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International audience; Published in OA on RESSI (http://www.ressi.ch/) at the end of Octobre 2021. We present here highlights from an enquiry on the innovations in scholarly writing in the Humanities and Social Sciences in the H2020 project OPERAS-P. This article explores the theme of Open Research Data and its role in the emergence of new models of scholarly writing. We examine more closely the obstacles and fostering conditions to the publication of research data, both from a social and a technical perspective.

Mexico’s so-called “War on Drugs” began as a war on poor people. This article locates the roots of Mexico’s current drug-related violence in a longer history of state terror and violence enacted against social movements and rural communities. The article traces this history by grounding it locally in the guerrerense municipality of Coyuca de Catalán. Resumen: El norte chiquito: De “guerras sucias” a guerras de drogas en Tierra Caliente de Guerrero La mal llamada “guerra contra las drogas” en México empezó como una guerra contra los pobres. Este articulo ubica las raíces de la violencia en el México contemporáneo dentro una historia de terrorismo de estado y violencia durante la década de los años 70. Para desenredar estas raíces, el artículo ofrece una perspectiva histórica y local basada en el municipio guerrerense de Coyuca de Catalán.

An increasing number of researchers support reproducibility by including pointers to and descriptions of datasets, software and methods in their publications. However, scientific articles may be ambiguous, incomplete and difficult to process by automated systems. In this paper we introduce RO-Crate, an open, community-driven, and lightweight approach to packaging research artefacts along with their metadata in a machine readable manner. RO-Crate is based on Schema$.$org annotations in JSON-LD, aiming to establish best practices to formally describe metadata in an accessible and practical way for their use in a wide variety of situations. An RO-Crate is a structured archive of all the items that contributed to a research outcome, including their identifiers, provenance, relations and annotations. As a general purpose packaging approach for data and their metadata, RO-Crate is used across multiple areas, including bioinformatics, digital humanities and regulatory sciences. By applying "just enough" Linked Data standards, RO-Crate simplifies the process of making research outputs FAIR while also enhancing research reproducibility. An RO-Crate for this article is available at https://www.researchobject.org/2021-packaging-research-artefacts-with-ro-crate/ Comment: 42 pages. Submitted to Data Science

AbstractMany believe that the quality of a scientific publication is as good as the science it cites. However, quantifications of how features of reference lists affect citations remain sparse. We examined seven numerical characteristics of reference lists of 50,878 research articles published in 17 ecological journals between 1997 and 2017. Over this period, significant changes occurred in reference lists’ features. On average, more recent papers have longer reference lists and cite more high Impact Factor papers and fewer non-journal publications. We also show that highly cited articles across the ecological literature have longer reference lists, cite more recent and impactful references, and include more self-citations. Conversely, the proportion of ‘classic’ papers and non-journal publications cited, as well as the temporal span of the reference list, have no significant influence on articles’ citations. From this analysis, we distill a recipe for crafting impactful reference lists, at least in ecology.

The last glacial period is characterized by a number of millennial climate events that have been identified in both Greenland and Antarctic ice cores and that are abrupt in Greenland climate records. The mechanisms governing this climate variability remain a puzzle that requires a precise synchronization of ice cores from the two hemispheres to be resolved. Previously, Greenland and Antarctic ice cores have been synchronized primarily via their common records of gas concentrations or isotopes from the trapped air and via cosmogenic isotopes measured on the ice. In this work, we apply ice core volcanic proxies and annual layer counting to identify large volcanic eruptions that have left a signature in both Greenland and Antarctica. Generally, no tephra is associated with those eruptions in the ice cores, so the source of the eruptions cannot be identified. Instead, we identify and match sequences of volcanic eruptions with bipolar distribution of sulfate, i.e. unique patterns of volcanic events separated by the same number of years at the two poles. Using this approach, we pinpoint 82 large bipolar volcanic eruptions throughout the second half of the last glacial period (12–60 ka). This improved ice core synchronization is applied to determine the bipolar phasing of abrupt climate change events at decadal-scale precision. In response to Greenland abrupt climatic transitions, we find a response in the Antarctic water isotope signals (δ18O and deuterium excess) that is both more immediate and more abrupt than that found with previous gas-based interpolar synchronizations, providing additional support for our volcanic framework. On average, the Antarctic bipolar seesaw climate response lags the midpoint of Greenland abrupt δ18O transitions by 122±24 years. The time difference between Antarctic signals in deuterium excess and δ18O, which likewise informs the time needed to propagate the signal as described by the theory of the bipolar seesaw but is less sensitive to synchronization errors, suggests an Antarctic δ18O lag behind Greenland of 152±37 years. These estimates are shorter than the 200 years suggested by earlier gas-based synchronizations. As before, we find variations in the timing and duration between the response at different sites and for different events suggesting an interaction of oceanic and atmospheric teleconnection patterns as well as internal climate variability.

Massively multilingual models for neural machine translation (NMT) are theoretically attractive, but often underperform bilingual models and deliver poor zero-shot translations. In this paper, we explore ways to improve them. We argue that multilingual NMT requires stronger modeling capacity to support language pairs with varying typological characteristics, and overcome this bottleneck via language-specific components and deepening NMT architectures. We identify the off-target translation issue (i.e. translating into a wrong target language) as the major source of the inferior zero-shot performance, and propose random online backtranslation to enforce the translation of unseen training language pairs. Experiments on OPUS-100 (a novel multilingual dataset with 100 languages) show that our approach substantially narrows the performance gap with bilingual models in both one-to-many and many-to-many settings, and improves zero-shot performance by ~10 BLEU, approaching conventional pivot-based methods. ACL2020

RésumésL’objectif de cet article est de proposer un examen détaillé des apports et des limites de la modélisation en histoire à partir du cas de la Shoah. Il s’appuie sur une enquête qui a permis de reconstituer les « trajectoires de persécution » des 992 Juifs de Lens pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, dont 527 seulement ont survécu. 491 ont été arrêtés, 468 ont été déportés et 449 ont été exterminés. Les données prosopographiques sont utilisées ici pour répondre à une question simple : est-il possible de modéliser la persécution ? En d’autres termes, est-il possible de construire une représentation simplifiée mais heuristique des processus causaux complexes qui ont déterminé les chances de survie face à la persécution nazie à partir de données standardisées sur un nombre relativement important d’individus ? L’article discute les apports et les limites d’une succession de méthodes quantifiées : celles qui s’inscrivent dans ce qu’Andrew Abbott appelle le « programme standard » des sciences sociales, ainsi que l’analyse des réseaux et l’analyse séquentielle. Pour chacune d’entre elles, sont plus particulièrement discutées les manières de rendre compte des interactions entre les individus, de l’historicité des comportements et des processus déterminant ces chances de survie. Les tentatives de modélisation à partir de données historiennes apportent ainsi de véritables renouvellements de connaissances, notamment lorsqu’elles sont menées de manière cumulative sur une même enquête. En passant d’une logique de propriétés individuelles à une logique de trajectoires interconnectées, ces approches permettent de mieux comprendre les interactions sociales et locales, et offrent ainsi des perspectives stimulantes pour la microhistoire de l’Holocauste.

Electronic health records contain valuable information written in narrative form. A relevant challenge in clinical narrative text is that concepts commonly appear negated. Several proposals have been developed to detect negation in clinical text written in Spanish. Much of these proposals have adapted the Negex algorithm to Spanish, but obtained results indicated lower performance than Negex implementations in other languages. Moreover, in most of these proposals, the validation process could be improved using a shared test corpus focused on negation in clinical text. This paper proposes Spa-neg, an approach to improve negation detection in clinical text written in Spanish. Spa-neg combines three elements: i) an exploratory data analysis of how negation is written in the clinical text, ii) use of regular expressions best adapted to the way in which negation is expressed in Spanish, iii) tests, and validation using a shared annotated corpus focused on negation. Obtained results suggest that the combination of these elements improves the process of negation detection. The tests performed shown 92% F-Score using IULA Spanish, an annotated corpus for negation

{"references": ["Auer, S\u00f6ren 2018. Towards an Open Research Knowledge Graph (Version 1). Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1157185", "Constantopoulos, Panos & Pertsas, Vayianos 2019. From publications to knowledge graphs. 13th International Workshop on Information Search, Integration, and Personalization, Heraklion, 9\u201310 May 2019.", "29, Issue 3, September 2014, Pages 326\u2013339, https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqu026", "Dombrowski, Quinn & Rockwell, Geoffrey. \"The Directory Paradox\". Forthcoming in Debates in Digital Humanities: Institutions, Infrastructures at the Interstices. Univ. of Minnesota Press. Eds. Anne McGrail et al. 2019.", "Representing Research Findings by Semantifying Survey Articles. 315\u2013327. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319- 67008-9_25", "Jim\u00e9nez RC & Kuzak M & Alhamdoosh M et al. 2017. Four simple recommendations to encourage best practices in research software [version 1; peer review: 3 approved]. F1000Research 2017, 6:876 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11407.1", "Grant, Kaitlyn & Dombrowski, Quinn & Ranaweera, Kamal & Rodriquez-Arenas, Omar & Sinclair, Stefan & Rockwell, Geoffrey. \"Absorbing DiRT: Tool Discovery in the Digital Age.\" Digital Studies/le Champ Num\u00e9rique. Forthcoming.", "de Leeuw, Lisa & Admiraal, Femmy & \u010eur\u010do, Matej & Larousse, Nicolas & Mertens, Michael et al. 2017. D5.1 Report on Integrated Service!Needs: DARIAH (in kind) contributions \u2013 Concept and Procedures. [Other] DARIAH. 2017. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01628733", "Raciti, Marco & Moranville, Yoann & Barthauer, Raisa & Buddenbohm, Stefan & Seillier, Dorian 2019. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02088278"]} This document delivers the results of Task 7.1 of the Social Sciences & Humanities Open Cloud project funded by the European Commission under Grant #823782. Its main purpose is the specification of the SSH Open Marketplace (SSHOC MP) in terms of service requirements, data model, and system architecture and design. The Social Sciences & Humanities communities are in an urgent need for a place to gather and exchange information about their tools, services, and datasets. Although plenty of project websites, service registries, and data repositories exist, the lack of a central place integrating these assets and offering domain-relevant means to enrich them and communicate is evident. This place is the SSHOC Marketplace. The approach towards the system specification is based on an extensive requirements engineering process. First and foremost, user requirements have been gathered through questionnaires. The results have been then prioritised based on the user feedback and the experience of the SSHOC project partners. Based on the requirements and thorough state-of-the-art analysis, a data model and the system design have been developed. In order to do so, and by taking into account as much previous work from other European projects as possible, the integration with the EOSC infrastructure has been a primary concern at every step taken. The system specification is now the starting point for the development of the SSHOC MP and also a communication instrument within the project and externally. Over the course of the agile development of the Marketplace, the system specification will also be evolving and contributing to a growing number of SSHOC outcomes. This deliverable has been accepted by the European Commission on - 03 November 2020