constraint. The ludic contract contributes to the assimilation of social norms and to the integration of individuals on the margins of the civic body, such as slaves and freedmen since childhood. A transgressive dimension manifests itself in different ways. It can be a form of social play, as in the reversal of the roles of masters and slaves during the Saturnalia. The ludic contract can also be broken by excess, either of gambling or of an inappropriate violence exercised on animals.

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    Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: García-Pereda, Ignacio; Gregório, Helena; Freitas, Joana Gaspar de;

    As administrações florestais espanhola e portuguesa colaboraram, no final do século XIX, para produzir um conjunto pioneiro de projetos de plantações florestais em vários territórios dunares. A silvicultura das dunas ocupava um lugar privilegiado no pensamento administrativo e tinha características materiais passíveis de classificação padronizada. A análise destes projetos no Algarve e na Andaluzia revela claramente como as comunidades de peritos nacionais e internacionais geraram conhecimento e novas infraestruturas sobre o território dunar. As plantações de dunas constituíram uma conquista inovadora devido ao seu potencial para unificar as práticas de administração e assegurar para os estados o controlo dos territórios e recursos destas regiões periféricas. The Spanish and Portuguese forestry administrations cooperated in the late 19th century to carry out a series of pioneering reforestation projects in various dunes areas. Dunes forestry held a privileged place in administration thought and had material characteristics that lent themselves to standardized classification. The analysis of these projects in the Algarve and Andalucia showed very clearly how national and international communities of experts generated knowledge and new infrastructures about the dunes territory. Producing credible environmental knowledge at that time required an international network of disciplined experts. The dunes plantations constituted a groundbreaking accomplishment because of their potential to unify administration practices.

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    OpenEdition
    Article . 2023
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    ZENODO; Ler História
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Ler História
    Article . 2023
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      ZENODO; Ler História
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    Authors: Gautherot, Laure; Schneider-Mizony, Odile;

    This contribution examines the discursive strategies used by certain speakers and writers in the Federal Republic of Germany to reject a gender-inclusive language as a variety suitable for all social uses. The strong positions taken on its subject are aimed at an argumentative destruction that could be understood as a refusal to grant it a systemic and social status: it cannot be a language. Three types of argument are used to achieve this otherness (altera lingua): (1) the denial of scientific status to the discussion and to the language; (2) the ridiculousness of the language produced; (3) the denial of an existence right to gender-inclusive language. The corpus consists of statements by linguists as well as by informed speakers (writers, journalists, humorists) refusing to pervert the only true language. International audience

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    Glottopol
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Glottopol
    Article . 2023
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    Article . 2023
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      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Glottopol
      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Marta Cabezas Fernández; Alexandre Pichel-Vázquez; Begonya Enguix Grau;

    El antifeminismo del discurso de Vox, un partido de ultraderecha emparentado con las nuevas derechas latinoamericanas y con la derecha radical europea, es una de sus señas de identidad. Pese a la relevancia mediática de la toma de posición “antigénero” de las élites de este partido —en otras palabras, de su oposición a la justicia de género y a la diversidad sexual—, poco sabemos de la resonancia de este marco entre el electorado del bloque de la derecha en un sentido más amplio, donde Vox cosecha votos. Abordamos esta tarea a través de tres grupos de discusión con votantes de Vox y del Partido Popular —los principales partidos de derechas en España— analizando cómo este marco de inter-pretación de la realidad se declina de modo diferencial en cuatro fracciones discursivas: (1) liberalismo androcéntrico; (2) conservadurismo patriarcal; (3) reaccionarismo misó-gino; y (4) radicalismo femonacionalista. Pese a las notables divergencias entre fracciones discursivas, hubo una resonancia transversal del marco antigénero que movilizó a los votantes de derechas contra las políticas de igualdad entre mujeres y hombres, y contra el feminismo. Solo el conservadurismo patriarcal mostró cierta ambivalencia, pues se desmarcó en algunos momentos. En cambio, la fracción liberal androcéntrica fue más consistente en su posicionamiento antigénero, en consonancia con el reaccionarismo misógino y el radicalismo femonacionalista. Ponemos de relieve que el liberalismo andro-céntrico supone una amenaza para la política feminista, por cuanto niega la desigualdad entre hombres y mujeres a través de argumentos legales que gozan de legitimidad dentro del discurso democrático. O antifeminismo do discurso do Vox, um partido ultradireita alinhado com as novas direitas latino-americanas e com a direita radical europeia, é um dos seus sinais de identidade. Embora a relevância midiática da tomada de posição “antigênero” das elites desse partido — em outras palavras, de sua oposição à justiça de gênero e à diversidade sexual —, pouco sabemos da ressonância desse enquadramento entre o eleitorado do bloco da direita num sentido mais amplo, em que o Vox colhe votos. Abordamos essa tarefa por meio de três grupos de discussão com votantes do Vox e do Partido Popular — os principais partidos de direita da Espanha —, analisando como esse enquadramento de interpretação da realidade se declina de modo diferencial em quatro fracções discursivas: (1) liberalismo androcêntrico; (2) conservadorismo patriarcal; (3) reacionarismo misógino; (4) radicalismo femonacionalista. Apesar das notáveis divergências entre fracções discursivas, houve uma ressonância transversal do enquadramento antigênero que mobilizou os votantes de direitas contra as políticas de igualdade entre mulheres e homens, e contra o feminismo. Somente o conservado-rismo patriarcal mostrou certa ambivalência, pois se desmarcou em alguns momentos. Em contrapartida, a fracção liberal androcêntrica foi mais consistente em seu posicio-namento antigênero, em consonância com o reacionarismo misógino e o radicalismo femonacionalista. Enfatizamos que o liberalismo androcêntrico supõe uma ameaça para a política feminista, portanto nega a desigualdade entre homens e mulheres por meio de argumentos legais que gozam de legitimidade dentro do discurso democrático. One of the hallmarks of Vox, a far-right political party associated with both the Latin American new right and the European radical right, is its anti-feminist discourse. Despite the media prominence of the “anti-gender” stance taken by the elites of this party —in other words, of its opposition to gender justice and sexual diversity—, we know little about how this frame resonates among the broader right-wing electorate, where Vox gains support. To address this gap, we conducted three focus groups with voters from Vox and Partido Popular, the main right-wing parties in Spain. We analyzed how the anti-gender interpretation of reality is expressed in four discursive fractions: (1) androcentric liberalism; (2) patriarchal conservatism; (3) misogynist reactionaryism; and (4) feminist-nationalist radicalism. Despite significant differences between these discursive fractions, there was a transversal resonance of the anti-gender frame that mobilized right-wing voters against gender equality and feminism. Patriarchal conser-vatism was the only discursive fraction that showed ambivalence, dissociating itself from the anti-gender frame at some points. Conversely, the androcentric liberal faction was consistent in its opposition to gender justice, aligning with misogynist reactionaryism and feminist-nationalist radicalism. It is important to note that androcentric liberalism poses a threat to feminist politics as it denies the inequality between men and women through legal arguments that are legitimized within democratic discourse.

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    Biblos-e Archivo
    Article . 2023
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    OpenEdition
    Article . 2023
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    Revista de Estudios Sociales
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    Authors: Catherine Therrien; Catherine Phipps;

    This article presents a historical and anthropological approach to mixed marriages in Morocco, tracking the continuities and changes between the French colonial period and contemporary experiences to see how attitudes towards mixed couples changed in Morocco throughout the French protectorate, in the post-independence period and the increasingly globalised world of the 21st century. This interdisciplinary approach combines historic data (primarily from a 1949 study into mixed marriages conducted by the colonial government as well as magazines, novels and memoirs) with 52 anthropological semi-structured interviews (conducted in Morocco between 2018 and 2022) with children of mixed couples and some of their parents.We examine first how the demographic make-up of mixed couples and where they choose to settle has shifted, looking at their gender split, their countries of origin, their occupations and where they met. This has diversified considerably throughout the 20th century: the individuals come from a much larger number of countries (no longer primarily Moroccan soldiers who returned from France with French women) and Moroccan women are now more likely to travel abroad. But gender still impacts mobility as the country of settlement is still often linked to the husband’s job. We then compare how in some cases legal and religious restraints have affected which mixed couples can marry. Although European men could marry Moroccan women, the French colonial authorities sought to ban European wives or partners of Moroccan men from entering Morocco because they believed these relationships would threaten the hierarchies of colonial rules. However, in contemporary Morocco migration is considerably easier for individuals from the Global North. Today the Moroccan family law (Mudawana) states that a foreign man has to convert to Islam if he wishes to marry a Moroccan Muslim woman. What is forbidden has changed, but women’s freedom remains subject to external pressures to maintain social cohesion. Finally, we examine the emotional motivations behind choosing mixed marriages, often overlooked by studies of migration, arguing that mixed marriage in Morocco has always shown a “desire for elsewhereness” and offered a space of freedom, a way to embrace new possibilities and turn away from certain social norms. In the 20th century, in the colonial and post-independence period, many Moroccan men used mixed marriage as a way to escape traditional pressures to pay a bride price (sdaq) to a Moroccan woman’s family. Some Moroccan men also expressed colonialist ideas that European women were more “evolved” and would make better partners than Moroccan women as they were more educated because of gender inequalities in access to education. This has changed due to Moroccan women’s improved access to education. But emotions are still at the heart of these experiences of intimacy across racial, national and religious borders. Contemporary and historical couples see mixedness as imbued with new opportunities to express their desire for change, for a new way of living and for creativity. Mixed marriages provide a change to re-evaluate customs and lifestyles, but these are also deeply intimate relationships born out of emotional attachment. This article reminds readers that marriage migration is, at heart, a migration for love. This love, and the feeling of possibility it offers, can be considered a threat to existing power structures. We argue that in post-independence Morocco, mixed marriages are no longer considered a threat to political power but that they still reveal the existence of persistent racial and gender symbolic boundaries. Indeed, social perception of mixed couples has shifted from a fear of neo-imperialism to a feeling of opportunities in a globalized world, but gender and racial hierarchies still prevail as significant symbolic boundaries that shape mixed couples and attitudes towards them. Cet article présente une approche historique et anthropologique des mariages mixtes au Maroc. Il retrace les continuités et les changements qui se sont produits entre la période coloniale française et l’époque contemporaine afin de voir de quelle façon les attitudes envers les couples mixtes ont changé, entre le Protectorat français, la période qui a suivi l’Indépendance et le monde de plus en plus globalisé du 21ème siècle. Cette approche interdisciplinaire compare des données historiques (tirées principalement d’une étude sur les mariages menée par les autorités coloniales en 1949, ainsi que de magazines, de romans et de mémoires) et des données anthropologiques (52 entretiens semi-structurés menés au Maroc entre 2018 et 2022 avec des enfants issus de couples mixtes et certains de leurs parents). Nous examinons d’abord les changements dans la composition démographique des couples mixtes ainsi que dans l’endroit où ces derniers décident de s’installer en regardant plus spécifiquement la répartition entre les sexes (est-ce que ce sont des hommes marocains avec des femmes étrangères ou bien des femmes marocaines avec des hommes étrangers?), leurs pays d’origine, leurs professions ainsi que le lieu où ils se sont rencontrés. Les lieux de rencontre se sont considérablement diversifiés tout au long du 20ème siècle : les étrangers viennent d’un plus grand nombre de pays (il ne s’agit plus seulement de soldats marocains revenus de France avec des femmes françaises) et les femmes marocaines sont désormais plus nombreuses à voyager à l’étranger. Le genre continue cependant d’influencer la mobilité puisque le pays d’installation est encore bien souvent lié à l'emploi du mari. Nous comparons ensuite les contraintes juridiques et religieuses qui affectent les couples mixtes. Durant la période coloniale, bien que les hommes européens pussent épouser des femmes marocaines, les autorités coloniales françaises ont cherché à interdire aux épouses ou partenaires des hommes marocains d’entrer au Maroc parce qu’elles percevaient ces relations comme une menace pour la hiérarchie raciale coloniale. Dans le Maroc contemporain, la migration est considérablement facilitée pour les individus provenant du Nord. Pour ce qui est du mariage mixte, le Code de la famille marocaine (la Moudawana) stipule qu’un homme étranger doit se convertir à l’Islam s’il souhaite épouser une Marocaine musulmane. Ce qui est interdit a donc changé, mais la liberté des femmes reste encore soumise à des pressions extérieures pensées comme garantes de la cohésion sociale. Enfin, nous examinons les motivations émotionnelles derrière le choix des mariages mixtes, un aspect souvent négligé par les études sur la migration. Nous avançons que les individus en couples mixtes (et ceci est visible dans l’étude historique que dans l’étude anthropologique contemporaine) sont stimulés par un « désir d’ailleurs ». La mixité conjugale offre à ces couples un espace de liberté, un moyen d’embrasser de nouvelles possibilités et une possibilité de distanciation des normes sociales. Au 20ème siècle, dans la période coloniale et post-coloniale, le mariage mixte était notamment une voie pour échapper aux normes sociales traditionnelles qui obligeait les hommes à payer une dot (sdaq) à la famille de sa future épouse. Certains hommes marocains pensaient que les femmes européennes étaient plus « évoluées » et donc feraient de meilleures partenaires que les femmes marocaines, moins éduquées en raison des inégalités entre les sexes, instaurées par le système colonial, dans l’accès à l’éducation. Aujourd’hui, l’accès des femmes marocaines à l’éducation s’est significativement amélioré. Un autre point commun entre l’étude historique et anthropologique est le fait que les couples voient en la mixité, un espace de créativité, une façon de répondre à leur désir de changements et de créer un nouveau mode de vie. Cet article rappelle que ces relations mixtes - et par le fait même les migrations qui leur sont liées - prennent d’abord et avant tout naissance au travers d’affects. Il s’agit de migrations amoureuses. Nous avons pu observer que l’amour et le sentiment de possibilités qu’il offre peuvent être considérés comme des menaces pour les structures de pouvoir existantes. Nous soutenons que, dans la période qui a suivi l’indépendance, bien que les unions mixtes ne soient plus considérés comme une menace par le pouvoir politique, les réactions sociales à la mixité révélaient toujours l’existence de frontières symboliques raciales et genrées. Ainsi, si la perception sociale de la mixité conjugale est bien passée de la peur (néo-impérialiste) à la valorisation (dans un monde globalisé), les hiérarchies de genre et les classifications raciales prévalent toujours en tant que frontières symboliques importantes façonnant les couples mixtes et les attitudes à leurs égards. يُـقَـدِّم هذا المقالُ مقاربةً تاريخية وأنثروبولوجية لحالات الزواج المختلط في المغرب. ويَتَتَبَّع السيرورات والتغيرات التي حدثت بين فترة الاستعمار الفرنسي والفترة المعاصرة من أجل رؤية كيفية تغيُّر المواقف تجاه الأزواج المختلطين بين فترة الحماية الفرنسية على المغرب والفترة التي أعقبَت الاستقلال وعالَم القرن الحادي والعشرين الذي تزداد عولَمَتُه. وتُقارنُ هذه المقارَبة متعددةُ التخصصات البياناتِ التاريخيةَ (المستمدَّةَ بشكل أساسي من دراسة حول الزيجات قامت بها السلطاتُ الاستعمارية في عام 1949، وكذلك المجلات والروايات والمذكرات) والبيانات الأنثروبولوجية (52 مقابلة شبه منظمة أُجرِيَت في المغرب بين عامي 2018 و 2022 مع أطفال من أزواج مختلطين وبعض من أهلهم). نقوم أولاً بدراسة التغيرات في التركيبة الديموغرافية للأزواج المختلطين وكذلك في المكان الذي يقررون الاستقرار فيه من خلال النظر بشكل أكثر تحديدًا في التوزيع بين الجنسين (هل هم رجال مغاربة مع نساء أجنبيات؟ أم نساء مغربيات مع رجال أجانب؟) وفي بلدهم الأصلي ومِهَنِهم ومكان التقائهم. لقد تنوعت أماكن الاجتماعات بشكل هائل خلال القرن العشرين : الأجانب يأتون من أكبر عدد ممكن من البلدان (ولم يَعُد الموضوع مُجَرَّد جنود مغاربة يعودون من فرنسا مع نساء فرنسيات)، كما ازداد عدد النساء المغربيات اللواتي يسافرن إلى الخارج. ومع ذلك، لا يزال موضوع الجندر يؤثر على الحِراك لأن بلد الإقامة لا يزال مرتبطًا في كثير من الأحيان بعمل الزوج. ثم نقوم بمقارنة القيود القانونية والدينية التي تؤثر على الأزواج المختلطين. فخلال فترة الاستعمار، وعلى الرغم من أن الرجال الأوروبيين يمكنهم الزواج من نساء مغربيات، إلا أن السلطات الاستعمارية الفرنسية عمِلَت على منع زوجات أو شريكات الرجال المغاربة من دخول المغرب لأنها كانت تعتبر مثلَ هذه العلاقات تهديدًا للتراتُبية الهرمية العرقية الاستعمارية. في المغرب المعاصر، يتم تسهيل الهجرة بشكل كبير جدًا للأفراد القادمين من الشمال. فيما يتعلق بالزواج المختلط، ينص قانون الأسرة المغربي (المدونة) على وجوب اعتناق الرجل الأجنبي الإسلامَ إذا رغب في الزواج من مغربية مسلمة. لذلك تَغَـيَّـر ما هو ممنوع، لكن حرية المرأة لا تزال تخضع لضغوط خارجية يُـعتقَـد أنها تضمن التماسك الاجتماعي.أخيرًا، سندرس الدوافع العاطفية وراء اختيار الزيجات المختلطة، وهو جانب غالبًا ما تتجاهله الدراسات حول الهجرة. ونقترح أن الأفراد في الزيجات المختلطة (وهذا واضح في الدراسة التاريخية وكذلك في الدراسة الأنثروبولوجية المعاصرة) تدفعهم «الرغبة في مكان آخر». يوفر الزواج المختلط للأزواج مساحةً من الحرية وطريقةً لاكتشاف آفاق جديدة وإمكانيةَ الابتعاد عن الأعراف الاجتماعية. ففي القرن العشرين، وفي فترة الاستعمار وما بعد الاستعمار، كان الزواج المختلط وسيلةً للتهرُّب على وجه الخصوص من الأعراف الاجتماعية التقليدية التي تُـلزِم الرجالَ بدفع مَهر (صِداق) لأسرة زوجته المستقبلية. ويعتقد بعضُ الرجال المغاربة أن النساء الأوروبيات أكثر «تـحَـضُّرًا» وبالتالي سيكونن شريكات أفضل من النساء المغربيات الأقل تعليمًا بسبب حالات عدم المساواة بين الجنسين والتي فرضَها النظام الاستعماري في الحصول على التعليم. واليوم، قد تحسَّنَ وصولُ المرأة المغربية إلى التعليم بشكل ملحوظ. هناك نقطة أخرى مشتركة بين الدراسة التاريخية والأنثروبولوجية وهي حقيقة أن الأزواج يرون في الزواج المختلط مساحة للإبداع وطريقة لتلبية رغبتهم في التغيير وفي خَلق طريقة جديدة للحياة. يشير هذا المقال إلى أن هذه العلاقات المختلطة - وبالتالي الهجرات المرتبطة بها - تنشأ أولاً وقبل كل شيء من خلال التأثيرات. فالقصة هي قصة هجرات غرامية. وقد لاحظنا أن الحب والإحساس بالإمكانيات التي يقدمها يمكن اعتبارهما تهديدات لهياكل السلطة القائمة. نؤيّد فكرة أنه في فترة ما بعد الاستقلال وعلى الرغم من عدم اعتبار الزيجات المختلطة تهديدًا للسلطة السياسية إلا أن ردود الفعل الاجتماعية على الزواج المختلط ما زالت تكشف عن وجود حدود رمزية عِرقية وجندرية. وهكذا، إذا كان الاستيعاب الاجتماعي للزواج المختلط قد تحوَّلَ من الخوف (الإمبريالي الجديد) إلى التثمين (في عالم العولَمة) فإن الراتبيات الهرمية الجندرية والعرقية لا تزال سائدة كحدود رمزية مهمة تصنع الأزواج المختلطين والمواقفَ تجاههم.

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    Authors: Telmo Menezes; Antonin Pottier; Camille Roth;

    Since the 1990s, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis posits an inverted U-shaped relationship between pollutants and economic development. The hypothesis has attracted a lot of research. We provide here a review of more than 2000 articles that have been published on the EKC. We aim at mapping the development of this specialized research, both in term of actors and of content, and to trace the transformation it has undergone from its beginning to the present. To that end, we combine traditional bibliometric analysis and semantic analysis with a novel method, that enables us to recover the type of pollutants that are studied and the empirical claims made on EKC (whether the hypothesis is invalidated or not). We principally exhibit the existence of a few epistemic communities that are related to distinct time periods, topics and, to some extent, proportion of positive results on EKC.; Depuis les années 1990, l’hypothèse de la courbe environnementale de Kuznets (EKC en anglais) postule une relation en forme de U inversé entre les polluants et le développement économique. Cette hypothèse a suscité de nombreux travaux et nous fournissons ici une revue de plus de 2000 articles publiés sur l’EKC. Nous avons pour objectif de cartographier le développement de cette spécialité de recherche, tant en termes d’acteurs que de contenu, et de retracer les transformations qu’elle a connues depuis ses débuts jusqu’à aujourd’hui. À cette fin, nous combinons une analyse bibliométrique traditionnelle et une analyse sémantique avec une nouvelle méthode qui nous permet de déterminer les types de polluants étudiés et les affirmations empiriques faites sur l’EKC (portant notamment sur la validation ou l’information de cette hypothèse). Nous mettons principalement en évidence l’existence de quelques communautés épistémiques liées à diverses périodes temporelles, sujets d’étude et, dans une certaine mesure, proportions de résultats positifs sur l’EKC.

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    Œconomia
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    Œconomia
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      Œconomia
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      Œconomia
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    Authors: Martínez Martín, Laura; Adámez Castro, Guadalupe;

    Objetivo/Contexto: El texto propone un recorrido por la metodología y el proceso de trabajo seguidos en el proyecto Post Scriptum. A Digital Archive of Ordinary Writings (Early Modern in Spain and Portugal), el cual llevó a la conformación de un corpus epistolar digital —hoy disponible online— a partir de los fondos conservados en archivos judiciales durante la Edad Moderna en la Península Ibérica. Se reflexiona, desde un caso práctico, sobre la realidad del trabajo de campo realizado para construir un corpus digital y se evidencian sus fortalezas y debilidades, lo que nos permite ofrecer un examen de primera mano de algunos de los cambios y desafíos que supone la revolución digital en la que estamos sumergidos. Metodología: Se toman como punto de partida los avances en el campo de las Humanidades Digitales, a partir de los cuales se delinea la multidisciplinariedad que caracteriza tanto el proceso de conformación del corpus como sus posibilidades de análisis y estudio. Originalidad: Se muestra el trabajo completo que implica la transformación de las fuentes primarias en fuentes digitales en un proyecto innovador en el campo de las Humanidades Digitales y se plasman las problemáticas a las que se enfrenta el historiador/a en el trabajo con cartas privadas producidas por gente común (s. xvi-xix), que van desde la localización de estas fuentes hasta su selección, digitalización, edición, tratamiento y estudio posterior. Conclusiones: Además de mostrar el proceso de transformación de las fuentes y las posibilidades de análisis de un corpus digital, se evidencian los diferentes caminos de análisis de estas. Igualmente, se aborda la riqueza de los archivos como repositorios imprescindibles para recuperar fuentes epistolares privadas y cotidianas y se reflexiona sobre el futuro de la conservación en el entorno digital. Objective/Context: The text proposes a journey through the methodology and work process followed in the Post Scriptum. A Digital Archive of Ordinary Writings (Early Modern in Spain and Portugal) project, which led to the formation of a digital epistolary corpus—now available online—from funds preserved in judicial archives during the Modern Age in the Iberian Peninsula. Based on a practical case, the paper reflects on the reality of the fieldwork carried out in order to build a digital corpus, as well as on its strengths and weaknesses, which allows a first-hand insight of some changes and challenges of the digital revolution we are immersed in. Methodology: Advances in the field of Digital Humanities are taken as a starting point to examine the multidisciplinarity that characterizes both the corpus formation process and the possibilities for its analysis and study. Originality: The paper describes the complete work process involved in the transformation of primary sources into digital sources in an innovative project in the field of Digital Humanities; it also reflects on problems faced by historians in working with private letters produced by common people (sixteenth-nineteenth centuries), which range from the location of these sources to their selection, digitization, editing, treatment, and subsequent study. Conclusions: In addition to describing the process of transforming sources into a digital corpus and the possibilities of its analysis, the article evidences different analytical ways. Likewise, it addresses the wealth of archives as essential repositories for recovering private and ordinary epistolary sources while also reflecting on the future of their conservation in the digital environment. Objetivo/Contexto: neste texto, são apresentados um percorrido pela metodologia e o processo de trabalho seguido no projeto europeu Post Scriptum. A Digital Archive of Ordinary Writings (Early Modern in Spain and Portugal), o qual levou à conformação de corpus epistolar digital —hoje disponibilizado online— a partir dos fundos conservados em arquivos judiciais durante a Idade Moderna na Península Ibérica. Reflete-se, a partir de um caso prático, sobre a realidade do trabalho de campo realizado para construir um corpus digital e são evidenciadas suas fortalezas e debilidades, o que nos permite oferecer uma análise de primeira mão de algumas das mudanças e dos desafios que supõe a revolução digital na qual estamos inseridos. Metodologia: como ponto de partida são considerados os avanços no campo das Humanidades Digitais, a partir dos quais é delineada a multidisciplinariedade que caracteriza tanto o processo de conformação do corpus como sus possibilidades de análise e estudo. Originalidade: é apresentado o trabalho completo que implica a transformação das fontes primárias em fontes digitais num projeto inovador no campo das Humanidades Digitais e são registradas as problemáticas que o historiador/a enfrenta no trabalho com cartas privadas produzidas por pessoas comuns (s. xvi-xix) e que vão desde a localização dessas fontes até sua seleção, digitalização, edição, tratamento e estudo posterior. Conclusões: além de mostrar o processo de transformação das fontes e das possibilidades de análise de um corpus digital, são evidenciados os diferentes caminhos de análise destas. Ainda, é abordada a riqueza dos arquivos como repositórios imprescindíveis para recuperar fontes epistolares privadas e cotidianas, e é refletido sobre o futuro da conservação no ambiente digital.

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    Authors: Paula Cardoso;

    Under the Observant reforms –a pan-European movement that aimed to reform Christianity by enforcing observance of its pristine ideals– the reformist environment in late medieval Portugal contributed to the formation of a number of new convents, most of them female. Especially in the case of the Dominicans – analysed here – the majority of the new convents stemmed from lay religious communities of women experiencing gradual processes of institutionalisation. As will be analysed in this paper, in accordance with the Observants’ strategy of using text and image to promote their reformist ideals, the surviving accounts and artworks produced and commissioned in these newly Observant communities reflect their efforts to shape, and embrace, a Dominican and Observant identity. Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 101030153 and the Institute for Medieval Studies of the Nova University of Lisbon in the scope of its strategic project UIDB/00749/2020.

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    Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    UPF Digital Repository
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      Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez
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    Authors: G. Heiss, Andreas; Matterne, Véronique; Monteix, Nicolas; Tillier, Margaux; +1 Authors

    Parmi les mobiliers archéologiques figurent régulièrement des fragments de matière organique carbonisée (MOC), fréquemment assimilables à des produits végétaux transformés. Les plus grands d’entre eux laissent encore deviner leur forme d’origine, et ils peuvent être identifiés comme des artéfacts. Dans les cas où l’analyse les désigne comme des mets élaborés, le potentiel informatif de ces éléments paniformes (EPF) – potentiellement des pâtes, pains, pains plats, galettes, gâteaux, biscuits, etc. – est considérable, même si leurs composantes ne sont plus visibles macroscopiquement. Ils sont en effet le reflet direct de pratiques alimentaires en contexte domestique, ou ils participent de rites en contexte cultuel. Encore sous-exploités dans la démarche archéologique, ces EPF représentent en réalité des produits complexes, témoignant de savoir-faire culinaires dans un environnement culturel précis. Plusieurs démarches analytiques permettent d’identifier la composition de ces préparations alimentaires et de préciser certaines étapes de leur apprêt. Les grains moulus de céréales sont identifiés par l’histologie du son, en observant notamment la morphologie de certaines couches de cellules. Les pratiques boulangères sont approchées par microtomographie aux rayons X, de manière non intrusive, en observant l’aspect des pâtes, révélateur de leur façonnage (pétrissage, levée, pliage, formation d’une croûte, cuisson dans un moule, etc.). Par observation au microscope électronique à balayage, on relève aussi la présence d’impuretés ou l’adjonction d’ingrédients. L’étude des farines et des modes de préparation permet de voir en quoi les standards de qualité évoluent sur le temps long, en relation avec les caractéristiques des céréales. À titre d’illustration, les résultats des analyses de six préparations alimentaires à base de céréales, datées entre le iie s. av. J.-C. et le vie s. apr. J.-C., sont présentés dans cet article. Over the past several decades, both the philosophy of cultural, social and historical anthropology have focused on the many avenues of study relating to food, or rather modes of consumption, by focusing on the construction of individual and collective identities. As a counterpoint to these theoretical considerations, archaeological experience brings its share of concrete, though uncertain observations, discoveries, and interpretations that arise from both the artefacts and their related contexts. While raw foodstuffs –ecofacts– are regularly found and identified in archaeological contexts in the form of seeds and fruits, observations on food preparations are rarer, with less attention paid to their analysis and interpretation. These findings pose particular challenges to researchers, as they require an adequate analytical strategy for their study. Many fragments of so-called amorphous charred objects (ACO) can indeed be identified as being processed plant products. On the other hand, items that appear more complete, and whose outer form appears to be the result of intentional shaping, are often “blindly” described as breads or flatbreads. Still, these also require sophisticated technical equipment and extra care in interpretation, as even the mere hypothesis that such an object is cereal-based must be systematically verified. For this reason, it is preferable to refer to these elements as “bread-like objects” (BLO), rather than identifying them straight away as breads or dough. Examination of the surfaces, with the naked eye or by optical microscopy, in most cases does not reveal any identifiable macroscopic component; it is therefore necessary to use appropriate and non-destructive analytical methods. But why focus on the study of these seemingly rare finds anyway? In historical archaeology, the research into consumption practices is more often than not based solely on textual and epigraphic sources, which often do not reveal the phases of food preparation, or do not necessarily apply to a particular region. In contrast, archaeological remains of food preparations reflect the actual outcomes of the physical transformation of natural ingredients into elaborate dishes. Reconstructing these transformation processes by analysing the micro-structure of food remains therefore opens a new field of research leading to the possibility of reconstituting recipes. In the same vein as the previous considerations, we follow the idea that a dish or a drink represent artefacts, in the current definition as objects “predominantly shaped by human action”. We therefore consider it legitimate to evaluate processed foods, and their archaeological remains, as material witnesses to an ancient culinary heritage and we interpret them as such. This article describes the results of the analysis of six food preparations derived from cereals, discovered in Gaul and dated between the 2nd and the 6th c. CE. It also aims to elaborate on the conceptual environment in which these studies are placed, and the methodological aspects related to them. Considered as processed and shaped artefacts, the BLO can therefore be studied by referring to the concept of the chaîne opératoire (operational sequence). The ingredients, instruments and equipment used, products and by-products generated at each stage of this occasionally complex sequence are used to illustrate and reconstruct the manufacturing process, possibly supported by the experimental reproduction of the actions involved. Based on this concept of the chaîne opératoire, an objective classification of products and by-products can be attempted. Since the primary components of the preparations are no longer identifiable under a binocular magnifying glass, non-invasive imaging techniques are used to facilitate their analysis. Current approaches consist of the search for diagnostic elements to determine the plant foods used. A preliminary scanning electron microscope analysis confirms the presence of dough made from semolina or flour, derived from cereals, but also sometimes from legumes or dried fruits, such as acorns and hazelnuts. Identification of cereals is based, in particular, on tissue fragments from the outer layers of the cereal grain (commonly called “bran” as a whole), or even fragments of glumes or awns, whose micro-anatomy (histology) offer diagnostic characteristics for their identification. Starch granules and yeast spores are also sought after. Chemical approaches using mass spectrometry occasionally supplement these methods, in order to identify certain aspects of their molecular composition. In addition to the attention paid to the basic ingredients, we also endeavour to understand the succession of actions applied to the dough and the way in which they were created and prepared, as well as the cooking methods that they subsequently experienced. Protocols of study are still being refined, in particular for the recognition of fermented doughs, and the criteria that would make it possible to differentiate a bread from a flatbread, for example. Without damaging the archaeological specimen, X-ray microtomography allows for an observation of the internal structure of the dough and the gas bubbles (pores) produced by fermentation, as well as inclusions and additions of ingredients other than flour. Results from initial analysis reveal that the products studied were prepared from extremely pure flours and were very carefully ground and sieved. We note that wheat(s), but also barley are the main components, sometimes mixed, though it is not yet possible to assess the proportions of such mixtures. Examination of the doughs reveals signifcant differences in texture and structure: presence or absence of a crust, pores of varying sizes and frequency, doughs whose air has been kneaded out, etc. The first observations also highlight the high quality of the flour used for making (flat) breads from the Roman period, which appear to have been very fine and rather free of impurities (such as husk fragments). This suggests the use of ingredients that are well cleaned before milling, as well as the use of free-threshing cereals, initially lowering the proportion of inedible elements likely to be found in the flours. These findings differ from the Metal Age specimens previously studied in Europe, which appear to contain a higher frequency of bran and glume remains. The major shift from hulled towards free-threshing cereals was motivated more by technical constraints weighing on the product intended for sale, than by new dietary habits: free-threshing wheat species could be directly processed. The demand for “ready-to-use” grains has sometimes been coupled with a demand for semi-processed ingredients: in Northern Gaul, we know of certain sites from the late La Tène period documenting milling activities largely exceeding the needs of their occupants, probably partly oriented towards the supply of ground or crushed products. It is likely crucial to include the development of the bakery in this new organization of food trade networks, wherein establishments respond to urban consumers’ needs for basic food products by ensuring the entire chaîne opératoire from grinding grain to selling bread.

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    Gallia
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      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Gallia
      Article . 2022
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    Authors: Caiado, André; Ferreira, Verónica; Cardina, Miguel;

    Durante um largo período, o efetivo impacto da guerra colonial na sociedade portuguesa foi acompanhado de um relativo silêncio institucional envolvendo a memória do conflito. À escassa abordagem pública do evento seguiu-se, nas duas últimas décadas, o crescimento de diferentes processos de memorialização do conflito, para os quais contribuiu decisivamente o trabalho de memória produzido por associações ou grupos mais ou menos formalizados de antigos combatentes. Este artigo analisa dois desses eixos memoriais: os monumentos evocativos da guerra e as representações mnemónicas do conflito no maior blogue português de antigos combatentes. Argumentaremos que apesar de estarem circunscritos às comunidades de recordação que os promovem e neles participam, influenciam e são influenciados pela memória pública dominante da guerra e contribuem para gerar momentos de sociabilidade e sentimentos de (auto)reconhecimento para esses grupos. For a long period of time, the effective impact of the colonial war on Portuguese society was accompanied by a relative institutional silence concerning the memory of the conflict. The scarce public approach to the event was followed, in the last two decades, by the growth of different processes of memorialization of the conflict, to which the memory work produced by more or less formalized associations or groups of former combatants contributed decisively. This article analyzes two of these memorial axes: the war memorials and the mnemonic representations of the conflict in the largest Portuguese blog of former combatants. We will argue that despite being circumscribed to the communities of remembrance that promote and participate in them, they influence and are influenced by the dominant public memory of the war and contribute to generate moments of sociability and feelings of (self)recognition for these groups. Pendant une longue période, l’impact effectif de la guerre coloniale sur la société portugaise s’est accompagné d’un relatif silence institutionnel concernant la mémoire du conflit. La rareté de l’approche publique de l’événement a été suivie, au cours des deux dernières décennies, par la croissance de différents processus de mémorisation du conflit, auxquels a contribué de manière décisive le travail de mémoire produit par des associations ou des groupes plus ou moins formalisés d’anciens combattants. Cet article analyse deux de ces axes mémoriels: les monuments de guerre et les représentations mnémoniques du conflit dans le plus grand blog portugais d’anciens combattants. Nous soutiendrons que, bien qu’ils soient circonscrits aux communautés du souvenir qui les promeuvent et y participent, ils influencent et sont influencés par la mémoire publique dominante de la guerre et contribuent à générer des moments de sociabilité et des sentiments d’(auto)reconnaissance pour ces groupes.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ LAReferencia - Red F...arrow_drop_down
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    Ler História
    Article . 2021
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    Estudo Geral
    Article . 2021
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      Ler História
      Article . 2021
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      Estudo Geral
      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Véronique Dasen; Typhaine Haziza;

    Ce dossier explore les notions de normes et de transgressions dans l’Antiquité gréco-romaine à travers le prisme du jeu en tant qu’opérateur et révélateur d’une société. Six études de cas s’échelonnent de la Grèce classique au Haut-Empire romain. Chacune témoigne de la capacité du jeu à créer un espace de cohésion sociale, comme dans le cadre du symposion ou du sphaeristerium, en fédérant une collectivité par le respect de règles communes dans un cadre civique, mais sans contrainte institutionnelle ou temporelle. Le contrat ludique contribue à l’intégration des individus en marge du corps civique, comme les esclaves et les affranchis. Une dimension transgressive se manifeste de différentes manières. Elle peut constituer une forme de jeu social, comme dans l’inversion des rôles de maîtres et esclaves pendant les Saturnales. Le contrat ludique peut aussi être rompu par l’excès, que ce soit de jeux d’argent ou d’une violence inappropriée exercée sur des animaux. This issue investigates the notions of norms and transgressions in Greco-Roman antiquity through the prism of play and games as fashioning as well as revealing a society. Six case studies range from Classical Greece to the High Roman Empire. Each one testifies to the capacity of games to create a space of social cohesion, as in the symposion or the sphaeristerium, by federating a community through the observance of common rules in a civic framework, but without institutional or temporal constraint. The ludic contract contributes to the assimilation of social norms and to the integration of individuals on the margins of the civic body, such as slaves and freedmen since childhood. A transgressive dimension manifests itself in different ways. It can be a form of social play, as in the reversal of the roles of masters and slaves during the Saturnalia. The ludic contract can also be broken by excess, either of gambling or of an inappropriate violence exercised on animals.

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    Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Article . 2022
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      Other literature type . Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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