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Fake news is not a novel concept but the scale of its spread and the damage it has and continues to cause is alarming. From the US presidential elections in 2016 to the COVID-19 pandemic and today, fake news has been circulating in news media corrupting the public opinion. Fake news alters democratic discussions polarizing people’s opinions sowing distrust in national institutions and setting different groups against each other. It is a threat to democracy and national security. It is crucial to prevent fake news from spreading and one solution is to create an automatic fake news detection system. A solution is researched using natural language processing (NLP) tasks, namely text classification. NLP is a type of artificial intelligence that is essentially taught to understand human language. Using thematic analysis, the main steps and techniques of fake news detection models are described and through a comparative analysis the state-of-the-art models are distinguished. And while there are many potential fake news detection models for English there is not much variety for other languages. So, it is additionally analysed if these benchmark models can be implemented for Finnish language as well. Valeuutiset eivät ole uusi käsite, mutta niiden leviämisen laajuus ja niiden aiheuttamat vahingot ovat huolestuttavia. Yhdysvaltain presidentinvaaleista vuonna 2016 COVID-19-pandemiaan ja nykypäivään asti, uutismediassa on kiertänyt valeuutisia, jotka muokkaavat yleisön mielipidettä. Valeuutiset muuttavat demokraattista keskustelua polarisoimalla ihmisten mielipiteitä kylväen epäluottamusta kansallisiin instituutioihin ja asettaen erilaisia ryhmiä toisiaan vastaan. Se on uhka demokratialle ja kansalliselle turvallisuudelle. On tärkeää estää valeuutisten leviäminen, ja yksi ratkaisu on luoda automaattinen valeuutisten havaitsemisjärjestelmä. Ratkaisua tutkitaan käyttämällä luonnollisen kielen käsittelyn (NLP) tehtäviä, etenkin tekstin luokittelua. NLP on tekoälyn tyyppi, missä tietokone opetetaan ymmärtämään ihmisten kieltä. Temaattisen analyysin avulla kuvataan valeuutisten havaitsemismallien päävaiheet sekä tekniikat, ja vertailevan analyysin avulla valikoidaan uusimmat ja onnistuneimmat mallit. Ja vaikka englannin kielellä on monia mahdollisia valeuutisten havaitsemismalleja, muille kielille ei ole paljon valikoimaa. Lisäksi analysoidaan, voidaanko nämä mallit toteuttaa myös suomen kielelle.

The most important parts of color theories of the moving image are discussed in this thesis. The thesis starts with discussing the history of color theory, more specifically Isaac Newton’s discoveries about colors and the history of how the three primary colors in fine arts were agreed upon, alongside with the development of the color circle. Modern color theories by Johannes Itten and Josef Albers are also explored. Itten developed the color circle that includes the primary, secondary and tertiary colors. It is still often used during the introduction to color theory nowadays. Furthermore, in this thesis the seven color contrasts by Itten and their predicted outcome and effect on the artwork are presented, as well as the deceptive nature of colors as described by Albers. In the last part of the discussion about color theories in the moving image, the different meanings that colors carry are investigated. Discoveries about the change of meaning, depending on context and background of the viewers were made. Nonetheless there are more common associations of a certain color with a certain emotion, which has been used in cinematic works, for example in Alfred Hitchcock’s films. As examples of how video artists apply color theory in their work, the works of Pipilotti Rist and Isaac Julien were examined and analyzed. It was concluded that color is a powerful tool that can help artists to create strong atmospheres and implement emotions in their work. After a deep research into color theory and looking into cases where the influence of color can be clearly seen in the work, SeekShift was created as the case study. The report of the work process is presented. In SeekShift, the color theories by Itten and Albers, along with the psychological effects of colors to create feelings and emotions that are associated with teenagehood, were utilized. This project was created to be part of the Kaleidoscopers exhibition at Galleria Himmelblau, Tampere in spring 2021, but it had to be postponed to autumn 2021 due to the Covid-19 situation.

In contemporary art, it is easy to work with someone else’s material legally or illegally thanks to the wide digital networks, but the creative process remains an individual quest. The starting point for this thesis was to study how appropriation is applied in contemporary art and how art history has affected the ways in which artists take inspiration and material from others. By examining different theories, opinions and example cases, the concept and current state of art appropriation was researched. Ideas about artistic authenticity were studied and the current copyright laws were shortly presented in the thesis. Postproduction art was analyzed in theory and defined in different practical cases where new creative work was made from existing artistic material. Based on the research, clearer definitions were made, and new emerging creative areas were mapped more in-depth. Working with other people’s material creates new possibilities for individual expression and experimentation as well as social commentary, but it will nevertheless remain in a moral and legislative sense a grey area when it comes to ownership. The thesis includes also a report about Placeholders, a video installation with mural artwork and mixed media paintings, that was made for the Fine Art study path’s degree show Atomic Jungle. The exhibition was planned for Galleria Himmelblau but was implemented virtually on the degree show website due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The artwork was based on thoughts about authenticity, collage identity and outside influence affecting our individuality.