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Modern trends in world development have significantly pushed the boundaries of modern diplomacy which should be an effective tool for global dialogue. My study is focused on the humanitarian sector of diplomacy. The article reviews main discussions about approaches to the concept of humanitarian diplomacy that arose against the background of the idea of "humanism 2.0", about the spread of the practice of humanitarian negotiations and about the creation of humanitarian spaces. I examine the main approaches of foreign and Russian researchers to the concepts of humanitarian diplomacy. Then I analyze the tools of humanitarian diplomacy and highlight its similarities and differences with traditional official diplomacy. It is established that non-State actors play an important political role in the resolution of modern conflicts and humanitarian negotiations. The role of the UN in creating a humanitarian partnership with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is noted. I also pay attention to the humanitarian diplomacy of states and note the diversity of national models. The article considers the main motives that encourage states to participate in humanitarian diplomacy and highlights its main directions. I demonstrate shown that today humanitarian practice is acquiring a polymodal, complex character. It includes humanitarian assistance, social policy and economic assistance in the context of the paradigm of sustainable development. The study reveals that the use of diplomatic tools and, above all, negotiations have a positive impact on the effectiveness of humanitarian activities in armed conflicts and crisis situations of an anthropogenic and natural nature.

This article brings to bear findings from the debate on the boundary problem in democratic theory on discussions of workplace democracy to argue that workplace democrats’ focus on workers is unjustified and that more constituencies will have to be included in any prospective scheme of workplace democracy. It thereby provides a valuable and underdiscussed perspective on workplace democracy that goes beyond the debate’s usual focus on the clarification and justification of workplace democrats’ core claim. It also goes beyond approaches like stakeholder theory in law and economics that determine decision-making rights without taking into account genuinely democratic considerations. My discussion proceeds by considering three principles for inclusion from democratic theory for the specific case of the corporation. I submit that two of them, the all-coerced and the all-subjected principle, are not appropriate for this specific case, because they cannot capture the distinguishing features of the corporation. The all-affected principle however is appropriate but has a very wide range. I further argue that this is not as big of a problem as it first might seem and that this principle is still the most appropriate for defining the demos of the democratic corporation. The article closes by pointing out the consequences of this result for the workplace democracy debate and for the legitimacy of the market as a coordination mechanism.

This is collection of all the stories' titles published on Wattpad at the date: January 2018. It's a corpus of around 30 millions titles in more than 50 different languages. It includes mainly original fiction and a small part of fan fiction (roughly 10%). The R Markdown files regarding the procedures for network analysis and sentiment analysis can be found in the GitHub repository: https://github.com/SimoneRebora/Wattpad_analysis We published an article based on this data https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226708

This talk outlines a vision for Common European Data Spaces, proposed by the European Commission, where FAIR principles (Wilkinson et al. 2016) and FAIR Digital Objects (FDOs) (De Smedt et al. 2020, Schwardmann 2020) can play a role in bringing together research infrastructures, data aggregators and other stakeholders working with curated objects in museums, herbaria, libraries and archives. The organisations and stakeholders involved represent a wide range of disciplines and data types including biodiversity, ecology, anthropology, archaeology, cultural history, digital storytelling, art conservation, and history of science among others (ICEDIG 2020, Ortolja-Baird and Nyhan 2021). The context and the history of the curated objects also span the natural sciences and cultural heritage domains (Nadim 2021, Weber 2021). Despite this heterogeneity, various common themes in the area of digital curation, open access, and data usage (Tasovac et al. 2020) appear where FDOs and Common European Data Spaces can be a useful venue for supporting the European Strategy for Data. In particular, FDOs, as an abstraction mechanism to structure and describe digital artefacts from a specific domain yet at the same time provide interoperability (De Smedt et al. 2020), can help realise the vision behind a common data space to “bring together relevant data infrastructures and governance frameworks in order to facilitate data pooling and sharing” (European Commission 2022:2). A May 2022 report on the challenges and opportunities of European Common Data Spaces highlights the following points: Open data holders have extensive experience in data publishing, metadata management, data quality, dataset discovery, data federation, as well as tried-and-tested standards (e.g. DCAT) and technologies. There seems to be very little knowledge/technology transfer from the open data community to the data spaces community, which is a missed opportunity. Data space implementations should not reinvent wheels that the open data community has already developed, tested, and used extensively. Whether the data is private, shared, or open, using data from multiple sources requires interoperability at several levels, from identifiers to vocabularies. The question of which data intermediaries will act as neutral agents to ensure interoperability is underexplored in the data space context. Public administrations, building on their experience of publishing open data, are best placed to take on such roles Open data holders have extensive experience in data publishing, metadata management, data quality, dataset discovery, data federation, as well as tried-and-tested standards (e.g. DCAT) and technologies. There seems to be very little knowledge/technology transfer from the open data community to the data spaces community, which is a missed opportunity. Data space implementations should not reinvent wheels that the open data community has already developed, tested, and used extensively. Whether the data is private, shared, or open, using data from multiple sources requires interoperability at several levels, from identifiers to vocabularies. The question of which data intermediaries will act as neutral agents to ensure interoperability is underexplored in the data space context. Public administrations, building on their experience of publishing open data, are best placed to take on such roles Building on previous conversations facilitated by DiSSCo, DARIAH, Europeana, and Archives Portal Europe Foundation, (Europeana Conference 2021, DARIAH Annual Event 2022), this talk will address the above points from the perspective of bringing together the domains of natural history museums, cultural heritage, and digital humanities. Within our collaboration, we have identified several common areas such as data discoverability, linking, and providing contextual information, which align with the goal of FDO implementation. DiSSCo and DARIAH as European infrastructures, on the one hand, and Europeana and Archives Portal as data aggregators, on the other hand, are involved in improving access to data and the researchers' capacity to work with heterogeneous data sources. One of the biggest shared challenges across the diverse workflows in the arts and humanities and natural history domains is that the data curation processes form a natural continuum between a range of different actors working either in cultural heritage institutions or in academia. In reality, these different layers of curation, enrichment and analysis are separated by legal, institutional, infrastructural and even funding silos (as in many countries, these institutions belong to different ministries, and fall under different legislative frameworks). How can this continuum, from a scholarly point of view, be supported within common data space and FDO framework? At the same time, implementing a common data space requires not just interoperability but stewardship and strategy for sharing resources (Keller 2021). The data infrastructure and FAIR related activities explored in our collaboration are of strategic importance to help Europe and the rest of the world deal with important societal issues. Therefore, bringing this collaboration within the context of FDO provides an ideal avenue to explore potential data, policy, and implementation matters, in order to address the two gaps outlined above for Common Data Spaces. Furthermore, the ideas expressed in Common European Data Space for Cultural Heritage (with Europeana as the core stakeholder) and Green Deal Data Spaces need further clarification concerning implementation planning and most importantly, how multiple commons would work together. With DARIAH coming from the humanities and DiSSCo from the natural sciences side, such collaborations and synergy should align with the Common Data Spaces vision. The philosophy and ideas behind data and digital commons are not new (Fuchs 2020, Kashwan et al. 2021). However, it is crucial to contextualise the implementation strategy and benefits within data intensive, multidisciplinary research and FAIR principles. Given that curated objects are informational resources for the researchers, but can also provide contexts, and make visible the relationships between artefacts, people, publications, organisations, provenance, and events, it is important to think of them as much more than just records in a database. Additionally, FDOs as the digital representations of the curated objects have the potential of fostering cross-disciplinary collaborations (such as between biology, history, art or anthropology) and of providing a wider lens for understanding materiality and the role of data (Ribes 2019). As interdisciplinarity and data-driven foci are gaining traction via applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning, it is vital to understand what FDO adoption and implementation can contribute to common data spaces. We believe FDOs can be a successful foundation for Common European Data Spaces because they can can connect multiple commons -- from Green Deal to Cultural Heritage -- in order to drive forward the vision for interdisciplinary collaboration.

With the development of information and communication technologies (ICTs), the Internet has become increasingly important in terms of national security, economic development, and global leadership. Apparently, conflicts and contentious issues in cyberspace requires creating rules and development of regulation. The authors examine the process of making up rules in cyberspace from the perspective of M. Castells’ network society theory and B. Buzan’ securitization theory. According to M. Castells, key challenges have gradually altered in the network society and power relations and social management are based on the control of communication and information which embraces a network society. Furthermore, the authors investigate the development of the Internet in the context of securitization theory. It is stressed that cyberspace has become a full-fledged political space with the central position of digital sovereignty and information security. The article for the first time proposes a comprehensive periodization of international relations’ transformation in cyberspace. Afterwards, the authors consider the appearance of tensions between actors in cyber space, which include political and economic threats. It encourages state actors to establish a preliminary regulation and to agree on norms regulating state behavior in cyberspace. These mechanisms have become a venue for promoting different concepts of cyber law and establishing legal regimes. In conclusion the authors analyze the hierarchy of actors in global Internet governance to assess the actors’ influence on the establishment of legal regimes in cyberspace. The main assessment criteria are as follows: ability to influence global production chains of high-tech goods, ability to conduct offensive and defensive cyber operations, and influence on the formation of international legal regimes. The authors divide actors into two major groups - rule-markers capable of influencing the global information space and constructing legal regimes, and rule-takers that are an object of great powers competition in cyberspace.

Las tierras arrasadas (2015) de Emiliano Monge se encuentra entre el creciente corpus de novelas y películassobre los migrantes centroamericanos y los diferentes tipos de violencia que afrontan. Monge aborda en esta obra los efectos de la militarización en la política migratoria de México, impulsada por la guerra contra el narco que comenzó en 2006. Esta novela lleva a cabo un desmonte crítico del humanitarismo literario al tiempo que enfatiza la vulnerabilidad de los migrantes y su agencia. En tal sentido, se explora la forma en la que, en cuanto ficción posthumanitaria, la novela encarna las diferentes formas en que opera el orden necropolítico en la vulnerabilidad de estos migrantes centroamericanos indocumentados a lo largo de su periplo. 

ABSTRACT Custodial death is the most ominous indicator in our country's capture, detention, and remand. It has now become all the rage across the country. Deaths in police custody usually generate a great deal of public attention and are frequently coupled with causality disputes. Accused individuals frequently come into encounter with the criminal justice system, with those suffering from mental illnesses over-represented in police custody. As a result, identifying vulnerability is critical in order to guarantee that proper precautions may be put in place. This research is helping to show that to prevent such a curse from afflicting society, the country has some existing legislation, directions, guidelines, and precedents that are constantly derived from court decisions of other nations. The judicial system in Bangladesh is no exception. In context of this, the research examined, with the goal of emphasizing on judicial reforms, applicable legislation and their implementation, national legislative framework, and court precedents on the banning of inhumane custodial torture, including arrest, custody, and remand by police. Finding of the research particularly concentrate upon irregularities of provision to safeguarding accused right in the jail. The lack of sanitation, healthcare, standard food quality also found as errors of concern authorities. Beside these normal and natural death also counted as death in custody but not due to torture by police. The political believes and support nurture by police is also one of the key reasons to increasing torture and deaths. To solve these problems state should amend existing provision which is contradictory related to custodial torture, Increase the circumference of Human Rights Commission and give them power to investigate these properly and follow the guidelines given by courts. This research demonstrated a real-life scenario of custodial torture and critically analyzed national mechanisms that directly contradict custodial deaths and brutal punishment. {"references": ["'Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability' (2022) IV Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research", "Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability. (2022), IV(III), 1266-1287", "Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research, 2022. Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability. IV(III), pp.1266-1287", "\"Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability.\". IV, no. III, 2022, pp. 1266-1287", "\"Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability\" (2022) IV(III)", "\"Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability\". Indian Journal Of Law And Legal Research no. (2022): 1266-1287. doi:https://doi-ds.org/doilink/06.2022-37714716/IJLLR/V4/I3/A90.", "\"Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability\", (2022) IV Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research 1266-1287."]}

In the last few decades, migrants’ past experiences and memories have become increasingly recognized as a heritage. While this can be seen as a positive shift towards a more inclusive evaluation of the past, migration heritage is still overwhelmingly portrayed through a binary between the country of origin and country of settlement. This tendency obscures the multiple transnational connections migrants sustain with different locations along the migration process. Drawing on examples of Chinese migration to Europe, this article argues in favour of forgoing the national(istic) approach to heritagization and instead focusing on the connections formed during a century of Chinese migration to Europe.

A partir de estudios de caso, se valora la intervención e iniciativa del obispo Feliciano de Vega (1634-1639) en la distribución geográfica del clero de la diócesis de La Paz a través de permutas y permisos de ausencia. El artículo analiza los espacios de movilidad que permitieron al prelado reubicar a los doctrineros y autorizar ausencias prolongadas de sus parroquias –principalmente por motivos de salud-, tanto dentro como fuera del obispado.

يخضع (التدين الشبكي الرقمي) لتكوين يساير العولمة الثقافية الرقمية، عبر تقديم دين السوق، أي تسليع وتسويق المحتوى الديني بحسب التنافسية السوقية، عبر إخضاع تعاليم الدين لنظرية: العرض والطلب، والتسويق الدعائي وشركات الدعاية والإشهار والتوجيه. تعرف الأجيال المستهدفة بالتدين الرقمي بالمواطن الرقمي (native digital). يمثل الجيل (Z GEN.) عنصر الشباب فيه، ويليه جيل (GEN. ALPHA). وهي أجيال ولدت في عصر رقمي لكل النظم المعلوماتية، والمعرفية، والثقافية، والدينية. وهي أكثر الأجيال تفاعلا مع العالم الرقمي الافتراضي والعملي، أكثر حتى من الجيل (Gen. Y) الذي طور العالم الرقمي والافتراضي وتطبيقات الويب وأتممة الذكاء الاصطناعي (Artificial Intelligence). يتعرض المواطن الرقمي المسلم لعولمة رقمية بمستويات كبيرة جدا مقارنة مع سابقيه؛ لقابليته لأنماط التعايش الاجتماعي الافتراضي. مما يعيد إنتاج بنية الثقافة الدينية لديه؛ بشكل يستجيب لميوله، ولانشغالاته الإلكترونية. لتنقله من مسارات التدين التقليدية- المراجع العلمية التقليدية؛ من مشايخ ودعاة وكتب وبحوث- إلى التدين الشبكي الرقمي المساير للعولمة الثقافية الرقمية. عبر تقديم دين السوق؛ أي تسليع المحتوى الديني بحسب العرض والطلب في السوق الإعلامية الرقمية. وإخضاع الدين - تعاليم الدين- لنظرية السوق والتسويق الدعائي وشركات الدعاية والإشهار والتوجيه. وتكوين دعاة يخاطبون فئات عمرية أو جنسية محددة، وتطوير خطاباتهم: أسلوبا ولغة. وانتقاء مواضيع معاصرة شبابية، مع إخراج دعائي يحاكي البرامج الترفيهية، ومغاير للإخراج التقليدي من حيث الديكور والإيقاع. مع إطلالة عصرية للمقدم في الهيئة؛ تغاير إطلالة الدعاة والمشايخ بالزي الديني المعتاد، والتصوير الاحترافي مثل البرامج الجماهيرية، والبرمجة بالاعتماد على شركات مختصة في خطابات الجماهير، مثلها مثل برامج (Talk show)، ومسابقات الغناء والمواهب، ولقاءات الممثلين والمطربين، وبرامج مشاهير اليوتوبير. وزاد تراكم مظاهر الدين الشبكي الرقمي؛ الكمية الهائل لتدفق المعلومات عبر المنصات، بأشكال وأنماط جد فعالة وجذابة من صور وأفلام وبرامج، مما يكسب المتصفح (المواطن الرقمي) ثقة زائدة بنفسه؛ لإمكانية الوصول إلى أي إجابة؛ دون الرجوع لأهل الاختصاص. فخلق جو من التعالم والتحاقق، دون أي تأصيل علمي، ولا رصيد من علوم الشريعة، غير أنه خريج مواقع تواصل اجتماعي لا أكثر، يمتلك القدرة على التعلم الذاتي. فينحو المواطن الرقمي لتشكيل مفاهيمه الدينية الافتراضية، دون مراجعة المختصين. لأن الإعلام التواصلي التفاعلي بعث نماذج معاصرة لتدوير وإنتاج المحتوى الثقافي والديني والإصلاحي والتوعوي الرقمي، بما يناسب ميوله وقدرات الجيل الرقمي المعرفية والنفسية والسلوكية، وأعاد إنتاج بنية الثقافة الدينية؛ وفق إخراج يستجيب لذوقه، ويواكب عناصر الجذب له. هذا التدين الشبكي الرقمي؛ يتماثل في مستويات من الوعي، انطلاقا من المتابعة للعلماء والدعاة مباشرة، للمتابع عبر المواقع، للقراءة وفقط. لنصل لمستوى الاستغناء عن أهل الاختصاص، والاكتفاء بطرح السؤال على محرك البحث لتخرج الإجابة الجاهزة. مع التنويه أن الشبكات المعلوماتية شكلت اختراقا ثقافيا وسياسيا للدعاة على المستوى العالمي، وتمكنت المعلومات من بلوغ شرائح وأمم؛ صعب التواصل معها حضوريا، وأتاحت للدين الإسلامي الانتشار والدفاع بقوة عن الأطاريح الروحية ضد الإلحاد والعلمنة الصلبة، متجاوزة عراقيل نقل المعلومة المقروءة والمسموعة والمرئية. تبرز لدينا؛ إشكالية تأثير التفاعل الذاتي للمواطن الرقمي مع معطيات العولمة الرقمية الدينية، ومدى تأثيرها على مكتسباتهم الدينية. - فهل يشكل التدين الشبكي الرقمي الإسلامي خطرا على المواطن الرقمي، أم يزيد من ثقافته الدينية العالمية؟ - هل تحصيل المعلومة الدينية من العالم الافتراضي يماثل تحصيلها من مراجعها الأصلية؟ نسعى في هذه الورقات لطرح دراسة تحليلية، لفهم تأثير التدين الرقمي على الثقافة الدينية للمواطن الرقمي، واستشراف الهوية الدينية الرقمية. من الدراسات المعاصرة: Digital Religion; nderstanding Religious Practice in Digital Media. Heidi A. Campbell, Ruth Tsuria. September 30, 2021. Routledge. Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture. Pauline Hope Cheong, Peter Fischer-Nielsen, Stefan Gelfgren, Charles Ess. ew York, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, Oxford, Wien, 2012. XII, 326 pp., num. fig. Religion Online; How Digital Technology Is Changing the Way We Worship and Pray. August E. Grant, Amanda F. C. Sturgill, Chiung Hwang Chen, and Daniel A. Stout, Editors March 2019. Religion on the Internet: research prospects and promises. Cowan E. Douglas, Jeffrey K. Hadden, Amsterdam 2000. Practicing Religion in the Age of the Media: Explorations in Media, Religion, and Culture. Stewart M. Hoover, Lynn Schofield Clark. New York: Columbia University Press 2002.