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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zhao, Lin; Issra, Pramoolsook;

    Over the past two decades, extensive research has been conducted on the rhetorical structure of research articles (RAs) from the English for Specific Purposes (ESP) genre approach. However, RA configuration from the Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) genre perspective remains under-investigated, particularly in the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) field. This study aimed to examine the deployment of SFL elemental genres to construct the TCM RAs. To this end, 40 empirical articles published from 2020 to 2021 were selected from five high-impact TCM journals for the analysis. The findings showed that report, recount, argument, and explanation were employed to construct the TCM RAs. Under these broad genre families, 13 elemental genres were identified, for instance, descriptive report, procedural recount, exposition and factorial explanation. Regarding the frequency, report and recount played a major role in configuring the TCM RAs whereas argument and explanation played a supplementary role. Moreover, the ESP genre held that the macro-structure of RA is shaped like an hourglass, which was also attested by the present SFL elemental genres in terms of the generic complexity. Such deconstruction of a macrogenre into elemental genres serving as building blocks of text promises pedagogical implications for English for Academic Purposes (EAP) teachers and graduate students.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ figsharearrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Studied in the current literature solely for his miniature work at the court of Henry VIII, Lucas Horenbout (d.1544) was equally sought after as an illuminator of prayerbooks. His career in this genre marks an important inflection point in the history of English art. The late 15th and early 16th centuries saw the final fluorescence of the illuminated prayerbook. This occurred side-by-side with a publishing revolution anchored in new technology that changed the parameters of book production and distribution. The Reformation, together with the advent of the printing press, combined to transform the market for illuminating skills Lucas had learned in his father’s workshop in Ghent. His artistic output between 1530 and 1544 bridges the transition from traditional handwritten, hand-illuminated manuscripts to the modern, mass-produced printed book. This paper discusses that transition through Horenbout’s proposed work in five illuminated prayerbooks created for four different patrons: Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn, Kateryn Parr and Anne Stanhope, Countess of Hertford and later Duchess of Somerset, as well as his collaborative additions to the 1539 Great Bible under the patronage of Thomas Cromwell. Horenbout’s career demonstrates how an elite artist adapted his art both to a changing marketplace and to the shifting power politics of the Tudor court.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Luo, Zhen-Ning; Zhang, Tian-Yang; Xu, Meng-Yuan; Fang, Ruo-Fan; +6 Authors

    Efficient removal of 2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB), a typical odor component, in water treatment plants (WTPs) poses a great challenge to conventional water treatment technology due to its chemical stability. In this study, the combination of ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) and chlorine (UV-LED/chlorine) was exploited for 2-MIB removal, and the role of ultraviolet (UV) wavelength was investigated systematically. Results showed that UV or chlorination alone did not degrade 2-MIB effectively, but UV/chlorine process could degrade 2-MIB efficiently, followed pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The 275 nm UV exhibited higher 2-MIB degradation efficiency in this UV-LED/chlorine system than 254 nm UV, 265 nm UV and 285 nm UV due to the highest mole adsorption coefficient and quantum yield of chlorine in 275nm UV. ·OH and ·Cl produced in the 275 nm UV/chlorine system played major roles in 2-MIB degradation. HCO3- and Natural organic matter (NOM), which are prevalent in water, consumed ·OH and ·Cl, thus inhibiting the 2-MIB degradation by UV-LED/chlorine. In addition, NOM and 2-MIB could form photonic competition effect. The degradation of 2-MIB by UV-LED/chlorine was mainly through dehydration and demethylation, and odorous intermediates such as camphor are produced. 2-MIB was degraded through α bond fracture and six-membered ring opening to form saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons and aldehydes. Four DBPs, chloroform (CF), trichloroacetaldehyde (TCE), trichloroacetone (TCP) and dichloroacetone (DCP), were mainly generated, and CF was the most significant byproducts.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ figsharearrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ figsharearrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Yang, Bingduo; Liu, Xiaohui; Long, Wei; Peng, Liang;

    Using the augmented Dickey-Fuller test to verify the existence of a unit root in an autoregressive process often requires the correctly specified intercept, since the test statistics can be distinctive under different model specifications and lead to contradictory results at times. In this article, we develop a unified inference that not only unifies the specifications of the intercept but also accommodates different degrees of persistence of the underlying process and heteroscedastic errors. A simulation study shows that the resulting unified unit root test exhibits excellent size control and reasonably good power. In an empirical application, we implement the proposed test to re-examine the presence of unit roots within eleven widely used variables in stock return predictability.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ figsharearrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hagen, Sal; Venturini, Tommaso;

    In this article we propose a new theoretical framework to conceptualise Internet memes and to trace their temporal variation on 4chan/pol/. We draw from literature on primary and secondary orality to conceptualise the repetition-with-variation of Internet memes as a form of memecry, which we argue is specifically pertinent to the collectivity of online subcultures. We operationalise its study through formulas: mnemonic phrases that encapsulate important elements of oral cultures, which have arguably regained prominence in ephemeral and fast-paced online environments. While Internet memes have often been studied as single images or words, formulas provide a more complex unit for tracing variation and not only circulation. We offer a quali-quantitative protocol to investigate memecry and visualise the spread and variability of 65 prominent formulas on 4chan/pol/, a far-right space known for its reliance on memes. By discussing several cases, we demonstrate how 4chan’s collective identity indeed features typical of secondary oral cultures, while revealing how the memecry of its formulas is entwined with reactionary sentiments and a subcultural struggle for distinction.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ figsharearrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ figsharearrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Costello, Eugene; Kearney, Kevin; Gearey, Benjamin;

    This paper uses interdisciplinary methods to investigate responses to the Little Ice Age in regions where livestock farming was dominant, a neglected subject due to the scarcity of detailed written records regarding pastoral land use. It argues that landscape-level histories which include pollen evidence and archaeology can address this challenge and reveal local processes of climate adaptation. Here we focus on Ireland and Scotland and a fascinating rise in small-scale cereal cultivation on upland pastures during the Little Ice Age. Bayesian modeling is used to test the chronological resolution of field evidence and compare it with climate reconstructions. We can see that the cultivation emerged in late medieval times, when cattle were facing climate-related stresses, and increased in early modern times during the Little Ice Age’s main phase. We suggest that it started in an indirect adaptation to climate change, supplementing supplies of food and fodder for pastoralists, but increased as rural populations and external market demands grew. There is a need for finer temporal resolution in pollen records and archaeology, as well as greater integration with socio-economic history, if we are to be more certain about changes in the relative significance of climate in pastoral land use.

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    Authors: Ostafin, Krzysztof; Troll, Mateusz; Ślusarek, Krzysztof; Smaliychuk, Anatoliy; +4 Authors

    The lack of long-term assessment of the administrative divisions of Galicia, a former part of the Austrian monarchy, has so far been a serious obstacle in the mapping and spatial analyses of archival census data. To fill this gap, we reconstructed the boundaries of 5944 cadastral communes, court districts, and political districts into circles (https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PXDP41). Geometric boundaries are accompanied by different names according to census and cartographic sources. We found that a detailed reconstruction of the administrative units for Galicia is critically important for appropriately using census data in spatial analyses. So far, it has been neglected or considered difficult to perform because of the large area of the region, frequent administrative changes, and time-consuming map processing.

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    This study presents the first sectorally disaggregated estimates of the industrial output growth for Turkey between World War I and II. These estimates indicate that at the aggregate level the existing official index overestimates the output growth. Secondly, the sectoral disaggregation shows that the industrial growth was balanced, as both textiles and food-processing branches, which comprised most of the value-added, grew significantly. Local industries expanded against the only modest gains in per capita consumption of manufactured goods and incomes. Output growth was positively correlated with higher initial import penetration and nominal protection rates, which implies that trade protectionism helped favorable relative prices induce domestic expansion. On the other hand, both import-competing and domestic-market-oriented sectors significantly expanded, which suggests that import repression and increasing domestic demand drove industrial growth.

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    Authors: Mestas, Manina; Arendt, Florian;

    During the nineteenth century, suicide rates rose substantially in many countries, including the geographic region of the present state of Austria. Sensational news reporting about suicides may have contributed to this rise by eliciting so-called copycat suicides, a phenomenon termed the ‘Werther effect.’ We conducted a large-scale content analysis of nineteenth-century suicide reporting (N = 14,638) to provide a descriptive account of the quality of suicide reporting back then. We found that much of the sensational reporting of the nineteenth century was characterized by presenting vivid details on the suicide method, specific location, and personal details, such as the deceased’s name, occupation, and exact address. To put these findings into context, we compared them to twenty-first-century suicide reporting (N = 300 articles). We found that the quality of reporting has improved since then, containing less Werther-effect-facilitative elements, however, the reports still fail to adhere to modern-day guidelines of responsible reporting.

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    Authors: Yang, Liu; Lahiri, Kajal; Pagan, Adrian;

    Judging the conformity of binary events in macroeconomics and finance has often been done with indices that measure synchronization. In recent years, the use of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve has become popular for this task. This paper shows that the ROC and synchronization approaches are closely related, and each can be derived from a decision-making framework. Furthermore, the resulting global measures of the degree of conformity can be identified and estimated using the standard method of moments estimators. The impact of serial dependence in the underlying series upon inferences can therefore be allowed for. Such serial correlation is common in macroeconomic and financial data.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zhao, Lin; Issra, Pramoolsook;

    Over the past two decades, extensive research has been conducted on the rhetorical structure of research articles (RAs) from the English for Specific Purposes (ESP) genre approach. However, RA configuration from the Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) genre perspective remains under-investigated, particularly in the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) field. This study aimed to examine the deployment of SFL elemental genres to construct the TCM RAs. To this end, 40 empirical articles published from 2020 to 2021 were selected from five high-impact TCM journals for the analysis. The findings showed that report, recount, argument, and explanation were employed to construct the TCM RAs. Under these broad genre families, 13 elemental genres were identified, for instance, descriptive report, procedural recount, exposition and factorial explanation. Regarding the frequency, report and recount played a major role in configuring the TCM RAs whereas argument and explanation played a supplementary role. Moreover, the ESP genre held that the macro-structure of RA is shaped like an hourglass, which was also attested by the present SFL elemental genres in terms of the generic complexity. Such deconstruction of a macrogenre into elemental genres serving as building blocks of text promises pedagogical implications for English for Academic Purposes (EAP) teachers and graduate students.

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    Studied in the current literature solely for his miniature work at the court of Henry VIII, Lucas Horenbout (d.1544) was equally sought after as an illuminator of prayerbooks. His career in this genre marks an important inflection point in the history of English art. The late 15th and early 16th centuries saw the final fluorescence of the illuminated prayerbook. This occurred side-by-side with a publishing revolution anchored in new technology that changed the parameters of book production and distribution. The Reformation, together with the advent of the printing press, combined to transform the market for illuminating skills Lucas had learned in his father’s workshop in Ghent. His artistic output between 1530 and 1544 bridges the transition from traditional handwritten, hand-illuminated manuscripts to the modern, mass-produced printed book. This paper discusses that transition through Horenbout’s proposed work in five illuminated prayerbooks created for four different patrons: Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn, Kateryn Parr and Anne Stanhope, Countess of Hertford and later Duchess of Somerset, as well as his collaborative additions to the 1539 Great Bible under the patronage of Thomas Cromwell. Horenbout’s career demonstrates how an elite artist adapted his art both to a changing marketplace and to the shifting power politics of the Tudor court.

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    Authors: Luo, Zhen-Ning; Zhang, Tian-Yang; Xu, Meng-Yuan; Fang, Ruo-Fan; +6 Authors

    Efficient removal of 2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB), a typical odor component, in water treatment plants (WTPs) poses a great challenge to conventional water treatment technology due to its chemical stability. In this study, the combination of ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) and chlorine (UV-LED/chlorine) was exploited for 2-MIB removal, and the role of ultraviolet (UV) wavelength was investigated systematically. Results showed that UV or chlorination alone did not degrade 2-MIB effectively, but UV/chlorine process could degrade 2-MIB efficiently, followed pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The 275 nm UV exhibited higher 2-MIB degradation efficiency in this UV-LED/chlorine system than 254 nm UV, 265 nm UV and 285 nm UV due to the highest mole adsorption coefficient and quantum yield of chlorine in 275nm UV. ·OH and ·Cl produced in the 275 nm UV/chlorine system played major roles in 2-MIB degradation. HCO3- and Natural organic matter (NOM), which are prevalent in water, consumed ·OH and ·Cl, thus inhibiting the 2-MIB degradation by UV-LED/chlorine. In addition, NOM and 2-MIB could form photonic competition effect. The degradation of 2-MIB by UV-LED/chlorine was mainly through dehydration and demethylation, and odorous intermediates such as camphor are produced. 2-MIB was degraded through α bond fracture and six-membered ring opening to form saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons and aldehydes. Four DBPs, chloroform (CF), trichloroacetaldehyde (TCE), trichloroacetone (TCP) and dichloroacetone (DCP), were mainly generated, and CF was the most significant byproducts.

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    Authors: Yang, Bingduo; Liu, Xiaohui; Long, Wei; Peng, Liang;

    Using the augmented Dickey-Fuller test to verify the existence of a unit root in an autoregressive process often requires the correctly specified intercept, since the test statistics can be distinctive under different model specifications and lead to contradictory results at times. In this article, we develop a unified inference that not only unifies the specifications of the intercept but also accommodates different degrees of persistence of the underlying process and heteroscedastic errors. A simulation study shows that the resulting unified unit root test exhibits excellent size control and reasonably good power. In an empirical application, we implement the proposed test to re-examine the presence of unit roots within eleven widely used variables in stock return predictability.

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    Authors: Hagen, Sal; Venturini, Tommaso;

    In this article we propose a new theoretical framework to conceptualise Internet memes and to trace their temporal variation on 4chan/pol/. We draw from literature on primary and secondary orality to conceptualise the repetition-with-variation of Internet memes as a form of memecry, which we argue is specifically pertinent to the collectivity of online subcultures. We operationalise its study through formulas: mnemonic phrases that encapsulate important elements of oral cultures, which have arguably regained prominence in ephemeral and fast-paced online environments. While Internet memes have often been studied as single images or words, formulas provide a more complex unit for tracing variation and not only circulation. We offer a quali-quantitative protocol to investigate memecry and visualise the spread and variability of 65 prominent formulas on 4chan/pol/, a far-right space known for its reliance on memes. By discussing several cases, we demonstrate how 4chan’s collective identity indeed features typical of secondary oral cultures, while revealing how the memecry of its formulas is entwined with reactionary sentiments and a subcultural struggle for distinction.

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    Authors: Costello, Eugene; Kearney, Kevin; Gearey, Benjamin;

    This paper uses interdisciplinary methods to investigate responses to the Little Ice Age in regions where livestock farming was dominant, a neglected subject due to the scarcity of detailed written records regarding pastoral land use. It argues that landscape-level histories which include pollen evidence and archaeology can address this challenge and reveal local processes of climate adaptation. Here we focus on Ireland and Scotland and a fascinating rise in small-scale cereal cultivation on upland pastures during the Little Ice Age. Bayesian modeling is used to test the chronological resolution of field evidence and compare it with climate reconstructions. We can see that the cultivation emerged in late medieval times, when cattle were facing climate-related stresses, and increased in early modern times during the Little Ice Age’s main phase. We suggest that it started in an indirect adaptation to climate change, supplementing supplies of food and fodder for pastoralists, but increased as rural populations and external market demands grew. There is a need for finer temporal resolution in pollen records and archaeology, as well as greater integration with socio-economic history, if we are to be more certain about changes in the relative significance of climate in pastoral land use.

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    Authors: Ostafin, Krzysztof; Troll, Mateusz; Ślusarek, Krzysztof; Smaliychuk, Anatoliy; +4 Authors

    The lack of long-term assessment of the administrative divisions of Galicia, a former part of the Austrian monarchy, has so far been a serious obstacle in the mapping and spatial analyses of archival census data. To fill this gap, we reconstructed the boundaries of 5944 cadastral communes, court districts, and political districts into circles (https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PXDP41). Geometric boundaries are accompanied by different names according to census and cartographic sources. We found that a detailed reconstruction of the administrative units for Galicia is critically important for appropriately using census data in spatial analyses. So far, it has been neglected or considered difficult to perform because of the large area of the region, frequent administrative changes, and time-consuming map processing.

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    This study presents the first sectorally disaggregated estimates of the industrial output growth for Turkey between World War I and II. These estimates indicate that at the aggregate level the existing official index overestimates the output growth. Secondly, the sectoral disaggregation shows that the industrial growth was balanced, as both textiles and food-processing branches, which comprised most of the value-added, grew significantly. Local industries expanded against the only modest gains in per capita consumption of manufactured goods and incomes. Output growth was positively correlated with higher initial import penetration and nominal protection rates, which implies that trade protectionism helped favorable relative prices induce domestic expansion. On the other hand, both import-competing and domestic-market-oriented sectors significantly expanded, which suggests that import repression and increasing domestic demand drove industrial growth.

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    Authors: Mestas, Manina; Arendt, Florian;

    During the nineteenth century, suicide rates rose substantially in many countries, including the geographic region of the present state of Austria. Sensational news reporting about suicides may have contributed to this rise by eliciting so-called copycat suicides, a phenomenon termed the ‘Werther effect.’ We conducted a large-scale content analysis of nineteenth-century suicide reporting (N = 14,638) to provide a descriptive account of the quality of suicide reporting back then. We found that much of the sensational reporting of the nineteenth century was characterized by presenting vivid details on the suicide method, specific location, and personal details, such as the deceased’s name, occupation, and exact address. To put these findings into context, we compared them to twenty-first-century suicide reporting (N = 300 articles). We found that the quality of reporting has improved since then, containing less Werther-effect-facilitative elements, however, the reports still fail to adhere to modern-day guidelines of responsible reporting.

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    Authors: Yang, Liu; Lahiri, Kajal; Pagan, Adrian;

    Judging the conformity of binary events in macroeconomics and finance has often been done with indices that measure synchronization. In recent years, the use of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve has become popular for this task. This paper shows that the ROC and synchronization approaches are closely related, and each can be derived from a decision-making framework. Furthermore, the resulting global measures of the degree of conformity can be identified and estimated using the standard method of moments estimators. The impact of serial dependence in the underlying series upon inferences can therefore be allowed for. Such serial correlation is common in macroeconomic and financial data.

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