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Despite the several attempts to rework on his ideas, using non-mainstream approaches, George L. Shackle has remained an outsider in the economic discipline. Shackle, however, if we take seriously what he thought of economics, as a discipline concerned with a subject that is not self-contained but open-ended and impermanent, is not a man alone. Starting from an assessment of Shackle’s understanding of choice as originative and creative, the paper argues that Shackle should be rescued from the role of a nihilist where he is often relegated. In this perspective, a fundamental key to assessing the originality and anticipatory character of Shackle’s contribution can be found in the recent developments of several “friendly” disciplines such as the psychology of motivations and of self-rewarding actions, narrative as the “science” of the possible and the role of calendar time in choice theory. In fact, all these novel rethinkings can contribute to the understanding of Shackle’s main point, that human (and therefore economic) agents are active, creative enterprisers, who cut the deterministic thread by injecting the new in history to come, in making a difference in the future courses of action. Malgré de nombreuses tentatives pour retravailler ses idées au sein d’approches non-orthodoxes, George L. Shackle est resté un outsider des sciences économiques. Shackle, cependant, n’est pas un auteur isolé, du moins, si on prend au sérieux ce qu’il pensait des sciences économiques, en tant que discipline dont l’objet n’est pas auto-suffisant mais ouvert et changeant. Nous proposons d’abord une lecture de Shackle, centrée sur sa compréhension du choix, comme acte créatif et créateur ; sur cette base, notre article propose une manière de sauver Shackle du rôle de nihiliste, auquel il est souvent relégué. Dans cette perspective, on peut identifier le caractère original et précurseur de la contribution de Shackle par une analyse des développements récents de plusieurs disciplines « voisines », comme la psychologie des motivations et des actions d’auto-récompense, les narratives comme « science » du possible ou le rôle du temps calendaire dans la théorie du choix. En réalité, tous ces nouveaux développements intellectuels peuvent contribuer à la compréhension de l’argument principal soulevé par Shackle, à savoir, que les agents humains (et donc, économiques) sont actifs et créatifs, et qu’ils rompent tout fil déterministe pour introduire de la nouveauté dans l’histoire à venir, et que cela fait une différence dans le déroulement futur de l’action.

What is a classic? To what extent are books and book collections endangered goods? What is the role and meaning of literature and translation in times of hardship? In An Unnecessary Woman (2013), Rabih Alameddine addresses these questions, while also indirectly contesting traditional canonical practices based on rigid hierarchies and the logic of national and linguistic purity. Alameddine highlights the violence inscribed in the practices of book selection and canon formation. In doing so, he troubles received notions of the canon, the classics, and especially of world literature, offering an alternative conceptualization of this long-debated category as an intimate, cosmopolitan assemblage of worldly texts.

En 1762 Manila cae por sorpresa en manos británicas. A partir de ese momento comenzará una tenaz resistencia al invasor en un contexto de improvisada guerra irregular que incluyó nativos filipinos y religiosos. Tal confrontación dio pie a diferentes comportamientos respecto a los varios tipos de cautivos involucrados.

This paper’s focus is women as professed members of the Order of St John in Italy, as documented in cities such as Milan, Florence, Venice, Genova, Monteleone di Spoleto, Perugia, Penne and Sovereto. The adherence of women to the Order came under several institutional forms. Some women were laypeople, associated consorores who carried out the Order’s activities, sometimes working in its hospitals. Others lived in the houses of the Order of St John, where they could also take the vows, with consequent formation of “mixed” convents or monasteries. But in some cases, separate nunneries were created or assimilated from other communities. Some historians have seen a different evolution from the initial vocation of women, which consisted of field activities in support of the poor and the sick, and would later become a strictly cloistered life. This change can be observed by examining the biographies of the two Italian female Hospitaller saints, Ubaldesca and Toscana. Yet, local development varied, and the situation in an important city like Florence differed from nunneries in smaller localities like Sovereto or Penne. Finally, several interesting sources allow us a glimpse of the spirituality and norms in those women’s daily lives compared to male religiosity. The medieval Italian nunneries of St John never became an autonomous branch of the Order, but at the same time, they were not a rare or exceptional phenomenon.

This paper is part of the history of gender economics, adopted a microeconomic approach to study household economic decisions, labor, extended by the new discipline of gender economics in order to study gender differences and their economic implications, especially in the labor market. The present contribution intends to examine how the gender difference and the wage difference were present in the modern age and, in this regard, we want to deepen an emblematic case in the heart of Italy, that of the eighteenth-century Manufacture of San Michele a Ripa Grande and that of the nineteenth-century Italian Tobacco Factory. The two case studies have been identified because, even if in different periods, they represent for the Roman case, two important examples for the work of women in industry, because they represented, in the long term, the two most important manufactures and industries in Rome (which compared to the European capitals has never been an important industrial center). The sources used were found in the State Archives of Rome and little-used economic sources were also used, as well as the sources used for the Tobacco Factory found in the library of the Ministry of Finance are original. Cet article est une contribution à l’histoire de l’économie du genre, il adopte une approche microéconomique pour étudier les décisions économiques des ménages, leur travail, en prolongeant cette approche grâce à la nouvelle discipline de l’économie du genre, afin d’étudier les différences entre les genres et leurs implications économiques, en particulier sur le marché du travail. La présente contribution entend examiner comment les différences entre les genres et les salaires étaient présentes à l’époque moderne et, à cet égard, nous voulons approfondir un cas emblématique de l’Italie, celui de la Manufacture de San Michele a Ripa Grande du XVIIIe siècle et celui de la manufacture italienne de tabac du XIXe siècle. Les deux études de cas ont été choisies car, même si elles se situent à des époques différentes, elles représentent, pour le cas romain, deux exemples importants du travail des femmes dans l’industrie, et car ces deux manufactures ont constitué, sur le long terme, les deux plus importantes manufactures de Rome (qui, en comparaison à d’autres capitales européennes, n’a jamais été un centre industriel important). Les sources utilisées proviennent des archives d’État de Rome ; des sources économiques peu traitées dans la littérature ont également été utilisées ; les sources utilisées pour la manufacture de tabac proviennent de la bibliothèque du ministère des Finances et sont originales.

La definizione dell'immagine militare della corte dei Savoia si realizzò compiutamente a seguito di alcune riforme avviate alla fine del regno del re Carlo Alberto, trovando applicazione nel corso dei decenni successivi. Tali riforme investirono non solo nominalmente la corte torinese, successivamente corte del Regno d'Italia, ma agirono sul profilo dei suoi organigrammi. Si trattò di un fenomeno, dunque, con effetti sociali e culturali, verificabile attraverso lo studio prosopografico dei soggeti coinvolti. La nuova "Casa militare" accolse, in tal senso, non solo la contrattazione, ma una più stretta commistione, di quanto non fosse stato nei secoli precedenti, fra dimensione curiale e governo dello Stato. Così, almeno, sino all'inizio del XX secolo, quando un regio decreto, che non aveva avuto precedenti, decise che la scelta delle figure chiamate a ricoprire le tre principali cariche di corte (ministro della Real Casa, prefetto di Palazzo e primo aiutante di campo) fosse sottoposta al controllo del governo.

Antico possedimento dei da Procida e poi dei Cossa, Procida fu feudo dei d’Avalos tra il 1504 e il 1734, anno in cui rientrò nei beni della corona borbonica che inaugurò nell’isola l’amministrazione dei Siti Reali, presto estesa a molti territori del regno di Napoli. Se la retorica dell’isola del re è stata al centro di studi, meno note sono le vicende del Sito Reale di Procida successive ai fasti dell’età borbonica (1734-1806). Mentre le numerose Caccette, almeno durante l’Ottocento, conservarono i caratteri architettonici e paesaggistici, diverso fu il destino del palazzo reale di Procida, un’idea vagheggiata per alcuni decenni, ma che non trovò seguito nel futuro del Sito Reale, a cominciare dai primi anni del XIX secolo. Procida, formerly a property of the da Procida family and then of the Cossas, was the fief of the d’Avalos from 1504 to 1734, when it was re-included among the possessions of the Bourbon Crown, which initiated the administration of its Royal Sites on the Island and soon extended it to plenty territories in the Kingdom of Naples. Whereas the rhetoric of the King’s Island has been the subject of different studies, the events occurred in the Royal Site of Procida after the splendour of the Bourbon age are less known (1734-1806). As a matter of fact, while the manifold Caccette kept, at least during the XIX century, their architectural and panoramic characteristics, the Royal Palace of Procida was destined to remain an idea cherished during some decades, whose end-use was destined to change already during the early years of the XIX century.

Assessing the similarity between code components plays a pivotal role in a number of Software Engineering (SE) tasks, such as clone detection, impact analysis, refactoring, etc. Code similarity is generally measured by relying on manually defined or hand-crafted features, e.g., by analyzing the overlap among identifiers or comparing the Abstract Syntax Trees of two code components. These features represent a best guess at what SE researchers can utilize to exploit and reliably assess code similarity for a given task. Recent work has shown, when using a stream of identifiers to represent the code, that Deep Learning (DL) can effectively replace manual feature engineering for the task of clone detection. However, source code can be represented at different levels of abstraction: identifiers, Abstract Syntax Trees, Control Flow Graphs, and Bytecode. We conjecture that each code representation can provide a different, yet orthogonal view of the same code fragment, thus, enabling a more reliable detection of similarities in code. In this paper, we demonstrate how SE tasks can benefit from a DL-based approach, which can automatically learn code similarities from different representations.