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AbstractScientific writings, as one essential part of human culture, have evolved over centuries into their current form. Knowing how scientific writings evolved is particularly helpful in understanding how trends in scientific culture developed. It also allows us to better understand how scientific culture was interwoven with human culture generally. The availability of massive digitized texts and the progress in computational technologies today provide us with a convenient and credible way to discern the evolutionary patterns in scientific writings by examining the diachronic linguistic changes. The linguistic changes in scientific writings reflect the genre shifts that took place with historical changes in science and scientific writings. This study investigates a general evolutionary linguistic pattern in scientific writings. It does so by merging two credible computational methods: relative entropy; word-embedding concreteness and imageability. It thus creates a novel quantitative methodology and applies this to the examination of diachronic changes in the Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society (PTRS, 1665–1869). The data from two computational approaches can be well mapped to support the argument that this journal followed the evolutionary trend of increasing professionalization and specialization. But it also shows that language use in this journal was greatly influenced by historical events and other socio-cultural factors. This study, as a “culturomic” approach, demonstrates that the linguistic evolutionary patterns in scientific discourse have been interrupted by external factors even though this scientific discourse would likely have cumulatively developed into a professional and specialized genre. The approaches proposed by this study can make a great contribution to full-text analysis in scientometrics.

Marine phytoplankton are believed to account for more than 45% of photosynthetic net primary production on Earth, and hence are at the base of marine food webs and have an enormous impact on the entire Earth system. Their members are found across many of the major clades of the tree of life, including bacteria (cyanobacteria) and multiple eukaryotic lineages that acquired photosynthesis through the process of endosymbiosis. Our understanding of their distribution in marine ecosystems and their contribution to biogeochemical cycles have increased since they were first described in the 18th century. Here, we review historical milestones in marine phytoplankton research and how their roles were gradually understood, with a particular focus on insights derived from large-scale ocean exploration. We start from the first observations made by explorers and naturalists, review the initial identification of the main phytoplankton groups and the appreciation of their function in the influential Kiel and Plymouth schools that established biological oceanography, to finally outline the contribution of modern large-scale initiatives to understand this fundamental biological component of the ocean. Fil: Pierella Karlusich, Juan José. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Ecole Normale Supérieure; Francia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Ibarbalz, Federico Matias. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Ecole Normale Supérieure; Francia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera; Argentina Fil: Bowler, Chris. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Ecole Normale Supérieure; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia

AbstractMany believe that the quality of a scientific publication is as good as the science it cites. However, quantifications of how features of reference lists affect citations remain sparse. We examined seven numerical characteristics of reference lists of 50,878 research articles published in 17 ecological journals between 1997 and 2017. Over this period, significant changes occurred in reference lists’ features. On average, more recent papers have longer reference lists and cite more high Impact Factor papers and fewer non-journal publications. We also show that highly cited articles across the ecological literature have longer reference lists, cite more recent and impactful references, and include more self-citations. Conversely, the proportion of ‘classic’ papers and non-journal publications cited, as well as the temporal span of the reference list, have no significant influence on articles’ citations. From this analysis, we distill a recipe for crafting impactful reference lists, at least in ecology.

Introduction to Women and Photography in Africa: Creative Practices and Feminist Challenges edited by Darren Newbury, Lorena Rizzo and Kylie Thomas. Forthcoming, Routledge, 2020.

RésumésL’objectif de cet article est de proposer un examen détaillé des apports et des limites de la modélisation en histoire à partir du cas de la Shoah. Il s’appuie sur une enquête qui a permis de reconstituer les « trajectoires de persécution » des 992 Juifs de Lens pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, dont 527 seulement ont survécu. 491 ont été arrêtés, 468 ont été déportés et 449 ont été exterminés. Les données prosopographiques sont utilisées ici pour répondre à une question simple : est-il possible de modéliser la persécution ? En d’autres termes, est-il possible de construire une représentation simplifiée mais heuristique des processus causaux complexes qui ont déterminé les chances de survie face à la persécution nazie à partir de données standardisées sur un nombre relativement important d’individus ? L’article discute les apports et les limites d’une succession de méthodes quantifiées : celles qui s’inscrivent dans ce qu’Andrew Abbott appelle le « programme standard » des sciences sociales, ainsi que l’analyse des réseaux et l’analyse séquentielle. Pour chacune d’entre elles, sont plus particulièrement discutées les manières de rendre compte des interactions entre les individus, de l’historicité des comportements et des processus déterminant ces chances de survie. Les tentatives de modélisation à partir de données historiennes apportent ainsi de véritables renouvellements de connaissances, notamment lorsqu’elles sont menées de manière cumulative sur une même enquête. En passant d’une logique de propriétés individuelles à une logique de trajectoires interconnectées, ces approches permettent de mieux comprendre les interactions sociales et locales, et offrent ainsi des perspectives stimulantes pour la microhistoire de l’Holocauste.

{"references": ["Auer, S\u00f6ren 2018. Towards an Open Research Knowledge Graph (Version 1). Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1157185", "Constantopoulos, Panos & Pertsas, Vayianos 2019. From publications to knowledge graphs. 13th International Workshop on Information Search, Integration, and Personalization, Heraklion, 9\u201310 May 2019.", "29, Issue 3, September 2014, Pages 326\u2013339, https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqu026", "Dombrowski, Quinn & Rockwell, Geoffrey. \"The Directory Paradox\". Forthcoming in Debates in Digital Humanities: Institutions, Infrastructures at the Interstices. Univ. of Minnesota Press. Eds. Anne McGrail et al. 2019.", "Representing Research Findings by Semantifying Survey Articles. 315\u2013327. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319- 67008-9_25", "Jim\u00e9nez RC & Kuzak M & Alhamdoosh M et al. 2017. Four simple recommendations to encourage best practices in research software [version 1; peer review: 3 approved]. F1000Research 2017, 6:876 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11407.1", "Grant, Kaitlyn & Dombrowski, Quinn & Ranaweera, Kamal & Rodriquez-Arenas, Omar & Sinclair, Stefan & Rockwell, Geoffrey. \"Absorbing DiRT: Tool Discovery in the Digital Age.\" Digital Studies/le Champ Num\u00e9rique. Forthcoming.", "de Leeuw, Lisa & Admiraal, Femmy & \u010eur\u010do, Matej & Larousse, Nicolas & Mertens, Michael et al. 2017. D5.1 Report on Integrated Service!Needs: DARIAH (in kind) contributions \u2013 Concept and Procedures. [Other] DARIAH. 2017. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01628733", "Raciti, Marco & Moranville, Yoann & Barthauer, Raisa & Buddenbohm, Stefan & Seillier, Dorian 2019. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02088278"]} This document delivers the results of Task 7.1 of the Social Sciences & Humanities Open Cloud project funded by the European Commission under Grant #823782. Its main purpose is the specification of the SSH Open Marketplace (SSHOC MP) in terms of service requirements, data model, and system architecture and design. The Social Sciences & Humanities communities are in an urgent need for a place to gather and exchange information about their tools, services, and datasets. Although plenty of project websites, service registries, and data repositories exist, the lack of a central place integrating these assets and offering domain-relevant means to enrich them and communicate is evident. This place is the SSHOC Marketplace. The approach towards the system specification is based on an extensive requirements engineering process. First and foremost, user requirements have been gathered through questionnaires. The results have been then prioritised based on the user feedback and the experience of the SSHOC project partners. Based on the requirements and thorough state-of-the-art analysis, a data model and the system design have been developed. In order to do so, and by taking into account as much previous work from other European projects as possible, the integration with the EOSC infrastructure has been a primary concern at every step taken. The system specification is now the starting point for the development of the SSHOC MP and also a communication instrument within the project and externally. Over the course of the agile development of the Marketplace, the system specification will also be evolving and contributing to a growing number of SSHOC outcomes. This deliverable has been accepted by the European Commission on - 03 November 2020

In this interview, James Green, a prominent Brazilianist, tells us about his interest in Brazilian history, his life as a civic and political activist against authoritarianism in Brazil and for gay and lesbian rights, and his academic work and career. The purpose of the interview, besides bringing his work to a wider audience of European historians and social scientists, is to reflect on the relationship between academic work and political and ideological activism, and to discuss the problems of subjectivism and the use of individual testimonies in the making of contemporary history. We invited James Green to reflect on those matters, so he could share with us the views of someone who, because of the nature of his work, could not help but deal permanently with such questions. Nesta entrevista, James Green, um importante “brasilianista”, fala-nos sobre o seu interesse pelo história do Brasil, sobre a sua vida como militante cívico e político contra o autoritarismo no Brasil e a favor dos direitos de gays e lésbicas, e ainda sobre a sua carreira e o seu trabalho académico. O objetivo da entrevista, além de levar o seu trabalho a um público mais amplo de historiadores e cientistas sociais europeus, é refletir sobre a relação entre o trabalho académico e o ativismo político e ideológico, e discutir os problemas do subjetivismo e do uso de testemunhos individuais na construção da história contemporânea. Convidámos James Green a refletir sobre esses problemas, para que pudesse compartilhar connosco as opiniões de alguém que, devido à natureza do seu trabalho, não pôde deixar de se confrontar permanentemente com tais questões. Dans cet entretien, James Green, un important spécialiste de l’histoire moderne du Brésil, nous parle de son intérêt pour le Brésil, de sa vie de militant civique et politique contre l’autoritarisme au Brésil et pour les droits des gays et lesbiennes, ainsi que de sa carrière et de son travail universitaire. L’entretien a pour but de présenter son travail à un public plus large d’historiens et de spécialistes des sciences sociales européens, mais aussi de réfléchir sur le rapport entre travail universitaire et activisme politique et idéologique, et de discuter les problèmes du subjectivisme et de l’usage de témoignages individuels dans la construction de l’histoire contemporaine. Nous avons invité James Green à réfléchir sur ces questions pourqu’il puisse partager avec nous le point de vue de quelqu’un qui, en raison de la nature de son travail, ne pourrait s’empêcher de faire toujours face à ces questions.

Presentation at the EADH 2018: "Data in Digital Humanities" at National University of Ireland, Galway 7-9 December 2018

RESUMEN: Desde finales de la Baja Edad Media y a lo largo de Época Moderna, algunas de las cofradías de pescadores establecidas en el corregimiento de las Cuatro Villas de la Costa consiguieron que la Monarquía les reconociera el privilegio de disfrutar de una jurisdicción marítima en cada corporación. El establecimiento de estas jurisdicciones disgustó a otras instituciones que vieron disminuidas sus competencias jurisdiccionales. Y de esta situación surgieron distintos conflictos en los que las hermandades tuvieron que luchar por la conservación de la jurisdicción marítima. ABSTRACT: Since the end of the Late Middle Ages and throughout the Modern Era, some of the fishermen's associations established in the corregimiento of the Four Villas of the Coast managed to get the Monarchy to recognize the privilege of enjoying a maritime jurisdiction in each brotherhood. The establishment of these jurisdictions disgusted other institutions that saw their jurisdiction diminished. From this situation arose different conflicts in which the brotherhoods had to fight for the preservation of the maritime jurisdiction. Este trabajo se ha realizado en el marco del Proyecto de Investigación Culturas urbanas en la España Moderna: policía, gobernanza e imaginarios (siglos XVI-XIX) con referencia HAR2015-64014-C3-1-R, financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad) y del europeo (Rebellion and Resistance in the Iberian Empires, 16th-19th Centuries que ha recibido financiación del programa de investigación e innovación Horizonte 2020 de la Unión Europea en virtud del acuerdo de subvención Marie Skłodowska-Curie No 778076.