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This paper provides a comprehensive study of theoretical and practical issues of violation of human rights by war crimes, protection of legitimate interests of individuals in national and international law as a result of such violation. The purpose of this study is a comprehensive analysis of theoretical and applied issues related to the protection of violated rights and legitimate interests of individuals in public international law as a result of the commission of war crimes, and the formulation of scientifically sound proposals for improving the current legislation of Ukraine and the practice of its application in this area. The paper analyses the current scientific opinions and legislation on the regulation of illegal acts and liability for damage caused to victims as a result of violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms by war crimes. Furthermore, the existing forms, methods, and means of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of such persons in Ukraine and in the international arena were determined. The paper also provides a comprehensive study of the existing concept, legal nature and main features of war crimes and their legal regulation in Ukrainian legislation. Legislative amendments to the regulations governing this issue are proposed and the study justifies the position regarding the existence of an exclusively judicial procedure for resolving issues of human rights violations by war crimes, the result of which should be the adoption of a court decision. As a result of the study, the current scientific statements and achievements are clearly identified, as well as those that have emerged due to the constant development of public relations and substantial changes in international relations of various states, which causes armed conflicts and war crimes. One of the achievements of the scientific study is the proof of the importance of the problem of violated human rights in modern society and the extreme need for its research. After all, modern legislation requires substantial changes and improvement of the existing provisions with the subsequent possibility of their practical application

Background: Centralizing procurement for prescription drugs has the potential to reduce drug spending by creating economies of scale and by improving purchasing power. In March 2019, the Chinese government launched a volume-based purchasing (VBP) pilot program using a competitive bidding process to purchase high-quality generic drugs for which branded drug substitutes were available. We evaluated the impact of introducing the VBP pilot on drug purchase quantity and spending. Methods: We performed an interrupted time-series design to estimate the change in monthly drug purchase quantity and spending comparing fourteen months before and seven months after the VBP pilot. We obtained monthly prescription drug purchase data for all purchases from public hospitals in the three large pilot cities (Beijing, Shanghai and Xi’an) and two non-pilot cities (Changsha and Zhengzhou) between January 2018 to September 2019. We measured quantity and spending outcomes separately for the branded and generic substitutes that were selected in the VBP, and other drugs for the treatment of the same diseases. We evaluated heterogeneity of impact by pilot city, drug type, and therapeutic class (cardiovascular disease, mental disorder and cancer) separately. Findings: The VBP pilot in these three cities covered 60 million individuals. The implementation of the pilot reform was associated with a 132% (95%-CI: 104%-165%, p<0·001) increase in the purchase quantity of selected drugs in pilot cities compared to an 17% decrease (95%-CI: 9%-25%, p<0·001) in control cities. In contrast, the purchase quantity of branded and other drugs in pilot cities decreased by 38% (95%-CI: 27%-46%, p<0·001) and 77% (95%-CI: 71%-81%, p<0·001), respectively; while in control cities, these remained at similar levels. Overall, there was a 35% (95%-CI: 28%-41%, p<0·001) decrease in the purchase spending for all drugs in the first post-policy month, from 8·1 billion CNY estimated in the absence of VBP down to 5·3 billion CNY. The largest reduction in spending was in Shanghai and from drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Interpretation: The evidence suggests positive impact of the VBP pilot in reducing the overall drug spending and increasing the use of high-quality generics in three pilot cities. This overall trend is not observed in two non-pilot cities. Assessment of long-term impact of the VBP policy is needed on various outcomes such as drug prescription and utilization patterns, patients’ health outcomes and spending. Funding: None to declare. Declaration of Interest: None to declare.

Self-medication is a latent problem in our society. It is the own initiative or decision to take drugs, the consumption of drugs regardless of their origin, or medical prescription1,2. This has been increasing and has become a phenomenon that is highly studied by researchers. Thus, in pre-pandemic times, self-medication was a considerable problem in several countries, although with differences between countries in Europe and Latin America. So we have, in Spain3; The National Health System announced that in 2017 15.3% of people self-medicate. Also, in Mexico4; 86% consume medications without a doctor's prescription. La automedicación es un problema latente en nuestra sociedad. Es la iniciativa propia o decisión de tomar medicamentos el consumo de fármacos sin importar su origen, ni prescripción médica1,2. Esta ha ido en aumento y se ha vuelto un fenómeno muy estudiado por investigadores. Así, en épocas pre-pandemia la automedicación era un problema considerable en varios países, aunque con diferencias entre países de Europa y Latinoamérica. Así tenemos, en España3; el Sistema Nacional de Salud dio a conocer que en el año 2017 el 15,3 % de personas se automedica. Asimismo, en México4; el 86 % consume medicamentos sin la prescripción de un médico. Sin embargo, el miedo, la saturación de hospitales y la afectación económica por la pandemia COVID-195 ha incentivado a realizar con más frecuencia esta práctica e inclusive aumentó la prevalencia en la población joven6. Puesto que, justificaban la práctica por diversos factores entre ellos; el 33,49 % de los jóvenes relacionan la similitud de los síntomas con enfermedades pasadas, el 19,17 % percibían la enfermedad como algo leve, el 18,24 % desde el aspecto económico les resultaba más barato la automedicación7. Además, en Perú, al inicio de la pandemia se distribuyó kits para tratar la enfermedad leve por coronavirus; por lo que algunos cuando eran hospitalizados por la enfermedad, referían haberse automedicado con ivermectina que les habían entregado a sus familiares8. Además, la pandemia ha incrementado el consumo de tranquilizantes para tratar la ansiedad y el insomnio, trastornos que han aumentado a consecuencia de la pandemia9. En tal sentido, algunos por el miedo y la ansiedad, han optado por el automedicarse sustancias tales como el dióxido de cloro, vitaminas, hierbas, cloroquina10. En tanto, se usaron también medicamentos que permitan mejorar el sistema inmunológico como vitaminas C, D, A y B y suplementos de zinc11. Finalmente, la población, debido al SARS-CoV-2 como una acción preventiva y tranquilizadora, recurrió al acopio de fármacos y su eventual autoconsumo sin consultar con una prescripción. Sin embargo, fue una medida errónea debido a que existen fármacos como los antibióticos que debilitan el sistema inmune12. Frente a lo expuesto, es necesario reflexionar que una consecuencia de la automedicación es la resistencia a los antibióticos, esta aumenta la letalidad de la enfermedad porque el tratamiento se vuelve más difícil debido a la pérdida de eficacia de los mismos. Por lo que es importante implementar en todas las farmacias la vigilancia del expendio de antibióticos, ansiolíticos, etc. con receta. Además, se debe concientizar a la población sobre los riesgos de la automedicación para la salud, puesto que puede causar resistencia a los antibióticos y la dependencia de ansiolíticos y analgésicos.

A controversy over the pudgala or “person” raged among Indian Buddhists for more than a millennium. Their polemics were at least as much a matter of canonical exegesis as of reasoning and argument, for the “mainstream” Buddhist doctors had to account for—and explain away—the numerous places in scripture where the Buddha speaks of the “person.” The Bhārahārasūtra or “sūtra on the bearer of the burden” was one of the scriptures most frequently quoted and discussed in this connection. The present paper is aimed at presenting a reconstructed Sanskrit version of this sūtra and providing an overview of the doctrinal and argumentative uses that were made of it in the context of the debates about the status of the “person.”

La fouille réalisée en 2016 par le service archéologique de Reims Métropole sur le site de Chouilly « La Grifaine » a été l’occasion de compléter nos connaissances sur les hypogées de la Marne. L’examen détaillé de l’état sanitaire des sujets issus de l’hypogée F10 a mis en exergue la récurrence de différents traumatismes et de lésions dégénératives qui plaident en faveur d’une activité spécifique qui pourrait être en lien avec l’extraction du silex. Les indices ostéologiques concernent essentiellement les individus inhumés dans les niveaux les plus récents et témoignent, soit d’une modification du recrutement des individus inhumés, soit d’une évolution des activités au cours du temps. The excavation carried out in 2016 by the Service Archéologique de Reims Métropole on the site of Chouilly "La Grifaine" was an opportunity to complete our knowledge of the hypogeums of the Marne. The detailed examination of the health of the subjects from hypogeum F10 highlighted the recurrence of various traumas and degenerative lesions that suggest a specific activity that could be linked to flint extraction. The osteological evidences concern essentially the individuals buried in the most recent levels and testify either a change in the recruitment of individuals, or an evolution of activities over the time.

Résumé Dans le Ḥālāt-i Pahlawān Muḥammad (« Les États spirituels de Muḥammad Le Champion », 899/1493), le grand polygraphe timouride Mīr ʿAlī Shīr Nawāʾī (844-906/ 1441-1501) retrace la carrière d’un champion de lutte qui fut aussi un célèbre mystique. Nawāʾī avait rencontré le Champion lorsqu’il avait lui-même dû trouver refuge à Machhad au début des années 860/fin des années 1450 et les deux hommes restèrent ainsi de proches compagnons jusqu’à la mort de Pahlawān Muḥammad en 899/1493 à Niʿmatābād (une bourgade située dans les environs de Hérat). Bien qu’issu d’une famille d’éminents lutteurs, Pahlawān Muḥammad brillait aussi par ses talents de musicien, de poète, de médecin et d’astrologue. Le récit de Nawāʾī plonge alors son lecteur dans un univers qui se situe au croisement de ces diverses pratiques, depuis les soirées littéraires (majlis) qui réunissaient la haute société de la capitale timouride jusqu’aux activités charitables de l’hostellerie soufie (takiya) du Champion. Inscrit dans le genre hagiographique par son titre, le texte se distingue cependant des ḥalāt et manāqib traditionnels de plusieurs façons. La vie de l’athlète soufi est d’abord envisagée du point de vue des relations que ce dernier entretenait avec l’auteur. Nawāʾī est ainsi un acteur de premier plan dans cette biographie héroïque et le rôle qu’il tient l’incite à jouer avec les codes de l’hagiographie. N’hésitant pas à se mettre en scène dans un dialogue savoureux, il tourne en dérision sa propre crédulité face à ce qu’il est tenté d’interpréter au départ comme l’expression d’un pouvoir surnaturel du Champion et qui n’est en définitive que l’ultime témoignage de son tempérament et de ses mérites exceptionnels, autant de qualités qui constituent pour le poète naqshbandī la vraie nature de l’ethos soufi.

International audience; The 7th century CE was a turning point in the evolution of North Africa, with the Arab-Muslim conquest ushering in a period of decisive change. This study seeks to develop a grid for reading the contemporary historiography on this period. We begin by focusing on the origins of studies of the topic and then turn to a division between Western and Arab authors, in order to provide a sense of the geographical specificities of the extant scholarship. In doing so, we are able to see how the Arab conquest and the arrival of Islam in the region have been represented, and then observe the gradual development of the scholarship on this period into a fully-fledged field of historical studies.

Résumé La rose (gül en turc) est un symbole bien connu dans le soufisme, en particulier dans la poésie mystique. Métaphore de l’épineuse beauté divine que le rossignol adule, la fleur hérite d’interprétations supplémentaires dans les manuels confrériques, à partir notamment de hadiths apocryphes. L’un de ces écrits, le Traité de la rosace d’Ibrāhīm el-Eşrefī el-Qādirī, cheikh de la branche Eşrefiyye de la Qādiriyya ottomane, explique les significations symboliques de trois représentations de rose sous forme de rosaces cousues sur le couvre-chef porté par les soufis. L’article soutient que les lectures précédentes du traité ont peut-être manqué le véritable enjeu du texte. Pour les mystiques musulmans, par-delà la question du hadith, la rose est bien une métaphore de l’épanouissement du Prophète parmi les humains manifestant la présence de Dieu. Mais plus précisément, la traduction du traité révèle que son auteur envisage la rose comme un signe dont les sens cachés ne sont connus que de quelques maîtres soufis (tels quelques roses dans le désert) ayant reçu mission prophétique et faveur divine.