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Corpus plurimodal, comprenant 102h d'interactions de soin dont 8h d'interactions de groupe (r��unions professionnelles) ; dossiers de soin m��dico-sociaux. Le corpus a ��t�� recueilli dans le cadre du projet �� Parole ��merg��e �� r��alis��e �� ANPAA-70 (Association Nationale de Pr��vention en Alcoologie et Addictologie) site de l'Escale �� Vesoul. Le corpus comprend 345 interactions de soin d'un volume audio global de 102h entre un usager et un professionnel en addictologie (m��decin, infirmi��re, psychologue, ��ducateur). La dur��e moyenne d'une interaction est de 15mn (entre 2'30 et 55mn). Le choix des interactions transcrites (actuellement 37 interactions soit 9h) a ��t�� effectu�� de fa��on �� focaliser sur un nombre restreint de locuteurs, ayant : 1) fr��quent�� la structure de fa��on r��p��t��e au cours de la p��riode de recueil et 2) rencontr�� plusieurs interlocuteurs professionnels distincts. Les enregistrements ont ��t�� effectu��s par les professionnels eux-m��mes, qui avaient �� leur disposition un enregistreur. Les interactions constituent : a) des entretiens m��dicaux d'anamn��se, b) des entretiens m��dicaux de suivi, c) des rendez-vous de d��livrance de m��thadone, d) des rendez-vous de constitution d'un dossier admistratif (p.ex. surendettement). Le d��roulement et l'objet des ��changes d��pendent donc d'une part de la sp��cialit�� du professionnel et d'autre part de la fr��quence de consultation de l'usager. Les s��quences conversationnelles alternent avec les s��quences narratives et descriptives. Il est fr��quent que l'usager soit conduit �� d��velopper des sujets tr��s personnels, mais ce n'est pas pr��visible. Les s��quences d'ouverture/cl��ture de l'entrevue ne sont g��n��ralement pas enregistr��es. Les donn��es sont anonym��es

In this paper we study the relationships between plants and extinct megafauna by examining the characteristics of the vegetation in the central region of Argentina (i.e. Espinal, Monte, and Chaco phytogeographic regions). First, we study the size, shape, quantity, and characteristics of fruits and seeds. We also evaluate the presence of mechanical (spinescence and wood density) and chemical (secondary metabolic compounds) defenses against high rates of herbivory. Complementarily, we assess the importance these plants had for human populations, using archeological, ethnographic, and current data. A high percentage of the analyzed plants met the criteria proposed for fruits and seeds dispersed by megafauna, together with a high frequency of spinescence, high density woods, and secondary metabolites. We propose that these traits cannot be explained by the herbivory pressure of extant fauna in the area, but rather developed in interaction with currently extinct fauna. We suggest that Pleistocene megafaunal extinction had important consequences in the region due to their role as ecosystem engineers and to vegetation’s characteristics, which were probably strongly shaped by megafauna activities. Among these consequences, we discuss the loss of certain interactions between these animals and vegetation, such as loss of seed dispersal mechanisms, shrub invasion, and increased susceptibility of vegetation to fire. Other effects for hunter-gatherer groups were the generation of highly regulated mobility patterns and the formation of barriers for the dispersal of prey. Finally, we also discuss the importance of these plants for human populations as food, construction material, medicines and firewood. Likewise, the role of humans as “heirs” of the megafauna in the propagation of tree and shrub species is highlighted.

By the time of the Mid-Holocene Ulmus pollen decline (UD) ca. 5100 14C bp (ca. 5900 cal. BP), the Neolithic was becoming well established in Britain and Ireland. The importance of cereal cultivation as part of the initial neolithization process in the British Isles is uncertain, as archaeological sites of the first Neolithic remain elusive. Palaeoecologists have recorded cereal-type pollen grains in peat deposits that pre-date the UD significantly, but as some wild grasses can produce pollen that closely resembles cereal pollen grains, these early pollen records are not trusted as evidence of cereal cultivation. Some of these wild grass taxa grow in coastal wetland environments, making cereal-type pollen from such locations particularly open to question. This study uses fine-resolution palynology through a sequence of coastal hydroseral deposits that contain no evidence of human activity, to look for the presence of wild grass pollen of cereal size and morphology. Our results show that while such grains are not recorded at 1 cm resolution, at contiguous 2 mm resolution sampling sporadic occurrences of large grass pollen of possible cereal-type, resembling Hordeum, were detected. Morphology suggests that these cereal-type grains are of wild grass origin, almost certainly Glyceria, but their presence suggests that high-resolution analyses of coastal zone sediments will often discover cereal-type grains. Great care must be taken in identifying cereal-type pollen in coastal palaeo-wetland sediments, and rigorous identification protocols should be applied. Where grains could still be of cultivated cereal-type, the presence of other disturbance indicators is an important factor in inferring their origin.

Pollen, plant macrofossils and charcoal analyses were used to study tree diversity, fire history and forest disturbance over the past c. 3500 years at three forest remnant sites in Vendsyssel, northern Denmark. All locations had a more diverse tree composition in the past including abundant Alnus, Betula, Corylus, Pinus, Quercus, Salix, Tilia and Ulmus. The changes in tree diversity through time can be attributed to a combination of factors including climate change, burning linked to shifting cultivation, grazing and felling. The balance between arboreal and non-arboreal pollen was already being influenced by human activities in the late Bronze Age c. 3000 years ago. The high pollen abundance values recorded for Tilia pre-2000 years ago are exceptional as compared to later periods at these sites. At one location, the transition from Tilia to Fagus indicated that Tilia prevailed until c. 1300 years ago. Subsequent periods of forest clearance, with charcoal and cereal cultivation, initially including Hordeum and subsequently also Secale, were recorded. There was pollen evidence for grazing followed by shrub regeneration including Calluna, Erica, Juniperus and herbaceous taxa, and following that, a forest recovery of mainly Fagus, Picea and Pinus. This recovery is also recorded in historical forest records from 1880 CE onwards, emphasising the dominant role of plantation schemes. Results are placed in a wider framework of other sites in Denmark and southern Scandinavia, which have also documented a reduction of tree diversity and forest cover over the same period. The evidence from the long-term record is used to draw conclusions to assist forest restoration programmes.

A collection of projects generated by graduate and undergraduate students affiliated with the Robbins Library and Koller-Collins Center at the University of Rochester.

We present a high-resolution record of environmental changes during the Mid-Late Holocene obtained from a lake sediment core covering the past 4.87 cal kyr BP in the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica. The magnetic signal of Lake L6 was found to be primarily controlled by catchment-derived ferrimagnetic minerals. The period between 4.87 and 3.35 cal kyr BP is marked by several episodes of cold and warm conditions. Warm and wet conditions prevailed in the region from 3.35 to 2.43 cal kyr BP. Magnetic susceptibility values remained generally low indicating the pedogenic formation of fine magnetic grains. The high values of the chemical weathering indices reflected the warm and wet conditions conducive to chemical weathering. A transition to cold and dry conditions was observed at around 2.43 cal kyr BP, representing the Neoglacial cooling, with high values of magnetic concentration-dependent parameters. Following the Neoglacial period, a return to warm and wet conditions was observed at 1.63 cal kyr BP, coeval with the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Our record shows a Late-Holocene cooling marked by a sudden increase in magnetic susceptibility values, which could represent the Little Ice Age, followed by a shift to warmer conditions near the core top.