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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Baumgärtner, Martin; Zahner, Johannes;

    Dictionary approaches are at the forefront of current techniques for quantifying central bank communication. This paper proposes embeddings - a language model trained using machine learning techniques - to locate words and documents in a multidimensional vector space. To accomplish this, we utilize a text corpus that is unparalleled in size and diversity in the central bank communication literature, as well as introduce a novel approach to text quantification from computational linguistics. This allows us to provide high-quality central bank-specific textual representations and demonstrate their applicability by developing an index that tracks deviations in the Fed's communication towards inflation targeting. Our findings indicate that these deviations in communication significantly impact monetary policy actions, substantially reducing the reaction towards inflation deviation in the US.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ EconStorarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2021
    Data sources: EconStor
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Conference object . 2022
    Data sources: EconStor
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2023
    Data sources: EconStor
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EconStor
    Research . 2021
    Data sources: EconStor
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EconStor
    Conference object . 2022
    Data sources: EconStor
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EconStor
    Research . 2023
    Data sources: EconStor
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ EconStorarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      EconStor
      Research . 2021
      Data sources: EconStor
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      EconStor
      Conference object . 2022
      Data sources: EconStor
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      EconStor
      Research . 2023
      Data sources: EconStor
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      EconStor
      Research . 2021
      Data sources: EconStor
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      EconStor
      Conference object . 2022
      Data sources: EconStor
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      EconStor
      Research . 2023
      Data sources: EconStor
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Biasi, Barbara; Lafortune, Julien; Schönholzer, David;

    This paper identifies which investments in school facilities help students and are valued by homeowners. Using novel data on school district bonds, test scores, and house prices for 29 U.S. states and a research design that exploits close elections with staggered timing, we show that increased school capital spending raises test scores and house prices on average. However, impacts differ vastly across types of funded projects. Spending on basic infrastructure (such as HVAC) or on the removal of pollutants raises test scores but not house prices; conversely, spending on athletic facilities raises house prices but not test scores. Socio-economically disadvantaged districts benefit more from capital outlays, even conditioning on project type and the existing capital stock. Our estimates suggest that closing the spending gap between high- and low-SES districts and targeting spending towards high-impact projects may close as much as 25% of the observed achievement gap between these districts.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ EconStorarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2024
    Data sources: EconStor
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2024
    Data sources: EconStor
    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EconStor
    Research . 2024
    Data sources: EconStor
    Brown Digital Repository
    Other literature type . 2024
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EconStor
    Research . 2024
    Data sources: EconStor
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ EconStorarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      EconStor
      Research . 2024
      Data sources: EconStor
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      EconStor
      Research . 2024
      Data sources: EconStor
      SSRN Electronic Journal
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      SSRN Electronic Journal
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      SSRN Electronic Journal
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      EconStor
      Research . 2024
      Data sources: EconStor
      Brown Digital Repository
      Other literature type . 2024
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      EconStor
      Research . 2024
      Data sources: EconStor
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lochner, Benjamin; Merkl, Christian;

    In diesem Papier untersuchen wir das geschlechterspezifische Bewerbungs- und Einstellungsverhalten sowie deren Implikationen für die Lohnlücke. Um die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen besser zu verstehen, leiten wir aus einem zweistufigen Matching-Modell Implikationen her, die wir auf Basis der IAB-Stellenerhebung überprüfen. Es zeigt sich, dass die Muster in den Daten konsistent mit der Theorie von linearen und nichtlinearen Produktionsfunktionen sind. Wir dokumentieren, dass sich Frauen seltener bei Hochlohn- als bei Niedriglohnfirmen bewerben. Dahingegen finden wir keinen statistisch signifikanten Unterschied in der Einstellungswahrscheinlichkeit zwischen Männern und Frauen, wenn sie sich bei Hochlohnfirmen bewerben. Diese Muster sprechen gegen die Diskriminierungshypothese aus dem theoretischen Modell, lassen sich aber dadurch erklären, dass Jobs bei Hochlohnfirmen höhere arbeitgeberseitige Flexibilitätsanforderungen haben. Wir zeigen, dass der Anteil der männlichen Bewerber in verschiedenen, beobachtbaren Flexibilitätsanforderungen ansteigt. Wenn wir den Anteil der männlichen Bewerber in Mincer-Lohnregressionen als zusätzliche erklärende Variable für Flexibilitätsanforderungen aufnehmen, sinkt der Geschlechterunterschied im Einstellungslohn zwischen Männern und Frauen um etwa 50-60 Prozent. Frauen, die in Jobs eingestellt werden, bei denen sich viele Männer bewerben, verdienen signifikant mehr als Frauen, die in vergleichbaren Jobs eingestellt werden, bei denen sich ausschließlich Frauen bewerben. Wenn Frauen mit Kindern Jobs mit hohen Flexibilitätsanforderungen annehmen, müssen sie dahingegen große Lohneinbußen im Vergleich zu Männern hinnehmen. This paper opens up the black box of gender-specific application and hiring behavior and its implications for the residual gender earnings gap. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we propose a two-stage matching model with testable implications. Using the German IAB Job Vacancy Survey, we show that the patterns in the data are in line with linear and nonlinear production functions at different jobs. Women's application probability at high-wage firms is much lower than at low-wage firms. By contrast, women have the same probability of being hired as men when they apply at high-wage firms. These patterns are not in line with taste-based discrimination, but they can be rationalized by high-wage firms that ask for more employer-sided flexibility. We show that the share of male applicants increases in various dimensions of employer-sided flexibility requirements. Adding the share of male applicants as a proxy for flexibility requirements to Mincer wage regressions reduces the residual earnings gap by around 50 to 60 percent. Women who match at jobs with a high share of male applicants earn substantially more than women at comparable jobs with only females in the application pool (due to compensating differentials). By contrast, when women with children match at these jobs, they face large earnings discounts relative to men.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ EconStorarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2023
    Data sources: EconStor
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2022
    Data sources: EconStor
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2022
    License: CC BY SA
    Data sources: EconStor
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EconStor
    Research . 2022
    Data sources: EconStor
    https://doi.org/10.48720/iab.d...
    Other literature type . 2022
    License: CC BY SA
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EconStor
    Research . 2022
    Data sources: EconStor
    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EconStor
    Research . 2023
    Data sources: EconStor
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ EconStorarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      EconStor
      Research . 2023
      Data sources: EconStor
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      EconStor
      Research . 2022
      Data sources: EconStor
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      EconStor
      Research . 2022
      License: CC BY SA
      Data sources: EconStor
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      EconStor
      Research . 2022
      Data sources: EconStor
      https://doi.org/10.48720/iab.d...
      Other literature type . 2022
      License: CC BY SA
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      EconStor
      Research . 2022
      Data sources: EconStor
      SSRN Electronic Journal
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      EconStor
      Research . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Jakubowski, Maciej; Gajderowicz, Tomasz; Patrinos, Harry;

    The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant disruption in schooling worldwide. This paper uses global test score data to estimate learning losses. It models the effect of school closures on achievement by predicting the deviation of the most recent results from a linear trend using data from all rounds of the Programme for International Student Assessment. Scores declined by an average of 14 percent of a standard deviation, roughly equal to seven months of learning. Losses were greater for students in schools that faced relatively longer closures, boys, immigrants, and disadvantaged students. Educational losses may translate into significant national income losses over time.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ EconStorarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2024
    Data sources: EconStor
    Brown Digital Repository
    Other literature type . 2024
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EconStor
    Research . 2024
    Data sources: EconStor
    https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9...
    Book . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Brown Digital Repository
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      https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9...
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    Authors: Kovács, Kriszta; Tóth, Gábor Attila;

    Abstract The article situates Rosalind Dixon’s Responsive Judicial Review in constitutional legal literature and engages with its central message by introducing the idea of constitutional courts as accessible democratic institutions. It compares constitutional review in a well-functioning and a declining democracy. After considering the relationship between democratic self-government and constitutional review, the article argues that a lawfully established, accessible, yet reasonably self-restraining constitutional court with the power of procedural and substantive review can be understood as a democratic institution. To support this claim, the article offers the example of Hungary, where democratization coincided with the birth of accessible constitutional review and where the decay of democracy has been accompanied by the decline of constitutional review. It concludes that constitutional justices can always have a choice. They can contribute to an autocratic transformation or resist the autocratic government by performing a Herculean task.

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    EconStor
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    Article . 2023
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    Review of Central and East European Law
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Review of Central and East European Law
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    Authors: Theo Renou; René Carraz; Thierry Burger-Helmchen;

    Japanese firms have historically followed a country-specific model of corporate governance. Yet, Japan has had to adapt its corporate model over the last 30 years, along with the transformation of distinctive characteristics of Japanese capitalism in the same period. We review the historical evolution of Japanese corporate governance over the last three decades with a specific emphasis on the changes in the capital structure of major companies and the efforts to correct ineffective board of directors monitoring. By doing this, we investigate to what extent specific Japanese corporate governance features may explain the nation’s economic situation over this period. Thereby, we try to clarify the influences that have presided over recent corporate governance reforms in Japan despite the existence of managerial failures and corporate scandals. This paper places itself into the debate over the diversity of capitalism as it portrays the specificities, differences, and converging trends of Japanese corporate governance practices.

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    Administrative Sciences
    Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2023
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    "Mobiliser des liquidités lorsqu’il y a des difficultés de financement exerce des pressions sur le marché financier. Liquider de grandes quantités d’actifs fait baisser leur prix et peut amplifier les chocs de financement. Comment les mesures prises par les banques pour surmonter une crise de financement accroissent-elles le risque de contagion? Nous proposons un modèle permettant d’étudier la transmission des difficultés au sein d’un système bancaire ébranlé par un choc de financement. Le modèle prend en compte 1) les effets indirects qui découlent de l’incidence sur les prix d’un réinvestissement optimal de l’actif des banques et 2) les effets de réseau observés si les banques ne sont pas en mesure de rembourser tout ce qu’elles doivent aux autres banques (expositions interbancaires directes). Nous démontrons comment, et à quel prix, les banques liquident leurs actifs à l’équilibre, et examinons le rôle des organismes de réglementation sur la stabilisation des prix pendant une crise de financement. Nos résultats empiriques, basés sur les données de l’autorité canadienne de surveillance, révèlent que même des chocs de financement de très grande ampleur sont peu susceptibles de déclencher des défauts en cascade. Cependant, les pertes attribuables à la liquidation d’actifs en catastrophe pourraient être substantielles. Néanmoins, une banque a moins tendance à réagir de manière excessive ou à vendre plus que le strict nécessaire quand elle prend en compte les actions des autres banques." "Raising liquidity when funding is stressed creates pressure on the financial market. Liquidating large quantities of assets depresses their prices and may amplify funding shocks. How do banks weathering a funding crisis contribute to contagion risk? We propose a model to study the transmission of distress in a banking system that has been hit by a funding shock. The model captures (1) the indirect effects of price impacts due to the optimal reinvestment of banks’ asset mixture and (2) the direct network effects if banks cannot fully pay back their interbank exposures. We demonstrate how banks liquidate assets in equilibrium and at what price, and we examine the role of regulators in stabilizing prices in a funding crisis. Our empirical results, based on the Canadian supervisory data, show that even very large funding shocks are unlikely to trigger a cascade of defaults. However, losses incurred on liquidated assets in fire sales may be substantial. Nevertheless, banks are less likely to overreact or sell more than strictly necessary when they take other banks' actions into account. "

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    EconStor
    Research . 2023
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    EconStor
    Research . 2020
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.34989/swp-2...
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    EconStor
    Research . 2020
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    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control
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      Other literature type . 2020
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    Authors: Lazuka, Volha; Elwert, Annika;

    Sex education can impact pupils' sexual activity and convey the social norms regarding family formation and responsibility, which can have significant consequences to their future. To investigate the life-cycle effects of social norm transmission, this study draws on the introduction of comprehensive sex education in the curriculum of Swedish primary schools during the 1940s to the 1950s. Inspired by social-democratic values, sex education during this period taught students about abstinence, rational family planning choices, and the importance of taking social responsibility for their personal decisions. The study applies a state-of-the-art estimator of the difference-in-differences method to various outcomes of men and women throughout the life cycle. The results show that the reform affected most intended outcomes for men and women, ultimately decreasing gender inequality in earnings. The effects of the reform also extended to the succeeding generation of girls, encouraging them to choose a profession with prosocial responsibilities and engage in entrepreneurship. The findings suggest that social norms, internalized through school-based sex education, shape lifetime outcomes of individuals and their children in significant ways.

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    Research . 2023
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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2023
    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
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    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Other literature type . Preprint . 2023
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    Authors: Fourberg, Niklas; Marques Magalhaes, Katrin; Wiewiorra, Lukas;

    In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir Muster und Preisniveaueffekte algorithmischer Preissetzung in den Marktsegmenten für OTC-Antiallergika und -Schmerzmittel in Deutschland. Auf der Grundlage eines neuartigen, stündlich erhobenen Datensatzes, der sich über vier Monate erstreckt und über 10 Millionen Einzelbeobachtungen enthält, kommen wir zu den folgenden Ergebnissen. Erstens ist das Preisniveau für Antiallergika im Vergleich zum Segment Schmerzmittel wesentlich höher, was auf eine geringere Preiselastizität bei Antiallergika zurückzuführen sein dürfte. Zweitens finden wir Belege dafür, dass diese Ausnutzung von Nachfragecharakteristika in Bezug auf die Preissetzungstechnologie heterogen ist. Einzelhändler mit einer fortschrittlicheren Preisalgorithmen setzen deutlich höhere Preisaufschläge für Antiallergika als Einzelhändler mit einer weniger fortschrittlichen Technologie. Drittens setzen Einzelhändler, die fortschrittlichere Preisalgorithmen einsetzen, im Durchschnitt niedrigere Preise. Dieses Resultat ist konträr zu Erkenntnissen aus Simulationen, stimmt hingegen mit empirischen Ergebnissen übereinstimmt, in Situationen, in denen viele Unternehmen auf einem Markt konkurrieren. Schließlich deuten unsere Daten darauf hin, dass Preisfindungsalgorithmen den Web-Traffic der Online-Shops der Einzelhändler als nachfrageseitiges Feedback bei der Preisgestaltung berücksichtigen. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung einer sorgfältigen Betrachtungsweise von Preisalgorithmen im Rahmen von Wettbewerbspolitik und weisen auf neue Risikopotentiale hin, wenn mehrere Akteure dieselbe Preisfindungsmethode anwenden. We analyze pricing patterns and price level effects of algorithms in the market segments for OTC-antiallergics and -painkillers in Germany. Based on a novel hourly dataset which spans over four months and contains over 10 million single observations, we produce the following results. First, price levels are substantially higher for antiallergics compared to the segment of painkillers, which seems to be reflective of a lower price elasticity for antial- lergics. Second, we find evidence that this exploitation of demand character- istics is heterogeneous with respect to the pricing technology. Retailers with a more advanced pricing technology establish even higher price premiums for antiallergics than retailers with a less advanced technology. Third, retailers with more advanced pricing technology post lower prices which contradicts previous findings from simulations but are in line with empirical findings if many firms compete in a market. Lastly, our data suggests that pricing algo- rithms take web-traffic of retailers' online-shops as demand side feedback into account when choosing prices. Our results stress the importance of a careful policy approach towards pricing algorithms and highlights new areas of risks when multiple players employ the same pricing technology.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ EconStorarrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Bartling, Björn; Cappelen, Alexander W; Hermes, Henning; Skivenes, Marit; +1 Authors

    We study paternalistic preferences in two large-scale experiments with participants from the general population in the United States. Spectators decide whether to intervene to prevent a stakeholder, who is mistaken about the choice set, from making a choice that is not aligned with the stakeholders’ own preferences. We find causal evidence for the nature of the intervention being of great importance for the spectators’ willingness to intervene. Only a minority of the spectators implement a hard intervention that removes the stakeholder’s freedom to choose, while a large majority implement a soft intervention that provides information without restricting the choice set. This finding holds regardless of the stakeholder’s responsibility for being mistaken about the choice set – whether the source of mistake is internal or external – and in different subgroups of the population. We introduce a theoretical framework with two paternalistic types – libertarian paternalists and welfarists – and show that the two types can account for most of the spectator behavior. We estimate that about half of the spectators are welfarists and that about a third are libertarian paternalists. Our results shed light on attitudes toward paternalistic policies and the broad support for soft interventions.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Baumgärtner, Martin; Zahner, Johannes;

    Dictionary approaches are at the forefront of current techniques for quantifying central bank communication. This paper proposes embeddings - a language model trained using machine learning techniques - to locate words and documents in a multidimensional vector space. To accomplish this, we utilize a text corpus that is unparalleled in size and diversity in the central bank communication literature, as well as introduce a novel approach to text quantification from computational linguistics. This allows us to provide high-quality central bank-specific textual representations and demonstrate their applicability by developing an index that tracks deviations in the Fed's communication towards inflation targeting. Our findings indicate that these deviations in communication significantly impact monetary policy actions, substantially reducing the reaction towards inflation deviation in the US.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ EconStorarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Biasi, Barbara; Lafortune, Julien; Schönholzer, David;

    This paper identifies which investments in school facilities help students and are valued by homeowners. Using novel data on school district bonds, test scores, and house prices for 29 U.S. states and a research design that exploits close elections with staggered timing, we show that increased school capital spending raises test scores and house prices on average. However, impacts differ vastly across types of funded projects. Spending on basic infrastructure (such as HVAC) or on the removal of pollutants raises test scores but not house prices; conversely, spending on athletic facilities raises house prices but not test scores. Socio-economically disadvantaged districts benefit more from capital outlays, even conditioning on project type and the existing capital stock. Our estimates suggest that closing the spending gap between high- and low-SES districts and targeting spending towards high-impact projects may close as much as 25% of the observed achievement gap between these districts.

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    Authors: Lochner, Benjamin; Merkl, Christian;

    In diesem Papier untersuchen wir das geschlechterspezifische Bewerbungs- und Einstellungsverhalten sowie deren Implikationen für die Lohnlücke. Um die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen besser zu verstehen, leiten wir aus einem zweistufigen Matching-Modell Implikationen her, die wir auf Basis der IAB-Stellenerhebung überprüfen. Es zeigt sich, dass die Muster in den Daten konsistent mit der Theorie von linearen und nichtlinearen Produktionsfunktionen sind. Wir dokumentieren, dass sich Frauen seltener bei Hochlohn- als bei Niedriglohnfirmen bewerben. Dahingegen finden wir keinen statistisch signifikanten Unterschied in der Einstellungswahrscheinlichkeit zwischen Männern und Frauen, wenn sie sich bei Hochlohnfirmen bewerben. Diese Muster sprechen gegen die Diskriminierungshypothese aus dem theoretischen Modell, lassen sich aber dadurch erklären, dass Jobs bei Hochlohnfirmen höhere arbeitgeberseitige Flexibilitätsanforderungen haben. Wir zeigen, dass der Anteil der männlichen Bewerber in verschiedenen, beobachtbaren Flexibilitätsanforderungen ansteigt. Wenn wir den Anteil der männlichen Bewerber in Mincer-Lohnregressionen als zusätzliche erklärende Variable für Flexibilitätsanforderungen aufnehmen, sinkt der Geschlechterunterschied im Einstellungslohn zwischen Männern und Frauen um etwa 50-60 Prozent. Frauen, die in Jobs eingestellt werden, bei denen sich viele Männer bewerben, verdienen signifikant mehr als Frauen, die in vergleichbaren Jobs eingestellt werden, bei denen sich ausschließlich Frauen bewerben. Wenn Frauen mit Kindern Jobs mit hohen Flexibilitätsanforderungen annehmen, müssen sie dahingegen große Lohneinbußen im Vergleich zu Männern hinnehmen. This paper opens up the black box of gender-specific application and hiring behavior and its implications for the residual gender earnings gap. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we propose a two-stage matching model with testable implications. Using the German IAB Job Vacancy Survey, we show that the patterns in the data are in line with linear and nonlinear production functions at different jobs. Women's application probability at high-wage firms is much lower than at low-wage firms. By contrast, women have the same probability of being hired as men when they apply at high-wage firms. These patterns are not in line with taste-based discrimination, but they can be rationalized by high-wage firms that ask for more employer-sided flexibility. We show that the share of male applicants increases in various dimensions of employer-sided flexibility requirements. Adding the share of male applicants as a proxy for flexibility requirements to Mincer wage regressions reduces the residual earnings gap by around 50 to 60 percent. Women who match at jobs with a high share of male applicants earn substantially more than women at comparable jobs with only females in the application pool (due to compensating differentials). By contrast, when women with children match at these jobs, they face large earnings discounts relative to men.

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    https://doi.org/10.48720/iab.d...
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    Authors: Jakubowski, Maciej; Gajderowicz, Tomasz; Patrinos, Harry;

    The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant disruption in schooling worldwide. This paper uses global test score data to estimate learning losses. It models the effect of school closures on achievement by predicting the deviation of the most recent results from a linear trend using data from all rounds of the Programme for International Student Assessment. Scores declined by an average of 14 percent of a standard deviation, roughly equal to seven months of learning. Losses were greater for students in schools that faced relatively longer closures, boys, immigrants, and disadvantaged students. Educational losses may translate into significant national income losses over time.

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    Authors: Kovács, Kriszta; Tóth, Gábor Attila;

    Abstract The article situates Rosalind Dixon’s Responsive Judicial Review in constitutional legal literature and engages with its central message by introducing the idea of constitutional courts as accessible democratic institutions. It compares constitutional review in a well-functioning and a declining democracy. After considering the relationship between democratic self-government and constitutional review, the article argues that a lawfully established, accessible, yet reasonably self-restraining constitutional court with the power of procedural and substantive review can be understood as a democratic institution. To support this claim, the article offers the example of Hungary, where democratization coincided with the birth of accessible constitutional review and where the decay of democracy has been accompanied by the decline of constitutional review. It concludes that constitutional justices can always have a choice. They can contribute to an autocratic transformation or resist the autocratic government by performing a Herculean task.

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    Review of Central and East European Law
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    Authors: Theo Renou; René Carraz; Thierry Burger-Helmchen;

    Japanese firms have historically followed a country-specific model of corporate governance. Yet, Japan has had to adapt its corporate model over the last 30 years, along with the transformation of distinctive characteristics of Japanese capitalism in the same period. We review the historical evolution of Japanese corporate governance over the last three decades with a specific emphasis on the changes in the capital structure of major companies and the efforts to correct ineffective board of directors monitoring. By doing this, we investigate to what extent specific Japanese corporate governance features may explain the nation’s economic situation over this period. Thereby, we try to clarify the influences that have presided over recent corporate governance reforms in Japan despite the existence of managerial failures and corporate scandals. This paper places itself into the debate over the diversity of capitalism as it portrays the specificities, differences, and converging trends of Japanese corporate governance practices.

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    Administrative Sciences
    Other literature type . Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    "Mobiliser des liquidités lorsqu’il y a des difficultés de financement exerce des pressions sur le marché financier. Liquider de grandes quantités d’actifs fait baisser leur prix et peut amplifier les chocs de financement. Comment les mesures prises par les banques pour surmonter une crise de financement accroissent-elles le risque de contagion? Nous proposons un modèle permettant d’étudier la transmission des difficultés au sein d’un système bancaire ébranlé par un choc de financement. Le modèle prend en compte 1) les effets indirects qui découlent de l’incidence sur les prix d’un réinvestissement optimal de l’actif des banques et 2) les effets de réseau observés si les banques ne sont pas en mesure de rembourser tout ce qu’elles doivent aux autres banques (expositions interbancaires directes). Nous démontrons comment, et à quel prix, les banques liquident leurs actifs à l’équilibre, et examinons le rôle des organismes de réglementation sur la stabilisation des prix pendant une crise de financement. Nos résultats empiriques, basés sur les données de l’autorité canadienne de surveillance, révèlent que même des chocs de financement de très grande ampleur sont peu susceptibles de déclencher des défauts en cascade. Cependant, les pertes attribuables à la liquidation d’actifs en catastrophe pourraient être substantielles. Néanmoins, une banque a moins tendance à réagir de manière excessive ou à vendre plus que le strict nécessaire quand elle prend en compte les actions des autres banques." "Raising liquidity when funding is stressed creates pressure on the financial market. Liquidating large quantities of assets depresses their prices and may amplify funding shocks. How do banks weathering a funding crisis contribute to contagion risk? We propose a model to study the transmission of distress in a banking system that has been hit by a funding shock. The model captures (1) the indirect effects of price impacts due to the optimal reinvestment of banks’ asset mixture and (2) the direct network effects if banks cannot fully pay back their interbank exposures. We demonstrate how banks liquidate assets in equilibrium and at what price, and we examine the role of regulators in stabilizing prices in a funding crisis. Our empirical results, based on the Canadian supervisory data, show that even very large funding shocks are unlikely to trigger a cascade of defaults. However, losses incurred on liquidated assets in fire sales may be substantial. Nevertheless, banks are less likely to overreact or sell more than strictly necessary when they take other banks' actions into account. "

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    Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control
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      Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control
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    Authors: Lazuka, Volha; Elwert, Annika;

    Sex education can impact pupils' sexual activity and convey the social norms regarding family formation and responsibility, which can have significant consequences to their future. To investigate the life-cycle effects of social norm transmission, this study draws on the introduction of comprehensive sex education in the curriculum of Swedish primary schools during the 1940s to the 1950s. Inspired by social-democratic values, sex education during this period taught students about abstinence, rational family planning choices, and the importance of taking social responsibility for their personal decisions. The study applies a state-of-the-art estimator of the difference-in-differences method to various outcomes of men and women throughout the life cycle. The results show that the reform affected most intended outcomes for men and women, ultimately decreasing gender inequality in earnings. The effects of the reform also extended to the succeeding generation of girls, encouraging them to choose a profession with prosocial responsibilities and engage in entrepreneurship. The findings suggest that social norms, internalized through school-based sex education, shape lifetime outcomes of individuals and their children in significant ways.

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    EconStor
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    arXiv.org e-Print Archive
    Other literature type . Preprint . 2023
    https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv...
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    Authors: Fourberg, Niklas; Marques Magalhaes, Katrin; Wiewiorra, Lukas;

    In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir Muster und Preisniveaueffekte algorithmischer Preissetzung in den Marktsegmenten für OTC-Antiallergika und -Schmerzmittel in Deutschland. Auf der Grundlage eines neuartigen, stündlich erhobenen Datensatzes, der sich über vier Monate erstreckt und über 10 Millionen Einzelbeobachtungen enthält, kommen wir zu den folgenden Ergebnissen. Erstens ist das Preisniveau für Antiallergika im Vergleich zum Segment Schmerzmittel wesentlich höher, was auf eine geringere Preiselastizität bei Antiallergika zurückzuführen sein dürfte. Zweitens finden wir Belege dafür, dass diese Ausnutzung von Nachfragecharakteristika in Bezug auf die Preissetzungstechnologie heterogen ist. Einzelhändler mit einer fortschrittlicheren Preisalgorithmen setzen deutlich höhere Preisaufschläge für Antiallergika als Einzelhändler mit einer weniger fortschrittlichen Technologie. Drittens setzen Einzelhändler, die fortschrittlichere Preisalgorithmen einsetzen, im Durchschnitt niedrigere Preise. Dieses Resultat ist konträr zu Erkenntnissen aus Simulationen, stimmt hingegen mit empirischen Ergebnissen übereinstimmt, in Situationen, in denen viele Unternehmen auf einem Markt konkurrieren. Schließlich deuten unsere Daten darauf hin, dass Preisfindungsalgorithmen den Web-Traffic der Online-Shops der Einzelhändler als nachfrageseitiges Feedback bei der Preisgestaltung berücksichtigen. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung einer sorgfältigen Betrachtungsweise von Preisalgorithmen im Rahmen von Wettbewerbspolitik und weisen auf neue Risikopotentiale hin, wenn mehrere Akteure dieselbe Preisfindungsmethode anwenden. We analyze pricing patterns and price level effects of algorithms in the market segments for OTC-antiallergics and -painkillers in Germany. Based on a novel hourly dataset which spans over four months and contains over 10 million single observations, we produce the following results. First, price levels are substantially higher for antiallergics compared to the segment of painkillers, which seems to be reflective of a lower price elasticity for antial- lergics. Second, we find evidence that this exploitation of demand character- istics is heterogeneous with respect to the pricing technology. Retailers with a more advanced pricing technology establish even higher price premiums for antiallergics than retailers with a less advanced technology. Third, retailers with more advanced pricing technology post lower prices which contradicts previous findings from simulations but are in line with empirical findings if many firms compete in a market. Lastly, our data suggests that pricing algo- rithms take web-traffic of retailers' online-shops as demand side feedback into account when choosing prices. Our results stress the importance of a careful policy approach towards pricing algorithms and highlights new areas of risks when multiple players employ the same pricing technology.

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    Authors: Bartling, Björn; Cappelen, Alexander W; Hermes, Henning; Skivenes, Marit; +1 Authors

    We study paternalistic preferences in two large-scale experiments with participants from the general population in the United States. Spectators decide whether to intervene to prevent a stakeholder, who is mistaken about the choice set, from making a choice that is not aligned with the stakeholders’ own preferences. We find causal evidence for the nature of the intervention being of great importance for the spectators’ willingness to intervene. Only a minority of the spectators implement a hard intervention that removes the stakeholder’s freedom to choose, while a large majority implement a soft intervention that provides information without restricting the choice set. This finding holds regardless of the stakeholder’s responsibility for being mistaken about the choice set – whether the source of mistake is internal or external – and in different subgroups of the population. We introduce a theoretical framework with two paternalistic types – libertarian paternalists and welfarists – and show that the two types can account for most of the spectator behavior. We estimate that about half of the spectators are welfarists and that about a third are libertarian paternalists. Our results shed light on attitudes toward paternalistic policies and the broad support for soft interventions.

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