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These are the supplementary datasets for the manuscript: Drury, A.J., Liebrand, D., Westerhold, T., Beddow, H., Hodell, D., Rohlfs, N., Wilkens, R.H., Lourens, L., 'History of South Atlantic carbonate deposition since the Oligocene (30-0 Ma)', in final preparation for submission Climate of the Past

Astronomical tuning of sediment sequences requires both unambiguous cycle-pattern recognition in climate proxy records and astronomical solutions, and independent information about the phase relationship between these two. Here we present two different astronomically tuned age models for the Oligocene-Miocene Transition (OMT) from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1334 (equatorial Pacific Ocean) to assess the effect tuning has on astronomically calibrated ages and the geologic time scale. These alternative age models (from ~22 to ~24 Ma) are based on different tunings between proxy records and eccentricity: the first age model is based on an aligning CaCO3 weight (wt%) to Earth's orbital eccentricity, the second age model is based on a direct age calibration of benthic foraminiferal stable carbon isotope ratios (d13C) to eccentricity. To independently test which tuned age model and associated tuning assumptions is in best agreement with independent ages based on tectonic plate-pair spreading rates, we assign our tuned ages to the magnetostratigraphic reversals identified in deep-marine magnetic anomaly profiles. Subsequently, we compute tectonic plate-pair spreading rates based on the tuned ages. The resultant, alternative spreading rate histories indicate that the CaCO3 tuned age model is most consistent with a conservative assumption of constant, or linearly changing, spreading rates. The CaCO3 tuned age model thus provides robust ages and durations for polarity chrons C6Bn.1n-C6Cn.1r, which are not based on astronomical tuning in the latest iteration of the Geologic Time Scale. Furthermore, it provides independent evidence that the relatively large (several 10,000 years) time lags documented in the benthic foraminiferal isotope records relative to orbital eccentricity, constitute a real feature of the Oligocene-Miocene climate system and carbon cycle. The age constraints from Site U1334 thus provide independent evidence that the delayed responses of the Oligocene-Miocene climate-cryosphere system and carbon cycle resulted from highly nonlinear feedbacks to astronomical forcing. Supplement to: Beddow, Helen M; Liebrand, Diederik; Wilson, Douglas S; Hilgen, Frederik J; Sluijs, Appy; Wade, Bridget S; Lourens, Lucas Joost (2018): Astronomical tunings of the Oligocene-Miocene transition from Pacific Ocean Site U1334 and implications for the carbon cycle. Climate of the Past, 14(3), 255-270

Pelagic sediments from the subtropical South Atlantic Ocean contain geographically extensive Oligocene ooze and chalk layers that consist almost entirely of the calcareous nannofossil Braarudosphaera. Poor recovery and the lack of precise dating of these horizons in previous studies has limited our understanding of the exact number of acmes, their timing and durations, and the causes of their recurrence. Here we present a high-resolution, astronomically tuned stratigraphy of Braarudosphaera oozes (29.5-27.9 Ma) from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1264 in the subtropical southeastern Atlantic Ocean. We identify seven acme events in the Braarudosphaera abundance record. The longest lasting acme event corresponds to a strong minimum in the ~2.4-My eccentricity cycle, and four acme events coincide with ~110-ky and 405-ky eccentricity maxima. We propose that eccentricity-modulated precession forcing of the freshwater budget of the South Atlantic Ocean resulted in the episodic formation of a shallow pycnocline and hyperstratification of the upper water column. We speculate that stratified surface water conditions may have served as a virtual sea floor, which facilitated the widespread Braarudosphaera acmes. This explanation reconciles the contrasting distribution patterns of Braarudosphaera in the modern ocean, limited largely to shallow water coastal settings, compared to their relatively brief and expanded oceanic distribution in the past. Supplement to: Liebrand, Diederik; Raffi, Isabella; Fraguas, Ángela; Laxenaire, Rémi; Bosmans, Joyce H C; Hilgen, Frederik J; Wilson, Paul A; Batenburg, Sietske J; Beddow, Helen M; Bohaty, Steven M; Bown, Paul R; Crocker, Anya J; Huck, Claire E; Lourens, Lucas Joost; Sabia, Luciana (2018): Orbitally Forced Hyperstratification of the Oligocene South Atlantic Ocean. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 33(5), 511-529

To quantitatively reconstruct the kinematic evolution of Central and Eastern Anatolia within the framework of Neotethyan subduction accommodating Africa-Eurasia convergence, we paleomagnetically assess timing and amount of vertical axis rotations across the Ulukisla and Sivas regions. We show paleomagnetic results from ~30 localities identifying a coherent rotation of a block - comprising the southern Kirsehir Block, the Ulukisla basin, the Central and Eastern Taurides, and the southern part of the Sivas basin. This block experienced a ~30° counter-clockwise vertical axis rotation since Oligocene time. Sediments in the northern Sivas region show clockwise rotations. We use the rotation patterns together with known fault zones to argue that the counter-clockwise rotating domain of south-central Turkey was bounded by the Savcili Thrust Zone and Deliler-Tecer Fault Zone in the north and by the African-Arabian trench in the south, the western boundary of which is poorly constrained and requires future study. Our new paleomagnetic constraints provide a key ingredient for future kinematic restorations of the Anatolian tectonic collage. We combine our extensive new dataset with existing data (Guerer et al., 2018, and references therein) to identify the dimension of rotating domains in Central and Eastern Anatolia, and identify structures that may have accommodated these rotations. Paleomagnetic interpretations and statistical analyses were carried out using the platform independent portal Paleomagnetism.org (Koymans et al., 2016). Supplement to: Gürer, Derya; van Hinsbergen, Douwe J J; Özkaptan, Murat; Creton, Iverna; Koymans, Mathijs R; Cascella, Antonio; Langereis, Cornelis G (2018): Paleomagnetic constraints on the timing and distribution of Cenozoic rotations in Central and Eastern Anatolia. Solid Earth, 9(2), 295-322

In this study we have applied different indices based on long chain diols, i.e., the Long chain Diol Index (LDI) as proxy for past SST, the Diol Index as indicator of past upwelling conditions and the Nutrient Diol Index (NDI) as proxy for nitrate and phosphate concentrations in seawater. The proxies were analyzed in marine sediments recovered at ODP Site 1234, located within the Peru-Chile upwelling system, with a 2 kyr resolution, covering the last 150 kyrs. We also generated TEX^H^~86 and U_K'37 temperature and planktonic δ^18^O records, as well as total organic carbon (TOC) and accumulation rates (ARs) of TOC and lipid biomarkers (i.e., C~37~ alkenones, GDGTs, dinosterol and loliolide) to reconstruct past phytoplankton production. The LDI-derived SST record co-varies with TEX^H^86- and UK'37-derived SST records as well as with the planktonic δ^18^O record, implying that the LDI reflects past SST variations at this site. TOC and phytoplankton AR records indicate increased export production during the Last Interglacial (MIS 5), simultaneous with a peak in the abundance of preserved _Chaetoceros diatoms, suggesting intensified upwelling during this period. The Diol Index is relatively low during the upwelling period, but peaks before and after this period, suggesting that Proboscia diatoms were more abundant before and after the period of upwelling. The NDI reveals the same trends as the Diol Index suggesting that the input of nitrate and phosphate was minimal during upwelling, which is unrealistic. We suggest that the Diol Index and NDI should perhaps be considered as indicators for Proboscia productivity instead of upwelling conditions or nutrient concentrations. Supplement to: de Bar, Marijke W; Stolwijk, Dave; McManus, Jerry F; Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap S; Schouten, Stefan (2018): A Late Quaternary climate record based on long-chain diol proxies from the Chilean margin. Climate of the Past, 14(11), 1783-1803

The Paleocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; 56 Ma) was a phase of rapid global warming associated with massive carbon input into the ocean-atmosphere system from a 13C-depleted reservoir. Many mid- and high-latitude sections have been studied and document changes in salinity, hydrology and sedimentation, deoxygenation, biotic overturning and migrations, but detailed records from tropical regions are lacking. Here, we study the PETM at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 959 in the equatorial Atlantic using a range of organic and inorganic proxies and couple these with dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) assemblage analysis. The PETM at Site 959 was previously found to be marked by a ~3.8 per mil negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE), and a ~4 ºC surface ocean warming from the uppermost Paleocene to peak PETM, of which ~1 ºC occurs before the onset of the CIE. We record upper Paleocene dinocyst assemblages that are similar to PETM assemblages as found in extra-tropical regions, confirming poleward migrations of ecosystems during the PETM. The early stages of the PETM are marked by a typical acme of the tropical genus Apectodinium, which reaches abundances of up to 95 %. Subsequently, dinocyst abundances diminish greatly, as do carbonate and pyritized silicate microfossils. The combined paleoenvironmental information from Site 959 and a close by shelf site in Nigeria implies the general absence of eukaryotic surface-dwelling microplankton during peak PETM warmth is most likely caused by heat stress. Crucially, abundant organic benthic foraminiferal linings imply sustained export production, likely driven by prokaryotes. In sharp contrast, the recovery of the CIE yields rapid (<<10 kyr) fluctuations in the abundance of several dinocyst groups, suggesting extreme ecosystem and environmental variability. Supplement to: Frieling, Joost; Reichart, Gert-Jan; Middelburg, Jack J; Röhl, Ursula; Westerhold, Thomas; Bohaty, Steven M; Sluijs, Appy (2018): Tropical Atlantic climate and ecosystem regime shifts during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Climate of the Past, 14(1), 39-55