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While the planet Mars is today a dry and cold wasteland dominated by aeolian processes, a large diversity of geomorphologies observed from orbit suggests that aqueous processes took place there. Most of these morphologies implies the presence of developed fluvial networks at the surface of the planet about 3.5 Ga ago. However, the precise conditions behind the formation of these valleys and the climate they evolved in are still being debated, as some of them could be linked to episodic events set in a cold climate. For more than a decade now, the rovers Curiosity and Perseverance helped to shed light on these questions thanks to a detailed in situ analysis of fluvial and lacustrine deposits.The Curiosity rover landed in August 2012 in Gale crater, and since then observed more than 500 meters of a sedimentary succession including lacustrine mudstones and fluvial sandstones and conglomerates. Locally, clay minerals have been observed to make as much as 30 % of the bulk composition, with a substantial degree of chemical alteration, highlighting the role of water in the rock formation processes. The succession, and locally alternation and interfingering of fluvial and lacustrine facies suggest rapid and marked evolutions of the depositional setting, in relation with changing environmental and climatic parameters. However, no (peri-)glacial facies has been found to date, even if glacial processes could have affected those terrains later in their history.In February 2021, the Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater, which was chosen after the observation from orbit of both a large-scale fan-shaped edifice and the presence of clay and carbonate minerals. Remote observations of the fan and its remnants allowed to identify characteristic sigmoid structures of a deltaic architecture (bottomsets-foresets-topsets), confirming the presence of a perennial lake at the time of the deposition. Observations from both rovers illustrate that liquid water was not ephemeral at the surface of Mars. Nevertheless, the duration and extent of these processes are still yet to be exactly constrained. The detailed analysis of the delta by Perseverance and the returned samples on Earth (by a future mission early in the 2030’s) would hopefully allow to constrain these chronological questions, as well as to allow to look for potential biosignatures. International audience

International audience

Cet article interroge les conditions de mise en place et surtout les modalités d’appropriation de cette nouvelle instance de représentation fusionnée que constitue le Comité Economique et Social (CSE). Il propose une approche comparée entre deux entreprises de transport urbain de voyageurs, l’une de statut public et l’autre de statut privé, qui ont cependant connu des évolutions comparables sur le plan managérial. Dans les deux cas, les syndicats ont bénéficié par le passé d’une assise forte rendue possible par une présence au quotidien sur le terrain et à une capacité à faire remonter des problèmes liés en particulier aux conditions de travail. Ils s’appuyaient pour cela sur le rôle des délégués du personnel et sur le Comité d’Hygiène, de Sécurité et des Conditions de Travail (CHSCT). La mise en place du CSE, en plus de réduire le nombre de mandats et les heures de délégation, est venue affaiblir ce maillage, créant dans les deux cas, un malaise dans la représentation. L’étude montre que c’est le moins le statut de l’entreprise qui constitue ici une clef de lecture heuristique pour comprendre la situation, bien que les syndicats aient obtenu un accord plus favorable dans la régie publique que dans l’entreprise privée, que les nouvelles conditions et modalités de représentation liée au CSE dans des configurations de travail où la proximité demeure la base même de la représentation. This article examines the conditions for setting up and, above all, the modalities of appropriation of this new merged representation body, the Economic and Social Committee (CSE). It proposes a comparative approach between two urban passenger transport companies, one with public status and the other with private status, which have nevertheless undergone comparable developments in terms of management. In both cases, the trade unions have benefited in the past from a strong base made possible by a daily presence on the ground and an ability to raise problems related in particular to working conditions. To do this, they relied on the role of shop stewards and the Health, Safety and Working Conditions Committee (CHSCT). The introduction of the CSE, in addition to reducing the number of mandates and delegation hours, has weakened this network, creating in both cases a malaise in the representation. The study shows that it is not so much the status of the company that constitutes a heuristic key to understanding the situation, although the trade unions obtained a more favourable agreement in the public sector than in the private company, as the new conditions and modalities of representation linked to the CSE in work configurations where proximity remains the very basis of representation. International audience

The unprecedented success of image reconstruction approaches based on deep neural networks has revolutionised both the processing and the analysis paradigms in several applied disciplines. In the field of digital humanities, the task of digital reconstruction of ancient frescoes is particularly challenging due to the scarce amount of available training data caused by ageing, wear, tear and retouching over time. To overcome these difficulties, we consider the Deep Image Prior (DIP) inpainting approach which computes appropriate reconstructions by relying on the progressive updating of an untrained convolutional neural network so as to match the reliable piece of information in the image at hand while promoting regularisation elsewhere. In comparison with state-of-the-art approaches (based on variational/PDEs and patch-based methods), DIP-based inpainting reduces artefacts and better adapts to contextual/non-local information, thus providing a valuable and effective tool for art historians. As a case study, we apply such approach to reconstruct missing image contents in a dataset of highly damaged digital images of medieval paintings located into several chapels in the Mediterranean Alpine Arc and provide a detailed description on how visible and invisible (e.g., infrared) information can be integrated for identifying and reconstructing damaged image regions. Comment: 26 pages

Grande figure de l’université française, doté d’un réel talent oratoire, très influent par sa présence dans de nombreuses instances et jurys, réformateur de l’enseignement de l’histoire, du primaire au supérieur, Ernest Lavisse est assurément tout ceci. Écrivain doté d’une réelle qualité de plume, membre de l’Académie française (1892), grand chef d’équipe capable de mener à bien la livraison de 28 tomes de l’ Histoire de France , son œuvre écrite est importante mais révèle d’abord une figure de passeur, un écrivain adepte de la synthèse exigeante, un vulgarisateur rigoureux, qui veut mettre les principales avancées du savoir savant à portée d’auditoires et de lecteurs plus larges sinon du grand public. À ce niveau, il demeure davantage un historien traditionnaliste, marqué par les pratiques compilatoires érudites du xix e siècle, qu’un enseignant-chercheur tel que le xx e siècle allait le promouvoir. Dès lors, le vulgarisateur est en partie un simplificateur qui ne veut pas se noyer dans les détails, dégageant les axes forts des périodes et les grandes figures, s’attardant peu dans les nuances et les débats interprétatifs ou sur les possibles découvertes liées aux dépouillements de documents originaux des archives. Il va à l’essentiel, à savoir pour lui, la construction de la nation française, l’importance de l’amour de la patrie et l’installation nécessaire de la Troisième République. Ernest Lavisse n’est donc pas l’un des fondateurs et l’un des acteurs majeurs de l’école méthodique, comme cela est souvent dit, même si, par les travaux de ses « élèves », il assure l’enracinement de cette école historique au sein des facultés françaises.

Several studies have shown that about 80% of the medical information in an electronic health record is only available through unstructured data. Resources such as medical terminologies in languages other than English are limited and restrain the NLP tools. We propose here to leverage English based resources in other languages using a combination of translation, word alignment, entity extraction and term normalization (TAXN). We implement this extraction pipeline in an opensource library called "medkit". We demonstrate the interest of this approach through a specific use-case: enriching a phenotypic dictionary for post-acute sequelae in COVID-19 (PASC). TAXN proved to be efficient to propose new synonyms of UMLS terms using a corpus of 70 articles in French with 356 terms enriched with at least one validated new synonym. This study was based on freely available deeplearning models. International audience

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International audience; The Laboratory of Mechanics and Acoustics in Marseille(France) celebrated its 80th anniversary in 2021. It wascreated in 1941, under the name of Centre de RecherchesScientifiques, Industrielles et Maritimes (CRSIM) and wasthe successor of the French Naval Research Center createdin Toulon by the French Navy, under the direction ofFrançois Canac, to work on submarine detection duringWorld War I. It was the first laboratory of the NationalCenter for Scientific Research out of Paris. In thislaboratory, Paul Langevin developed the first high-poweredultrasonic transmitters for the detection of submarines. F.Canac headed the CRSIM until 1958. He was one of thefounders of the journal Acustica. The acoustics servicedeveloped considerably under his leadership. The CRSIMbecame the Centre de Recherches Physiques (PhysicalResearch Center, CRP) in 1962 and was directed byThéodore Vogel. In 1973, the laboratory had a Departmentof Mechanics and a Department of Acoustics. On July 10,1973, the laboratory took the name of Laboratoire deMécanique et d’Acoustique (LMA, Laboratory ofMechanics and Acoustics), a name that better describes itsactivities and which it still bears today. We present here theevolution of the laboratory’s research themes over these 80years.

Large explosive volcanic eruptions from island arcs pour pyroclastic currents into marine basins, impacting ecosystems and generating tsunamis that threaten coastal communities and infrastructures. Risk assessments require robust records of such highly hazardous events, which is challenging as most of the products lie buried under the sea. Here we report the discovery by IODP Expedition 398 of a giant rhyolitic pumice deposit emplaced 520 ± 10 ky ago at water depths of 200 to 1000 m during a high-intensity, shallow submarine eruption of ancestral Santorini Volcano. Pyroclastic currents discharged into the sea transformed into turbidity currents and slurries, forming a >89 ± 8 km 3 volcaniclastic megaturbidite up to 150 m thick in the surrounding marine basins, while breaching of the sea surface by the eruption column laid down veneers of ignimbrite on three islands. The eruption is one of the largest recorded on the South Aegean Volcanic Arc, and highlights the hazards from submarine explosive eruptions. International audience co-auteur étranger