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This paper is part of the history of gender economics, adopted a microeconomic approach to study household economic decisions, labor, extended by the new discipline of gender economics in order to study gender differences and their economic implications, especially in the labor market. The present contribution intends to examine how the gender difference and the wage difference were present in the modern age and, in this regard, we want to deepen an emblematic case in the heart of Italy, that of the eighteenth-century Manufacture of San Michele a Ripa Grande and that of the nineteenth-century Italian Tobacco Factory. The two case studies have been identified because, even if in different periods, they represent for the Roman case, two important examples for the work of women in industry, because they represented, in the long term, the two most important manufactures and industries in Rome (which compared to the European capitals has never been an important industrial center). The sources used were found in the State Archives of Rome and little-used economic sources were also used, as well as the sources used for the Tobacco Factory found in the library of the Ministry of Finance are original. Cet article est une contribution à l’histoire de l’économie du genre, il adopte une approche microéconomique pour étudier les décisions économiques des ménages, leur travail, en prolongeant cette approche grâce à la nouvelle discipline de l’économie du genre, afin d’étudier les différences entre les genres et leurs implications économiques, en particulier sur le marché du travail. La présente contribution entend examiner comment les différences entre les genres et les salaires étaient présentes à l’époque moderne et, à cet égard, nous voulons approfondir un cas emblématique de l’Italie, celui de la Manufacture de San Michele a Ripa Grande du XVIIIe siècle et celui de la manufacture italienne de tabac du XIXe siècle. Les deux études de cas ont été choisies car, même si elles se situent à des époques différentes, elles représentent, pour le cas romain, deux exemples importants du travail des femmes dans l’industrie, et car ces deux manufactures ont constitué, sur le long terme, les deux plus importantes manufactures de Rome (qui, en comparaison à d’autres capitales européennes, n’a jamais été un centre industriel important). Les sources utilisées proviennent des archives d’État de Rome ; des sources économiques peu traitées dans la littérature ont également été utilisées ; les sources utilisées pour la manufacture de tabac proviennent de la bibliothèque du ministère des Finances et sont originales.

In this paper, we use micro data on a large number of European countries from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) to examine the wealth accumulation (saving) behavior of the retired elderly in Europe. To summarize our main findings, we find that less than half of the retired elderly in Europe are decumulating their wealth and that the average wealth accumulation rate of the retired elderly in Europe is positive though relatively moderate (6.6% over a 3-year period). These findings strongly suggest that the Wealth Decumulation (or Retirement Saving) Puzzle (the tendency of the retired elderly to not decumulate their wealth or to decumulate their wealth more slowly than expected) applies in the case of Europe. Moreover, our regression results suggest that bequest motives, generous public pension systems, and the reluctance of retired elderly homeowners to sell or borrow against their owner-occupied housing are the primary explanations for the existence of the Wealth Decumulation Puzzle in Europe.

Due to several of their characteristics, such as their renewability, sustainability, and eco-friendliness, nanocellulose-based materials are arousing growing interest from researchers in various fields of study and applications. The purpose of this review article is to provide an overall view of the most recent applications of these innovative bio-nanomaterials in the field of cultural heritage. First, an introduction of the different classes of cellulose nanomaterials and their synthesis and characterization methods is presented. After that, many consolidation treatments based on nanocellulose structures for the recovery of degraded and archeological wood, the stabilization of damaged painting canvases, and the deacidification of historical papers are shown in order to underline the advanced potential of nanocellulose for the conservation of artistic heritage and the respect for the environment.

AbstractThis article analyses the development of Italian health policies in the post-Second World War period. Shortly after the setting up of the ‘Beveridge model’ and the creation of the British National Health Service, Italy also introduced a new approach to health, which became part of the Constitution. However, the implementation of the necessary reforms was delayed due to resistance from the country's institutions and government parties. The introduction of a radical health reform became possible only in 1978 through pressure generated from social conflicts, trade unions and left-wing parties. The implementation of the National Health Service encountered a number of obstacles due to the specific conditions of Italy, but also owing to changes at the international level. The neoliberal policies started in the 1980s introduced restrictions in health spending, the regionalisation and privatisation of services, and a new selective approach to health. In spite of these limitations and contradictions, the Italian healthcare system has been considerably successful, leading to strong improvements in health and to a life expectancy at birth among the longest in Europe. The recent developments – and the experience of the pandemic – confirm the important impact of a public, universal health service and, at the same time, the persistent policy efforts aimed at weakening its reach.

Abstract In this study, the implementation of a hydrogen microgrid is investigated, considering the integration of H 2 production, storage, and energy conversion to feed a typical end-user. A remote control system has been realized through LabVIEW software, allowing to monitor real-time all the devices and analyze their performances. The integrated system is composed of a PEM electrolyzer (325 W), a storage system based on metal hydrides (two tanks, 54 g of hydrogen each, 1.08 wt%) and an energy converter (PEM Fuel Cell stack, 200 W). A programmable electronic load was used to set a power demand throughout the year, simulating an end-user. Data collected from each component of the micro-grid were used to characterize the energetic performance of the devices, focusing on the H 2 production via electrolyzer, charging cycles of the H 2 storage system, and energy conversion efficiency of the FC stack. Finally, the global efficiency of the microgrid is computed. Even though the system is realized in laboratory scale, this circumstance will not invalidate the significance of the configuration due to modularity of all the technologies that can be easily scaled up to realistic scales.

Abstract Hydrogen is considered an energy vector which ensures a pivotal role in the energy market in near future. As a subsequent, the need to provoke novel technologies and investigate the potential layouts rising from hybridization remains on the shoulder of research literature., The current work investigates the potential role of the supercritical CO2 heat pump to contribute to hydrogen production inside a hybrid energy system. The case study is a generic biogas power plant characterized by the combination of diverse hydrogen production technologies such as water electrolysis and the reforming process. Water electrolysis takes place through high (SOEC) and low-temperature(AEC) The role of the heat pump unit is defined to operate between these two technologies to recover heat losses and transfer them to high-temperature electrolysis. The performance of the CO2 cycle in the presented hybrid energy system is simulated via MATLAB SIMULINK and the effective indicators to improve its performance have been carried out.In the end, the result of the simulation shows a production rate of 19.27 kgH2/h. Furthermore, thanks to heat recovery the total thermal efficiency increases by 80%. It also reveals that the heat pump unit operates with COP in the range of 4.5 – 3.3 based on pressure ratios providing temperature in the range of 151-184 °C by fixing the cold sink input temperature and pressure at 70 °C, 75 bar respectively.