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Given how hard it is to recruit good reviewers who are aligned with authors in their functions, journal editors could consider the use of better incentives, such as paying reviewers for their time. In order to facilitate a speedy turn-around when a rapid decision is required, the peer-reviewed journal can also offer a review model in which selected peer reviewers are compensated to deliver high-quality and timely peer-review reports. In this paper, we consider a peer-reviewed journal in which the manuscript’s evaluation consists of a necessary peer review component and an optional speedy peer review component. We model and study that journal under two different scenarios to be compared: a paid peer-reviewing scenario that is considered as the benchmark; and a hybrid peer-review scenario where the manuscript’s author can decide whether to pay or not. In the benchmark scenario of paid peer-reviewing, the scholarly journal expects all authors to pay for the peer review and charges separately for the necessary and the optional speedy peer-review components. Alternatively, in a hybrid peer-review scenario, the peer-reviewed journal gives the option to the authors to not pay for the necessary peer review if they are not able to pay. This will determine an altruistic amplification of pay utility. However, the no-pay authors cannot avail of the optional speedy peer review, which determines a restriction-induced no-pay utility reduction. In this paper, we find that under the hybrid setting of compensated peer review where the author can decide whether to pay or not, the optimal price and review quality of the optional speedy peer review are always higher than under the benchmark scenario of paid peer-reviewing, due to the altruistic amplification of pay utility. Our results show that when the advantage of adopting the hybrid mode of compensated peer review is higher due to the higher difference between the altruistic author utility amplification and the restriction-induced no-pay utility reduction, the journal can increase its profitability by increasing the price for the necessary peer review above that in the benchmark scenario of paid peer review. A key insight from our results is the journal’s capability to increase the number of paying authors by giving the option to the authors to not pay for the necessary peer review if they are not able to pay. Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUA. This research was sponsored by the Spanish Board for Science, Technology, and Innovation under grant PID2021-122371NB-I00, and cofinanced with European FEDER funds. Spanish Board for Science, Technology, and Innovation PID2021-122371NB-I00 Universidad de Granada/CBUA European Commission

This paper provides a comprehensive study of theoretical and practical issues of violation of human rights by war crimes, protection of legitimate interests of individuals in national and international law as a result of such violation. The purpose of this study is a comprehensive analysis of theoretical and applied issues related to the protection of violated rights and legitimate interests of individuals in public international law as a result of the commission of war crimes, and the formulation of scientifically sound proposals for improving the current legislation of Ukraine and the practice of its application in this area. The paper analyses the current scientific opinions and legislation on the regulation of illegal acts and liability for damage caused to victims as a result of violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms by war crimes. Furthermore, the existing forms, methods, and means of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of such persons in Ukraine and in the international arena were determined. The paper also provides a comprehensive study of the existing concept, legal nature and main features of war crimes and their legal regulation in Ukrainian legislation. Legislative amendments to the regulations governing this issue are proposed and the study justifies the position regarding the existence of an exclusively judicial procedure for resolving issues of human rights violations by war crimes, the result of which should be the adoption of a court decision. As a result of the study, the current scientific statements and achievements are clearly identified, as well as those that have emerged due to the constant development of public relations and substantial changes in international relations of various states, which causes armed conflicts and war crimes. One of the achievements of the scientific study is the proof of the importance of the problem of violated human rights in modern society and the extreme need for its research. After all, modern legislation requires substantial changes and improvement of the existing provisions with the subsequent possibility of their practical application

Self-medication is a latent problem in our society. It is the own initiative or decision to take drugs, the consumption of drugs regardless of their origin, or medical prescription1,2. This has been increasing and has become a phenomenon that is highly studied by researchers. Thus, in pre-pandemic times, self-medication was a considerable problem in several countries, although with differences between countries in Europe and Latin America. So we have, in Spain3; The National Health System announced that in 2017 15.3% of people self-medicate. Also, in Mexico4; 86% consume medications without a doctor's prescription. La automedicación es un problema latente en nuestra sociedad. Es la iniciativa propia o decisión de tomar medicamentos el consumo de fármacos sin importar su origen, ni prescripción médica1,2. Esta ha ido en aumento y se ha vuelto un fenómeno muy estudiado por investigadores. Así, en épocas pre-pandemia la automedicación era un problema considerable en varios países, aunque con diferencias entre países de Europa y Latinoamérica. Así tenemos, en España3; el Sistema Nacional de Salud dio a conocer que en el año 2017 el 15,3 % de personas se automedica. Asimismo, en México4; el 86 % consume medicamentos sin la prescripción de un médico. Sin embargo, el miedo, la saturación de hospitales y la afectación económica por la pandemia COVID-195 ha incentivado a realizar con más frecuencia esta práctica e inclusive aumentó la prevalencia en la población joven6. Puesto que, justificaban la práctica por diversos factores entre ellos; el 33,49 % de los jóvenes relacionan la similitud de los síntomas con enfermedades pasadas, el 19,17 % percibían la enfermedad como algo leve, el 18,24 % desde el aspecto económico les resultaba más barato la automedicación7. Además, en Perú, al inicio de la pandemia se distribuyó kits para tratar la enfermedad leve por coronavirus; por lo que algunos cuando eran hospitalizados por la enfermedad, referían haberse automedicado con ivermectina que les habían entregado a sus familiares8. Además, la pandemia ha incrementado el consumo de tranquilizantes para tratar la ansiedad y el insomnio, trastornos que han aumentado a consecuencia de la pandemia9. En tal sentido, algunos por el miedo y la ansiedad, han optado por el automedicarse sustancias tales como el dióxido de cloro, vitaminas, hierbas, cloroquina10. En tanto, se usaron también medicamentos que permitan mejorar el sistema inmunológico como vitaminas C, D, A y B y suplementos de zinc11. Finalmente, la población, debido al SARS-CoV-2 como una acción preventiva y tranquilizadora, recurrió al acopio de fármacos y su eventual autoconsumo sin consultar con una prescripción. Sin embargo, fue una medida errónea debido a que existen fármacos como los antibióticos que debilitan el sistema inmune12. Frente a lo expuesto, es necesario reflexionar que una consecuencia de la automedicación es la resistencia a los antibióticos, esta aumenta la letalidad de la enfermedad porque el tratamiento se vuelve más difícil debido a la pérdida de eficacia de los mismos. Por lo que es importante implementar en todas las farmacias la vigilancia del expendio de antibióticos, ansiolíticos, etc. con receta. Además, se debe concientizar a la población sobre los riesgos de la automedicación para la salud, puesto que puede causar resistencia a los antibióticos y la dependencia de ansiolíticos y analgésicos.

Por lo general, la cuestión de Palestina-Israel ha tenido como principal marco histórico explicativo un conflicto entre dos pueblos que luchan por el mismo territorio. Con frecuencia, el eje interpretativo se ha centrado en la ocupación militar y endocolonización posterior a 1967, relegando los procesos iniciados con anterioridad a un segundo plano. Sin embargo, cada vez está teniendo una mayor aceptación académica la interpretación de Israel-Palestina como una cuestión prioritariamente de colonialismo de asentamiento. Asimismo, cabe aportar perspectivas críticas, más abiertas, complejas y matizadas, al debate sobre el colonialismo de asentamiento en Palestina-Israel, una problemática que estuvo y sigue estando, periódicamente, en el centro de la agenda diplomática, mediática y política internacional.

Someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion is known as Refugee. And an asylum seeker is someone whose request for sanctuary has yet to be processed. In Today's world, the rights of Rohingya refugees are very debatable. Our topic is The Educational rights of Rohingya Refugees Children in Bangladesh (an analysis). There are some social, cultural, and language barriers to providing education rights to Rohingya children and Bangladesh is not also under an obligation to do so as Bangladesh hasn’t signed the 1951 convention of refugees. So basically the research is based on how to ensure the right of Rohingya children otherwise in its absence. We also tried to understand the problems, the gaps, the Bangladesh situation, and international instruments. A big question is Bangladesh has been under the duty to secure the interest of refugee education and the explanation on that by which law and convention are labile or not for refugee children's education. Bangladesh has not signed the Refugee Convention. So that, Bangladesh is not legally bound to ensure that right and no law regulates and for the administration of refugee affairs in Bangladesh or guarantees the rights of refugees. There are a lot of Refugees in Bangladesh but because Bangladesh is not a signatory state of the 1951 convention, that's why they are known as Asylum Seekers. Though Education is a very important and basic entitlement for humans still there is some debate. Being born as human refugees are entitled to have some rights and education is one of them. But now there is a lot of debate on that ground. {"references": ["Alif Ovi D, and Mridha T, 'Education Rights Of Rohingya Refugees Children In Bangladesh: An Analysis' (2021) 2 Jus Corpus Law Journal ", "Alif Ovi, D., & Mridha, T. (2021). Education Rights of Rohingya Refugees Children in Bangladesh: An Analysis. Jus Corpus Law Journal, 2(2), 26-47. from https://jgateplus.com/.", "Alif Ovi, D. and Mridha, T., 2021. Education Rights of Rohingya Refugees Children in Bangladesh: An Analysis. Jus Corpus Law Journal, [online] 2(2), pp.26-47. Available at: "]}

مفهوم الإدراك هو عبارة عن تمثل حقيقة الشيء عند المدرِك؛ يشاهد بها ما به يدرك، فهو عبارة عن كمال حاصل في النفس؛ يحدث منه مزيد كشف على ما يحصل في النفس من الشيء المعلوم من جهة التعقل بالبرهان أو الخبر، وهذا الكمال الزائد على ما حصل في النفس بكل واحدة من الحواس هو المسمى إدراكاً. ثم هذه الإدراكات ليست بخروج شيء من الآلة المدركة إلى الشيء المدرَك؛ ولا بانطباع صورة المدرك فيها، وإنما هي معنى يخلقه الله تعالى في تلك النفس المدركة أي "معنى قائم بالعال

معرفيًّا إيراد أحد المصطلحين يستلزم الآخر، عند كل المؤمنين بالوجودَين؛ لأن ضمنيًّا الإيمان بنزول الوحي والحساب والعقاب يقتضي افتراض الوجود الثاني الذي هو مقابِل للأول، فالإيمان بعالم الغيب يكسب المعتقِد له قوة التماسك، واستمرار الأمل في الحياة وبعد الممات، واتِّساعًا لمصادر المعرفة وغاياتها. وآيات عالم الشهادة في القرآن الكريم تزوِّد المؤمن بنوعٍ من التماسك، المتجلِّي في ميدانين؛ هما: الآفاق والأنفس؛ حيث جعل الله تعالى هذين الميدانين من مستويات تجلية آياته وإثبات نصره لأوليائه بتصديقهم، ومواقع لتفكُّر الإنسان وتدبُّرِه؛ كيما يطمئنَّ بعالم الشهادة على صحة ما ورد عن عالم غائب عنه.