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When Lev Tolstoy died in 1910, he was a literary celebrity, famous well beyond the borders of his native Russia. Toward the end of his life, photographers – today we would call them paparazzi – would camp out on the lawn outside of the Yasnaya Polyana estate, following Tolstoy’s every move. His first posthumous photograph, taken on his deathbed in Astapovo, appeared in leading global media from New York to Bombay, and the newsreel documenting his funeral drew such crowds that its screenings had to be banned. Tolstoy’s death became one of the first truly international media events of the twentieth century (see Chapter 2). But the public hunger for images of the great man was already prominent much earlier in his life, when both commissioned and unsolicited portraits and photographs proliferated, creating an international Tolstoy iconography. Throughout the twentieth century, artists, filmmakers, and writers attempted to create their own vision of Tolstoy, either embracing or opposing, but always engaging with, this visual canon. This chapter will discuss Tolstoy as a subject of art in painting, cinema, and the theatre, exploring the impact of celebrity-generated images on his representation in these media.

In their contributions, the scholars take different methodological approaches to varying types of evidence to show that the Flavian emperors did not categorically or uniformly oppose Nero. From Vespasian’s claim to power onwards, aspects of Nero’s legacy were integrated into the Flavians’ policies, building projects, and imperial representations. Through discussions of visual (self-)representations in material culture, literary analyses, and considerations of architectural remains, the contributions to this volume demonstrate how distinctions between Nero’s Rome and that of the Flavian emperors were regularly deconstructed and reconstructed, thereby characterizing and (de)legitimizing the individual Flavian emperors and their abilities to rule, and articulating their relation to imperial predecessors. Overall, by highlighting continuities between the Neronian and Flavian eras and by exploring imperial individuality within the Flavian dynasty, we hope that this volume provides a stimulus to our understanding of the evolution of the principate, especially regarding issues of dynasty and succession in the first century CE. At the same time, the papers in this volume highlight the complex nature of many of our different types of evidence for Flavian Rome, offering ref lections on the difficulties involved in negotiating these complexities in our acts of interpretation and reminding us of the risks of over-ideologization.

This essay reviews the following works: Criminal Enterprises and Governance in Latin America and the Caribbean. By Enrique Desmond Arias. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 301. $75.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781107153936. Sharing This Walk: An Ethnography of Prison Life and the PCC in Brazil. By Karina Biondi. Edited and translated by John F. Collins. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. Pp. vii + 194. $24.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781469623405. Los Zetas Inc.: Criminal Corporations, Energy, and Civil War in Mexico. By Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017. Pp. ix + 379. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781477312759. The Killing Consensus: Police, Organized Crime, and the Regulation of Life and Death in Urban Brazil. By Graham Denyer Willis. Oakland: University of California Press, 2015. Pp. ix +192. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780520285712. The Politics of Drug Violence: Criminals, Cops, and Politicians in Colombia and Mexico. By Angélica Durán-Martínez. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. 328. $29.95, paperback. ISBN: 9780190695965. Making Peace in Drug Wars: Crackdowns and Cartels in Latin America. By Benjamin Lessing. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. vii + 326. $34.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781316648964. En la niebla de la guerra: Los ciudadanos ante la violencia criminal organizada. By Andreas Schedler. Mexico City: Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, 2015. Pp. 282. $17.99 paperback. ISBN: 9786079367480. Mano Dura: The Politics of Gang Control in El Salvador. By Sonja Wolf. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017. Pp. vii + 304. $29.95 paper. ISBN: 9781477311660. Peer reviewed

Extensive institutionalisation of people with mental disorders has a brief history lasting just 150 years. Yet asylums feature prominently in modern perceptions of psychiatry's development, on a mental map drawn in sharp contrasts between humanity and barbarity, knowledge and ignorance, and good and bad practice. This Review seeks to nuance the standard narrative of asylums by considering the voices and views of those who were in them at different historical timepoints. The arguments are to caution against dismissing inpatient care outright as simply fundamentally misconceived, and to show the ideological background to many structures and changes, which might superficially seem merely clinical and instrumental. The aim of this Review is to bring out what current mental health systems can learn from an evidence-based analysis of asylums' actual successes and failures in the past. Peer reviewed

This chapter surveys, through a series of case studies, the material aspects of early Christianity in provinces in the dioceses of Macedonia and Asia (Achaea, Thessalia, Macedonia Prima, Macedonia Secunda, Creta, and the Cyclades now in modern Greece). While many of the urban spaces see some topographic changes in the fourth and fifth centuries, the biggest impact on both urban and rural environments is the construction of a diverse range of Late Antique churches. Church construction begins earlier in Macedonia and the islands than in the rest of mainland Greece, which reflects more diverse network connections in these areas. Within specific topographic regions (e.g., Crete, the Peloponnese), network connections play a role in the choice of church location, but the analysis of the spread of churches clearly indicates a steady process of religious conversion. The archaeology and topography of early Christian churches therefore provides a significant contribution to understanding processes of Christianization.

Funding: Scottish Research Council GCRF fund Community Crafts and Culture (CCC) is a collaborative research project working in Costa Rica that, recognising the essential nature of intergenerational transmission of collective knowledge, sets out to create an online community map of local artisan workshops and to document significant sites in the landscape. A website is being created in collaboration with the local community as part of a local development strategic plan to increase sustainable tourism, using the physical eco/community museum as the administrative hub. Working with existing groups and respected women leaders, the programme also empowers young people by engaging them with their indigenous heritages. Given the opportunity to assume leadership roles and gain skills, young people’s practical experience can contribute towards a more equal and fair com-munity that respects their ancestors’ landscape and safeguards their distinctive ecology for fu-ture generations. Publisher PDF Peer reviewed

Morelli wishes to thank the European Research Council, grant 694583 on power relations, for financial support. When exposed to similar migration flows, countries with different institutional systems may respond with different levels of openness. We study in particular the different responses determined by different electoral systems. We find that Winner Take All countries would tend to be more open than countries with PR when all other policies are kept constant, but, crucially, if we consider the endogenous differences in redistribution levels across systems, then the openness ranking may switch. Publisher PDF

The most extensive public debate on the moral dilemmas of life in the Japanese-occupied Philippines (1941–1945) took place between the first elected legislators of an independent Philippine republic in 1948 over whether to approve a partial presidential amnesty for wartime collaborators. The eventual approval of the amnesty brought an end to a struggling People’s Court system of trying treason cases, abandoned prosecutions for all accused political and economic collaborators, and transferred other cases of military collaboration and informers to regular criminal courts. The chapter explores some of the objections to the amnesty on the grounds of class discrimination that ultimately failed to persuade the majority but argues that, on all sides, participants saw the Philippine experience as deeply integrated in a broader global process of confronting the legacies of brutal foreign occupations.