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In the framework of the Compact Light XLS project, a Ka-band linearizer with electric field ranging from 100 to 150 MV/m is requested. In order to feed this structure, a proper Ka-band high power klystron amplifier with a high efficiency is needed. This paper reports a possible solution for a klystron amplifier operating on the TM₀₁₀ mode at 36 GHz, the third harmonic of the 12 GHz linac frequency, with an efficiency of 44% and 10.6 MW radiofrequency output power. We discuss also here the high-power DC gun with the related magnetic focusing system, the RF beam dynamics and finally the multiphysics analysis of a high- power microwave window for a Ka-band klystron providing 16MW of peak power. Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

Silicon is amongst the most attractive anode materials for Li-ion batteries because of its high gravimetric and volumetric capacities; importantly, it is also abundant and cheap, thus sustainable. For a widespread practical deployment of Si-based electrodes, research efforts must focus on significant breakthroughs to addressing the major challenges related to their poor cycling stability. In this work, we focus on the electrolyte-electrode relationships to support the scientific community with a systematic overview of Si-based cell design strategies reporting a thorough electrochemical study of different room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL)-based electrolytes, which contain either lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) or lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). Their galvanostatic cycling performances with mixed silicon/graphite/few-layer graphene electrodes are evaluated, with first cycle Coulombic efficiency approaching 90% and areal capacity ≈2 mAh/cm2 in the limited cut-off range of 0.1–2 V vs. Li+/Li0. The investigation evidences the superior characteristics of the FSI-based RTILs with respect to the TFSI-based one, which is mostly associated with the superior SEI forming ability of FSI-based systems, even without the use of specific additives. In particular, the LiFSI-EMIFSI electrolyte composition shows the best performance in both Li-half cells and Li-ion cells in which the Si-based electrodes are coupled with 4V-class composite NMC-based cathodes.

Translation of electron FLASH radiotherapy in clinical practice requires the use of high energy accelerators to treat deep tumours and Very High Electron Energy (VHEE) could represent a valid technique to achieve this goal. In this sce- nario, a VHEE FLASH linac is under study at the University La Sapienza of Rome (Italy) in collaboration with the Italian Institute for Nuclear Research (INFN) and the Curie Insti- tute (France). Here we present the preliminary results of a compact C-band system aiming to reach an high accelerating gradient and an high pulse current necessary to deliver high dose per pulse and ultra-high dose rate required for FLASH effect. We propose a system composed of a low energy high current injector linac followed by a modular section of high accelerating gradient structures. CST code is used to define the required LINAC’s RF parameters and beam dynamics simulations are performed using T-Step, ASTRA and GPT tracking codes. Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

The luminosity requirements of TeV-class linear colliders demand use of intense charged beams at high repetition rates. Such features imply multi-bunch operation with long current trains accelerated over the km length scale. Consequently, particle beams are exposed to the mutual parasitic interaction due to the long-range wakefields excited by the leading bunches in the accelerating structures. Such perturbations to the motion induce transverse oscillations of the bunches, potentially leading to instabilities such as transverse beam break-up. Here we present a dedicated tracking code that studies the effects of long-range transverse wakefield interaction among different bunches in linear accelerators. Being described by means of an efficient matrix formalism, such effects can be included while preserving short computational times. As a reference case, we use our code to investigate the performance of a state-of-the-art linear collider currently under design and, in addition, we discuss possible mitigation techniques based on frequency detuning and damping. Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

This paper is part of the history of gender economics, adopted a microeconomic approach to study household economic decisions, labor, extended by the new discipline of gender economics in order to study gender differences and their economic implications, especially in the labor market. The present contribution intends to examine how the gender difference and the wage difference were present in the modern age and, in this regard, we want to deepen an emblematic case in the heart of Italy, that of the eighteenth-century Manufacture of San Michele a Ripa Grande and that of the nineteenth-century Italian Tobacco Factory. The two case studies have been identified because, even if in different periods, they represent for the Roman case, two important examples for the work of women in industry, because they represented, in the long term, the two most important manufactures and industries in Rome (which compared to the European capitals has never been an important industrial center). The sources used were found in the State Archives of Rome and little-used economic sources were also used, as well as the sources used for the Tobacco Factory found in the library of the Ministry of Finance are original. Cet article est une contribution à l’histoire de l’économie du genre, il adopte une approche microéconomique pour étudier les décisions économiques des ménages, leur travail, en prolongeant cette approche grâce à la nouvelle discipline de l’économie du genre, afin d’étudier les différences entre les genres et leurs implications économiques, en particulier sur le marché du travail. La présente contribution entend examiner comment les différences entre les genres et les salaires étaient présentes à l’époque moderne et, à cet égard, nous voulons approfondir un cas emblématique de l’Italie, celui de la Manufacture de San Michele a Ripa Grande du XVIIIe siècle et celui de la manufacture italienne de tabac du XIXe siècle. Les deux études de cas ont été choisies car, même si elles se situent à des époques différentes, elles représentent, pour le cas romain, deux exemples importants du travail des femmes dans l’industrie, et car ces deux manufactures ont constitué, sur le long terme, les deux plus importantes manufactures de Rome (qui, en comparaison à d’autres capitales européennes, n’a jamais été un centre industriel important). Les sources utilisées proviennent des archives d’État de Rome ; des sources économiques peu traitées dans la littérature ont également été utilisées ; les sources utilisées pour la manufacture de tabac proviennent de la bibliothèque du ministère des Finances et sont originales.

AbstractThis is the first European study to conduct an extensive empirical research of startup charters. Our aim is to test whether the significant reforms of the law on the Italian società a responsabilità limitata (the GmbH-type limited liability company) were successful in making Italian corporate law more amicable towards startups and venture capital contracting techniques. We explain why, in the Italian context, charters provide significant information on financing deals, and we analyse more than 5000 charters of Italian startups. We find almost 200 charters that reflect the features predicted by the financial contracting theory, albeit with some significant variations in comparison to the US experience. The main one is that convertible preferred shares are not used. We report the large use of (non-convertible) participating preferred shares but also the increasing adoption of preferred shares that are functionally equivalent to US convertible non-participating preferred shares. The absence of convertibility mechanisms also explains the different structure of antidilution clauses in the Italian market. Hybrids are used to provide SAFE- and KISS-like contractual solutions. Co-sale clauses (tag-along and drag-along) are widespread and also highly standardized. US-like vesting schemes are equally observed. Some of the peculiarities we report depend on Italian law idiosyncrasies that are mainly the product of doctrinal constructions. However, corporate practice is pushing the envelope in its efforts to adapt Italian charters to startuppers’ and investors’ needs. From this standpoint, the Italian reforms look, though not completely, successful. Startup law appears to be transforming the European corporate law tradition.

Abstract The European Commission strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate-neutral economy by 2050 outlines main strategic blocks to maximise the benefits of energy efficiency, including zero emission buildings and to maximise the deployment of renewables and the use of electricity to fully decarbonise Europe’s energy supply. The following EU Climate Target Plan 2030 underlines, once again and even more urgently than in 2050, the strong need to build a modern, sustainable and resilient Europe, and this high objective means cleaner air, more energy security and more energy-efficient buildings. Looking at these European directives, Italy has signed the PNIEC, with whom intends to pursue an indicative target of reducing consumption by 2030 equal to 43% of primary energy and 39.7% of final energy compared to the PRIMES 2007 reference scenario. To achieve this goal, particular attention is paid to the existing buildings such as Palazzo De Simone. This historical building, built in the eighteenth century on a project by the architect Raguzzini, located in Benevento (BN), is now home to four different uses: the De Simone Theatre, the De Simone Chapel, a faculty of the University of Sannio and the Conservatory of Benevento. Starting from an extensive historical research, as well as from a series of non-destructive in-situ surveys and environmental measurements, it has been possible to create a satisfactory analysis framework. Later, the design objectives have been identified and, starting from these, design strategies and solutions have been formulated. It has been decided to act at a global level with a conservative restoration in compliance with the constraints imposed by the Superintendence, and at a specific level first on the building envelope, leaving the systems unchanged, then on the systems, leaving the envelope unchanged. Finally, crossing the results, the transformation of the historical building in a nZEB has been obtained, in compliance with the legislative constraints imposed by the national regulations.

Abstract In counteracting fouling phenomenon in gas turbines, which leads to system inefficiencies and performance degradation, water washing technique is very often adopted. Water droplets sprays are injected and, hitting the solid surfaces, remove the dirt deposition. Among the collateral undesirable phenomena related to water washing, blades erosion and liquid film formation are the most remarkable. Despite the former issue was extensively assessed by the authors in previous works, up to the authors’ knowledge the risk of liquid film formation due to water washing was scarcely investigated. Liquid film formation and spreading on a solid surface is a complex phenomenon involving a large number of physical events, such as: droplets impact on a solid surface, splashing phenomena, liquid film dragging under the effect of the carrier phase and droplets separation from the film in proximity of geometry discontinuities. In this paper, an extensively used experimental test case involving all these phenomena was used to test different numerical wall film models available in literature. The test case consists in the injection of a liquid jet in a high velocity crossflow. Some of the liquid jet mass impacts on the opposite solid surface generating a wall film which develops under the dragging effect of the crossflow. A Lagrangian approach was used to track the suspended droplets within the flow field by also considering the turbulent dispersion by means of a Random Walk model. Droplets-wall interaction is considered according to the Stanton-Rutland model, which provides the outcome of a collision (deposit, rebound or splashing), depending on the local impact conditions. If a droplet sticks on a solid boundary, a liquid film generates. Droplets atomization is also accounted for by using the Madabhushi model while Friederich separation model was selected to take into account the detachment of droplets from the film at the geometry edge. Three different numerical simulations have been performed based on different approaches used to solve the liquid film evolution, namely Eulerian one-way coupling, Eulerian two-way coupling and Lagrangian two-way coupling. Numerical results have been compared with the experimental ones from both a qualitative and a quantitative point of view. The wall film shape, its spatial distribution and the variation of the film thickness of the wall centreline have been compared between experimental and numerical simulations proving that the Lagrangian 2-way coupling approach better reproduces the liquid film dynamics observed in the experiments.

Palazzo Valentini, the institutional head office of Città Metropolitana di Roma Capitale, stands in in a crucial position in the Roman archaeological and urban contexts, exactly between the Fora valley, Quirinal Hill slopes, and Campus Martius. It stands on a second-century A.D. complex to which belong, between other archeological remains, two richly decorated aristocratic domus. One of these buildings, the domus A, presents an outward porticoed room with a fourth-century AD central impluvium (open air part of the atrium designed to carry away rainwater) with a black/white tiled mosaic pavement, the preservation status of which is compromised by an incoherent degradation product that has caused gradual detachment of the mosaic tiles. To identify the product and determine the causes of degradation, samples of the product were taken and subjected to SEM-EDS, XRF, NMR, FT-IR and GC-MS analyses. The findings reported in this study can help restorers, archaeologists and conservation scientists in order to improve knowledge about the Roman mosaic, its construction phases, conservation problems and proper solutions.