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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Luik, Heidi; Piličiauskienė, Giedrė; Podėnas, Vytenis; Micelicaitė, Viktorija; +2 Authors

    Vėlyvojo bronzos amžiaus įtvirtintų gyvenviečių daugiausia aptinkama dabartinės Lietuvos šiaurės rytinėje dalyje. Archeologinių tyrimų metu jose randama nemažai kaulo ir rago dirbinių. Prieš 15 metų išsamiau jau buvo tyrinėti ir publikuoti keleto žymiausių šiaurės rytų Lietuvos piliakalnių - Narkūnų, Nevieriškės ir Kerelių - kauliniai dirbiniai (1 pav.: 4-6; Luik, Maldre, 2007). Šiame straipsnyje yra aptariami keleto kitų šio regiono įtvirtintų gyvenviečių - Sokiškių, Mineikiškių ir Garnių I - kauliniai dirbiniai bei jų gamybos atliekos (1 pav.: 1-3). Minėtų gyvenviečių archeologinio ištyrimo lygis labai skiriasi ir tai yra viena iš priežasčių, kodėl toks skirtingas kiekvienoje jų rastų ir šioje publikacijoje pristatomų kaulo bei rago dirbinių skaičius. Iš viso Lietuvos nacionalinio muziejaus rinkiniuose yra saugoma daugiau kaip 600 Sokiškių, Mineikiškių ir Garnių I įtvirtintose gyvenvietėse rastų kaulinių dirbinių ir jų gamybos atliekų. Tiesa, kaip paaiškėjo atlikus tyrimus, tarp jų pasitaikė ir kaulų bei ragų fragmentų be jokių apdirbimo žymių. Šie radiniai mūsų darbe neanalizuoti. Zooarcheologinėje aptariamų gyvenviečių medžiagoje dominavo žinduolių liekanos, o apie 90 % kaulų fragmentų priklausė naminiams gyvuliams. Iš jų daugiausia rasta kiaulių kaulų fragmentų, antroje vietoje buvo avys / ožkos (Mineikiškėse ir Garniuose I) arba galvijai (Sokiškiuose). Dauguma dirbinių buvo pagaminti iš kaulo, vos keletu atvejų buvo apdirbti ragai ir dantys (1 lentelė; 2-3 pav.). Daugiausia, apie 400 kaulo ir rago dirbinių bei jų gamybos atliekų buvo rasta ir ištirta Sokiškių įtvirtintoje gyvenvietėje. O Mineikiškėse ir Garniuose I buvo rasta vos kiek daugiau negu 50 kaulo ir rago dirbinių. Dirbiniai daugiausia buvo gaminami iš smulkių naminių gyvulių - kiaulių ir avių / ožkų ilgųjų kaulų, nors nemaža dalis buvo padaryti ir iš stambių kanopinių gyvūnų ilgųjų kaulų. Greičiausiai šiuo tikslu buvo naudojami galvijų kaulai, nes, kaip parodė kitų rytų Baltijos regiono įtvirtintų gyvenviečių tyrimai, kauliniai dirbiniai gaminti iš maistui dažniausiai naudotų gyvulių rūšių kaulų. Skirtingų tipų ir paskirties dirbinių kiekis gyvenvietėse skyrėsi (2 lentelė). Daugiausia aptikta kaltelių ir gremžtukų (5 pav.), taip pat ylos tipo dirbinių (6 pav.). Treti pagal gausą - kauliniai smeigtukai (7 pav.), o kitų tipų dirbinių gerokai mažiau (8-9 pav.). Įdomu, kad nors kaulinių dirbinių aptikta nemažai, jų gamybos atliekų rasta labai nedaug (10 pav.). Šio reiškinio priežastys gali būti kelios. Dirbiniams gaminti būdavo parenkami labiausiai būsimo įrankio formą atitinkantys kaulai, kurių apdirbimas beveik nepalikdavo jokių specifinių atliekų. Dėl šios priežasties dirbinių gamybos atliekos dažniausiai yra priskiriamos neapdirbtiems kaulams. O štai rago apdirbimo atliekų rasta palyginti nemažai (4 pav.), nors pačių dirbinių nedaug. Rago ir kaulo apdirbimo būdus galima įvardyti kaip tradicinius. Pasirinkti kaulai bei ragai dalinti į smulkesnes dalis - kapojami (11-12, 13: 3 pav.), pjaustomi ir laužomi (10: 4-5, 13: 2 pav.). Be to, buvo naudojami natūraliai spirališkai lūžę ilgieji kaulai. Tokio lūžio suformuotas išgaubtas kaulo galas buvo tinkamas ovaliems kaltams ir gremžtukams gaminti (10: 2-3, 6 pav.). Dirbiniai buvo formuojami gludinant juos akmenimis (14; 15: 3-4 pav.). Be to, ant kai kurių dirbinių paviršiaus yra matomos išilginės, įstrižos ar skersinės įraižos nuo titnaginių įrankių (9: 5, 13: 1, 4-5 pav.). Skylės dirbiniuose formuotos skirtingais būdais (15-16 pav.). Vos keletas dirbinių buvo papuošti. Dauguma dirbinių yra labai paprasti ir greičiausiai yra pagaminti naudojant akmeninius įrankius. Tokiais pat būdais kauliniai dirbiniai buvo gaminami ir kitose įtvirtintose Lietuvos, taip pat Latvijos bei Estijos gyvenvietėse. Itin didelę dirbinių grupę sudaro kailiams ir odoms apdirbti naudoti dirbiniai - kalteliai, gremžtukai, ylos ir kiti ylos tipo dirbiniai. Gyvulininkystė buvo svarbi įtvirtintose gyvenvietėse gyvenusių bendruomenių ūkio šaka, o vienas iš jos produktų buvo gyvulių odos. Gali būti, kad gyvulių odos, kailiai ir odos gaminiai buvo mainų objektas ir keisti į svarbią žaliavą - bronzą. Dar viena didelė dirbinių grupė yra smeigtukai, naudoti drabužiams susegti. Nors kaulinių smeigtukų yra randama ir neolito gyvenvietėse, tačiau vėlyvojo bronzos amžiaus įtvirtintos gyvenvietės išsiskiria itin dideliu jų skaičiumi. Išaugęs smeigtukų naudojimas tikriausiai yra susijęs su aprangos pokyčiais - vėlyvojo bronzos amžiaus rūbams susegti reikėjo gerokai daugiau smeigtukų negu akmens amžiuje. Aptariamu laikotarpiu vidurio ir šiaurės Europoje drabužiams susegti buvo naudojami įvairūs bronziniai smeigtukai, tačiau rytinėje Baltijos jūros pakrantėje jie dar buvo gana reti, o vietos gyventojai dažniausiai tebenaudojo įvairius kaulinius smeigtukus. Kaip šie smeigtukai buvo nešiojami ir kas juos naudojo, lieka neaišku, nes šiaurės rytų Lietuvoje aptariamo laikotarpio kapų beveik nėra. Palyginus šiame straipsnyje aptartų gyvenviečių kaulinius dirbinius su kitų rytų Baltijos regiono vėlyvojo bronzos amžiaus gyvenviečių radiniais galima teigti, kad panašiausi yra šiaurės rytų Lietuvos, rytų Latvijos ir šiaurės vakarų Baltarusijos įtvirtintų gyvenviečių dirbiniai. Reikšminiai žodžiai: vėlyvasis bronzos amžius, šiaurės rytų Lietuva, įtvirtintos gyvenvietės. The article discusses artefacts made of osseous materials found in the Late Bronze Age fortified settlement sites in north-eastern Lithuania. Earlier, Bronze Age bone items from three Lithuanian sites – Narkūnai, Nevieriškė and Kereliai - have been analysed more thoroughly. Of sites discussed here, Sokiškiai has been archaeologically investigated in the beginning of the 1980-ies. In recent years, research has been carried out on the fortified settlements of Mineikiškės and Garniai I. 14C AMS dates have been used to date new sites as well as to specify the dates of previously studied settlements. During this research, approximately half a hundred bone, antler and tooth objects were examined, and the material used to make them was determined, if possible up to the species and skeletal part. Among the materials used, bone predominated, antler was used less, and teeth were used in only a few cases. An overview is given of the common types of bone objects, the processing techniques used to make them and the uses of the objects. The majority of tools are chisels and scrapers, and awls and points, many of which could have been used as leather working tools. The third major group of finds is bone pins, which testify to the clothing fashion that needed pins for attachment. Comparing the finds of Late Bronze Age fortified settlements in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Byelorussia, greater similarity can be observed in certain types of bone artefacts in south-eastern Latvia, north-western Byelorussia, and north-eastern Lithuania. Key words: Late Bronze Age, north-eastern Lithuania, fortified settlements, bone and antler artefacts, bone and antler working.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Archaeologia Lituanaarrow_drop_down
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    Archaeologia Lituana
    Article . 2022
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    Archaeologia Lituana
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Archaeologia Lituana
      Article . 2022
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      Archaeologia Lituana
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tõnu Meidla; Leho Ainsaar; Olle Hints; Sigitas Radzevičius;

    Ordovician rocks are widely distributed in the Baltoscandian region as well as in Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova. The Ordovician studies in this area were initiated in the 19th century in the outcrop belt in northern Estonia. The strata are well accessible here and fossils and sedimentary structures are excellently preserved. Further south, in other countries, the succession is lying progressively deeper (up to 2500 m) in the subsurface, except for limited exposure in Ukraine. The thickness of the Ordovician within the Estonian outcrop area reaches about 100 m but exceeds 200 m in several parts of the subsurface area. Since the 1960s, several Ordovician correlation charts have been compiled for this area. Recent developments in the stratigraphy are summarised in the volume âA Global Synthesis of the Ordovician System: Part 1â (Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 532). The system of bio-, litho- and chronostratigraphic units is highly detailed in the area. The regional stages defined in Estonia were introduced for the western part of the East European Platform in the 1980s. The correlation of the regional succession to the global stratigraphic standard is generally well constrained, although it still needs to be refined in some details. A novel element of the stratigraphic standard, the isotopic zones, is based on secular variations of stable carbon isotopic composition of bulk carbonates and allows amendments to the correlation of strata. The application of a regular timescale is based on a well-dated system of biostratigraphic marker levels that were traced into the Baltic Palaeobasin and further to the south. The dated boundaries were tied to the regional succession mainly based on the correlation of conodont, chitinozoan and graptolite zones, but also using chemostratigraphic events. Correlation of formations to the chronostratigraphic standard in ten subregions (North and Central Estonia, South Estonia together with West Latvia and West Lithuania, Kaliningrad Region, East Latvia, Central Lithuania, East Lithuania together with northwestern Belarus, southwestern Belarus, West Volyn and Podillya together with East Volyn and Moldova) is summarised in an emended correlation chart. Development of the subregional correlation charts was well coordinated before the 1990s and the charts were based on a unified nomenclature of lithostratigraphic units for major facies zones that crossed the national borders. Trends in the development of nomenclature and correlation of formations have been different in different countries after 1991. This resulted in increasing differences in nomenclature and rank of lithostratigraphic units in subregions and led to an increase of the number of subregions. The development towards a more detailed stratigraphic classification in Lithuania has elevated the rank of many former units (several formations are now ranked as superformations, etc.). In 2011, a completely new system of formations and members replaced the formerly applied standard in the Kaliningrad Region. The climatic history of the region presented in papers of the last decades is modified in the light of the newest results of isotope-geochemical studies on Baltoscandian sections, which do not support the idea of gradual warming throughout the Middle and Late Ordovician in the region. The global cooling trend was also influencing Baltica despite the continental drift towards the lower latitudes. The richly fossiliferous regional succession has been extensively studied, but analyses with a broader view have been sparse. According to the general understanding, backed by data on different fossil groups, the main origination episodes in the early Darriwilian and DarriwilianâSandbian transition led to the peak of regional diversity in the early Sandbian. Remarkable extinction events known from the early Darriwilian, early Sandbian and early Katian are expressed to a different degree in different fossil groups. The major extinction event in the latest KatianâHirnantian, which impacted all major invertebrate groups, has been ascribed to the Hirnantian glaciation, the related glacioeustatic sea-level fall and the repeated rapid rearrangement of facies. A recovery that started in the latest Ordovician was relatively slow. Significant spatial differences in the dynamics of biodiversity within the eastern Baltic area and between this area and Scandinavia are considered partly due to uneven data coverage.

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    Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: DOAJ; Crossref
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      Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: DOAJ; Crossref
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    Authors: Ehrlich, Freydis,; Piličiauskienė, Giedrė,; Urbonaitė-Ubė, Miglė,; Rannamäe, Eve,;

     In this paper, we examine archaeological bird remains from Klaipėda Castle (Ger. Memel), western Lithuania. The castle was built in 1252, and during the Middle Ages, it was the northernmost castle of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. The castle together with its adjacent town were subjected to wars and changing political situations over the centuries, but nevertheless represented a socially higher status. The studied bird remains were found during the excavations in 2016 and have been dated by context to the Middle Ages – from the end of the 13th to the beginning of the 14th century. Our aim is to introduce and discuss the bird remains with an emphasis on two species – the white-tailed sea-eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Most of all, we are interested in their role in expressing people’s social status, use in material culture, and significance as a food source. Our analysis showed that in Klaipėda, the eagles were probably used for raw material and possibly for feathers, but not for hawking and food. Alternatively, they could have been killed for scavenging. Other species identified in the assemblage such as chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), grey partridge (Perdix perdix), geese (Anser sp.), ducks (Anatinae), and great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) were mainly interpreted as food waste. This article presents the first concentrated study on bird remains from Klaipėda and is one of the first discussions about the meaning of eagles in the Baltic region.

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    DOAJ
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    Archaeologia Lituana
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Archaeologia Lituana
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: DOAJ-Articles
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    Archaeologia Lituana
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      Archaeologia Lituana
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Archaeologia Lituana
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    Authors: Alissa Mittnik; Chuan-Chao Wang; Saskia Pfrengle; Mantas Daubaras; +18 Authors

    While the series of events that shaped the transition between foraging societies and food producers are well described for Central and Southern Europe, genetic evidence from Northern Europe surrounding the Baltic Sea is still sparse. Here, we report genome-wide DNA data from 38 ancient North Europeans ranging from similar to 9500 to 2200 years before present. Our analysis provides genetic evidence that hunter-gatherers settled Scandinavia via two routes. We reveal that the first Scandinavian farmers derive their ancestry from Anatolia 1000 years earlier than previously demonstrated. The range of Mesolithic Western hunter-gatherers extended to the east of the Baltic Sea, where these populations persisted without gene-flow from Central European farmers during the Early and Middle Neolithic. The arrival of steppe pastoralists in the Late Neolithic introduced a major shift in economy and mediated the spread of a new ancestry associated with the Corded Ware Complex in Northern Europe. Peer reviewed

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    Nature Communications
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    Nature Communications
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    Authors: Ester Oras; Jaanika Anderson; Mari Tõrv; Signe Vahur; +15 Authors

    Two ancient Egyptian child mummies at the University of Tartu Art Museum (Estonia) were, according to museum records, brought to Estonia by the young Baltic-German scholar Otto Friedrich von Richter, who had travelled in Egypt during the early 19th century. Although some studies of the mummies were conducted, a thorough investigation has never been made. Thus, an interdisciplinary team of experts studied the remains using the most recent analytical methods in order to provide an exhaustive analysis of the remains. The bodies were submitted for osteological and archaeothanatological study, radiological investigation, AMS radiocarbon dating, chemical and textile analyses, 3D modelling, entomological as well as aDNA investigation. Here we synthesize the results of one of the most extensive multidisciplinary analyses of ancient Egyptian child mummies, adding significantly to our knowledge of such examples of ancient funerary practices.

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    PLoS ONE
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    Article . 2020
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    Authors: Marie-José Gaillard; Shinya Sugita; Florence Mazier; Anna-Kari Trondman; +37 Authors

    The major objectives of this paper are: (1) to review the pros and cons of the scenarios of past anthropogenic land cover change (ALCC) developed during the last ten years, (2) to discuss issues related to pollen-based reconstruction of the past land-cover and introduce a new method, REVEALS (Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites), to infer long-term records of past land-cover from pollen data, (3) to present a new project (LANDCLIM: LAND cover – CLIMate interactions in NW Europe during the Holocene) currently underway, and show preliminary results of REVEALS reconstructions of the regional land-cover in the Czech Republic for five selected time windows of the Holocene, and (4) to discuss the implications and future directions in climate and vegetation/land-cover modeling, and in the assessment of the effects of human-induced changes in land-cover on the regional climate through altered feedbacks. The existing ALCC scenarios show large discrepancies between them, and few cover time periods older than AD 800. When these scenarios are used to assess the impact of human land-use on climate, contrasting results are obtained. It emphasizes the need for methods such as the REVEALS model-based land-cover reconstructions. They might help to fine-tune descriptions of past land-cover and lead to a better understanding of how long-term changes in ALCC might have influenced climate. The REVEALS model is demonstrated to provide better estimates of the regional vegetation/landcover changes than the traditional use of pollen percentages. This will achieve a robust assessment of land cover at regional- to continental-spatial scale throughout the Holocene. We present maps of REVEALS estimates for the percentage cover of 10 plant functional types (PFTs) at 200 BP and 6000 BP, and of the two open-land PFTs “grassland” and “agricultural land” at five time-windows from 6000 BP to recent time. The LANDCLIM results are expected to provide crucial data to reassess ALCC estimates for a better understanding of the land suface-atmosphere interactions. NordForsk LANDCLIM VR LANDCLIM MERGE

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    OPUS Augsburg
    Article . 2010
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    Climate of the Past
    Article . 2010
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    Climate of the Past (CP)
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Climate of the Past (CP)
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    Copernicus Publications
    Other literature type . 2018
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      OPUS Augsburg
      Article . 2010
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      Climate of the Past
      Article . 2010
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      Climate of the Past (CP)
      Other literature type . 2018
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      DOAJ
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      Climate of the Past (CP)
      Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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      Copernicus Publications
      Other literature type . 2018
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    Authors: Aleksei Kelli; Krister Lindén; Kadri Vider; Pawel Kamocki; +10 Authors

    The article focuses on determining responsible parties and the division of potential liability aris-ing from sharing language data (LD) containing personal data (PD). A key issue here is to identify who has to make sure and guarantee the GDPR compliance. The authors aim to answer 1) whether an individual researcher is a controller and 2) whether sharing LD results in joint controllership or separate controllership (whether the data's transferee becomes the controller, the joint control-ler or the processor). The article also analyses the legal relations of parties involved in data sharing and potential liability. The finalsection outlines data sharing in the CLARIN context. The analy-sis serves as a preliminary analytical background for redesigning the CLARIN contractual frame-work for sharing data.

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    Usiena air - Università di Siena
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Luik, Heidi; Piličiauskienė, Giedrė; Podėnas, Vytenis; Micelicaitė, Viktorija; +2 Authors

    Vėlyvojo bronzos amžiaus įtvirtintų gyvenviečių daugiausia aptinkama dabartinės Lietuvos šiaurės rytinėje dalyje. Archeologinių tyrimų metu jose randama nemažai kaulo ir rago dirbinių. Prieš 15 metų išsamiau jau buvo tyrinėti ir publikuoti keleto žymiausių šiaurės rytų Lietuvos piliakalnių - Narkūnų, Nevieriškės ir Kerelių - kauliniai dirbiniai (1 pav.: 4-6; Luik, Maldre, 2007). Šiame straipsnyje yra aptariami keleto kitų šio regiono įtvirtintų gyvenviečių - Sokiškių, Mineikiškių ir Garnių I - kauliniai dirbiniai bei jų gamybos atliekos (1 pav.: 1-3). Minėtų gyvenviečių archeologinio ištyrimo lygis labai skiriasi ir tai yra viena iš priežasčių, kodėl toks skirtingas kiekvienoje jų rastų ir šioje publikacijoje pristatomų kaulo bei rago dirbinių skaičius. Iš viso Lietuvos nacionalinio muziejaus rinkiniuose yra saugoma daugiau kaip 600 Sokiškių, Mineikiškių ir Garnių I įtvirtintose gyvenvietėse rastų kaulinių dirbinių ir jų gamybos atliekų. Tiesa, kaip paaiškėjo atlikus tyrimus, tarp jų pasitaikė ir kaulų bei ragų fragmentų be jokių apdirbimo žymių. Šie radiniai mūsų darbe neanalizuoti. Zooarcheologinėje aptariamų gyvenviečių medžiagoje dominavo žinduolių liekanos, o apie 90 % kaulų fragmentų priklausė naminiams gyvuliams. Iš jų daugiausia rasta kiaulių kaulų fragmentų, antroje vietoje buvo avys / ožkos (Mineikiškėse ir Garniuose I) arba galvijai (Sokiškiuose). Dauguma dirbinių buvo pagaminti iš kaulo, vos keletu atvejų buvo apdirbti ragai ir dantys (1 lentelė; 2-3 pav.). Daugiausia, apie 400 kaulo ir rago dirbinių bei jų gamybos atliekų buvo rasta ir ištirta Sokiškių įtvirtintoje gyvenvietėje. O Mineikiškėse ir Garniuose I buvo rasta vos kiek daugiau negu 50 kaulo ir rago dirbinių. Dirbiniai daugiausia buvo gaminami iš smulkių naminių gyvulių - kiaulių ir avių / ožkų ilgųjų kaulų, nors nemaža dalis buvo padaryti ir iš stambių kanopinių gyvūnų ilgųjų kaulų. Greičiausiai šiuo tikslu buvo naudojami galvijų kaulai, nes, kaip parodė kitų rytų Baltijos regiono įtvirtintų gyvenviečių tyrimai, kauliniai dirbiniai gaminti iš maistui dažniausiai naudotų gyvulių rūšių kaulų. Skirtingų tipų ir paskirties dirbinių kiekis gyvenvietėse skyrėsi (2 lentelė). Daugiausia aptikta kaltelių ir gremžtukų (5 pav.), taip pat ylos tipo dirbinių (6 pav.). Treti pagal gausą - kauliniai smeigtukai (7 pav.), o kitų tipų dirbinių gerokai mažiau (8-9 pav.). Įdomu, kad nors kaulinių dirbinių aptikta nemažai, jų gamybos atliekų rasta labai nedaug (10 pav.). Šio reiškinio priežastys gali būti kelios. Dirbiniams gaminti būdavo parenkami labiausiai būsimo įrankio formą atitinkantys kaulai, kurių apdirbimas beveik nepalikdavo jokių specifinių atliekų. Dėl šios priežasties dirbinių gamybos atliekos dažniausiai yra priskiriamos neapdirbtiems kaulams. O štai rago apdirbimo atliekų rasta palyginti nemažai (4 pav.), nors pačių dirbinių nedaug. Rago ir kaulo apdirbimo būdus galima įvardyti kaip tradicinius. Pasirinkti kaulai bei ragai dalinti į smulkesnes dalis - kapojami (11-12, 13: 3 pav.), pjaustomi ir laužomi (10: 4-5, 13: 2 pav.). Be to, buvo naudojami natūraliai spirališkai lūžę ilgieji kaulai. Tokio lūžio suformuotas išgaubtas kaulo galas buvo tinkamas ovaliems kaltams ir gremžtukams gaminti (10: 2-3, 6 pav.). Dirbiniai buvo formuojami gludinant juos akmenimis (14; 15: 3-4 pav.). Be to, ant kai kurių dirbinių paviršiaus yra matomos išilginės, įstrižos ar skersinės įraižos nuo titnaginių įrankių (9: 5, 13: 1, 4-5 pav.). Skylės dirbiniuose formuotos skirtingais būdais (15-16 pav.). Vos keletas dirbinių buvo papuošti. Dauguma dirbinių yra labai paprasti ir greičiausiai yra pagaminti naudojant akmeninius įrankius. Tokiais pat būdais kauliniai dirbiniai buvo gaminami ir kitose įtvirtintose Lietuvos, taip pat Latvijos bei Estijos gyvenvietėse. Itin didelę dirbinių grupę sudaro kailiams ir odoms apdirbti naudoti dirbiniai - kalteliai, gremžtukai, ylos ir kiti ylos tipo dirbiniai. Gyvulininkystė buvo svarbi įtvirtintose gyvenvietėse gyvenusių bendruomenių ūkio šaka, o vienas iš jos produktų buvo gyvulių odos. Gali būti, kad gyvulių odos, kailiai ir odos gaminiai buvo mainų objektas ir keisti į svarbią žaliavą - bronzą. Dar viena didelė dirbinių grupė yra smeigtukai, naudoti drabužiams susegti. Nors kaulinių smeigtukų yra randama ir neolito gyvenvietėse, tačiau vėlyvojo bronzos amžiaus įtvirtintos gyvenvietės išsiskiria itin dideliu jų skaičiumi. Išaugęs smeigtukų naudojimas tikriausiai yra susijęs su aprangos pokyčiais - vėlyvojo bronzos amžiaus rūbams susegti reikėjo gerokai daugiau smeigtukų negu akmens amžiuje. Aptariamu laikotarpiu vidurio ir šiaurės Europoje drabužiams susegti buvo naudojami įvairūs bronziniai smeigtukai, tačiau rytinėje Baltijos jūros pakrantėje jie dar buvo gana reti, o vietos gyventojai dažniausiai tebenaudojo įvairius kaulinius smeigtukus. Kaip šie smeigtukai buvo nešiojami ir kas juos naudojo, lieka neaišku, nes šiaurės rytų Lietuvoje aptariamo laikotarpio kapų beveik nėra. Palyginus šiame straipsnyje aptartų gyvenviečių kaulinius dirbinius su kitų rytų Baltijos regiono vėlyvojo bronzos amžiaus gyvenviečių radiniais galima teigti, kad panašiausi yra šiaurės rytų Lietuvos, rytų Latvijos ir šiaurės vakarų Baltarusijos įtvirtintų gyvenviečių dirbiniai. Reikšminiai žodžiai: vėlyvasis bronzos amžius, šiaurės rytų Lietuva, įtvirtintos gyvenvietės. The article discusses artefacts made of osseous materials found in the Late Bronze Age fortified settlement sites in north-eastern Lithuania. Earlier, Bronze Age bone items from three Lithuanian sites – Narkūnai, Nevieriškė and Kereliai - have been analysed more thoroughly. Of sites discussed here, Sokiškiai has been archaeologically investigated in the beginning of the 1980-ies. In recent years, research has been carried out on the fortified settlements of Mineikiškės and Garniai I. 14C AMS dates have been used to date new sites as well as to specify the dates of previously studied settlements. During this research, approximately half a hundred bone, antler and tooth objects were examined, and the material used to make them was determined, if possible up to the species and skeletal part. Among the materials used, bone predominated, antler was used less, and teeth were used in only a few cases. An overview is given of the common types of bone objects, the processing techniques used to make them and the uses of the objects. The majority of tools are chisels and scrapers, and awls and points, many of which could have been used as leather working tools. The third major group of finds is bone pins, which testify to the clothing fashion that needed pins for attachment. Comparing the finds of Late Bronze Age fortified settlements in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Byelorussia, greater similarity can be observed in certain types of bone artefacts in south-eastern Latvia, north-western Byelorussia, and north-eastern Lithuania. Key words: Late Bronze Age, north-eastern Lithuania, fortified settlements, bone and antler artefacts, bone and antler working.

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    Archaeologia Lituana
    Article . 2022
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    Archaeologia Lituana
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      Archaeologia Lituana
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      Archaeologia Lituana
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    Authors: Tõnu Meidla; Leho Ainsaar; Olle Hints; Sigitas Radzevičius;

    Ordovician rocks are widely distributed in the Baltoscandian region as well as in Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova. The Ordovician studies in this area were initiated in the 19th century in the outcrop belt in northern Estonia. The strata are well accessible here and fossils and sedimentary structures are excellently preserved. Further south, in other countries, the succession is lying progressively deeper (up to 2500 m) in the subsurface, except for limited exposure in Ukraine. The thickness of the Ordovician within the Estonian outcrop area reaches about 100 m but exceeds 200 m in several parts of the subsurface area. Since the 1960s, several Ordovician correlation charts have been compiled for this area. Recent developments in the stratigraphy are summarised in the volume âA Global Synthesis of the Ordovician System: Part 1â (Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 532). The system of bio-, litho- and chronostratigraphic units is highly detailed in the area. The regional stages defined in Estonia were introduced for the western part of the East European Platform in the 1980s. The correlation of the regional succession to the global stratigraphic standard is generally well constrained, although it still needs to be refined in some details. A novel element of the stratigraphic standard, the isotopic zones, is based on secular variations of stable carbon isotopic composition of bulk carbonates and allows amendments to the correlation of strata. The application of a regular timescale is based on a well-dated system of biostratigraphic marker levels that were traced into the Baltic Palaeobasin and further to the south. The dated boundaries were tied to the regional succession mainly based on the correlation of conodont, chitinozoan and graptolite zones, but also using chemostratigraphic events. Correlation of formations to the chronostratigraphic standard in ten subregions (North and Central Estonia, South Estonia together with West Latvia and West Lithuania, Kaliningrad Region, East Latvia, Central Lithuania, East Lithuania together with northwestern Belarus, southwestern Belarus, West Volyn and Podillya together with East Volyn and Moldova) is summarised in an emended correlation chart. Development of the subregional correlation charts was well coordinated before the 1990s and the charts were based on a unified nomenclature of lithostratigraphic units for major facies zones that crossed the national borders. Trends in the development of nomenclature and correlation of formations have been different in different countries after 1991. This resulted in increasing differences in nomenclature and rank of lithostratigraphic units in subregions and led to an increase of the number of subregions. The development towards a more detailed stratigraphic classification in Lithuania has elevated the rank of many former units (several formations are now ranked as superformations, etc.). In 2011, a completely new system of formations and members replaced the formerly applied standard in the Kaliningrad Region. The climatic history of the region presented in papers of the last decades is modified in the light of the newest results of isotope-geochemical studies on Baltoscandian sections, which do not support the idea of gradual warming throughout the Middle and Late Ordovician in the region. The global cooling trend was also influencing Baltica despite the continental drift towards the lower latitudes. The richly fossiliferous regional succession has been extensively studied, but analyses with a broader view have been sparse. According to the general understanding, backed by data on different fossil groups, the main origination episodes in the early Darriwilian and DarriwilianâSandbian transition led to the peak of regional diversity in the early Sandbian. Remarkable extinction events known from the early Darriwilian, early Sandbian and early Katian are expressed to a different degree in different fossil groups. The major extinction event in the latest KatianâHirnantian, which impacted all major invertebrate groups, has been ascribed to the Hirnantian glaciation, the related glacioeustatic sea-level fall and the repeated rapid rearrangement of facies. A recovery that started in the latest Ordovician was relatively slow. Significant spatial differences in the dynamics of biodiversity within the eastern Baltic area and between this area and Scandinavia are considered partly due to uneven data coverage.

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    Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences
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    Authors: Ehrlich, Freydis,; Piličiauskienė, Giedrė,; Urbonaitė-Ubė, Miglė,; Rannamäe, Eve,;

     In this paper, we examine archaeological bird remains from Klaipėda Castle (Ger. Memel), western Lithuania. The castle was built in 1252, and during the Middle Ages, it was the northernmost castle of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. The castle together with its adjacent town were subjected to wars and changing political situations over the centuries, but nevertheless represented a socially higher status. The studied bird remains were found during the excavations in 2016 and have been dated by context to the Middle Ages – from the end of the 13th to the beginning of the 14th century. Our aim is to introduce and discuss the bird remains with an emphasis on two species – the white-tailed sea-eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Most of all, we are interested in their role in expressing people’s social status, use in material culture, and significance as a food source. Our analysis showed that in Klaipėda, the eagles were probably used for raw material and possibly for feathers, but not for hawking and food. Alternatively, they could have been killed for scavenging. Other species identified in the assemblage such as chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), grey partridge (Perdix perdix), geese (Anser sp.), ducks (Anatinae), and great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) were mainly interpreted as food waste. This article presents the first concentrated study on bird remains from Klaipėda and is one of the first discussions about the meaning of eagles in the Baltic region.

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    Archaeologia Lituana
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Archaeologia Lituana
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    Archaeologia Lituana
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      Archaeologia Lituana
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      Archaeologia Lituana
      Article . 2020
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    Authors: Alissa Mittnik; Chuan-Chao Wang; Saskia Pfrengle; Mantas Daubaras; +18 Authors

    While the series of events that shaped the transition between foraging societies and food producers are well described for Central and Southern Europe, genetic evidence from Northern Europe surrounding the Baltic Sea is still sparse. Here, we report genome-wide DNA data from 38 ancient North Europeans ranging from similar to 9500 to 2200 years before present. Our analysis provides genetic evidence that hunter-gatherers settled Scandinavia via two routes. We reveal that the first Scandinavian farmers derive their ancestry from Anatolia 1000 years earlier than previously demonstrated. The range of Mesolithic Western hunter-gatherers extended to the east of the Baltic Sea, where these populations persisted without gene-flow from Central European farmers during the Early and Middle Neolithic. The arrival of steppe pastoralists in the Late Neolithic introduced a major shift in economy and mediated the spread of a new ancestry associated with the Corded Ware Complex in Northern Europe. Peer reviewed

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    Nature Communications
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    Nature Communications
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    Authors: Ester Oras; Jaanika Anderson; Mari Tõrv; Signe Vahur; +15 Authors

    Two ancient Egyptian child mummies at the University of Tartu Art Museum (Estonia) were, according to museum records, brought to Estonia by the young Baltic-German scholar Otto Friedrich von Richter, who had travelled in Egypt during the early 19th century. Although some studies of the mummies were conducted, a thorough investigation has never been made. Thus, an interdisciplinary team of experts studied the remains using the most recent analytical methods in order to provide an exhaustive analysis of the remains. The bodies were submitted for osteological and archaeothanatological study, radiological investigation, AMS radiocarbon dating, chemical and textile analyses, 3D modelling, entomological as well as aDNA investigation. Here we synthesize the results of one of the most extensive multidisciplinary analyses of ancient Egyptian child mummies, adding significantly to our knowledge of such examples of ancient funerary practices.

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    PLoS ONE
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    DOAJ; PLoS ONE
    Article . 2020
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    Authors: Marie-José Gaillard; Shinya Sugita; Florence Mazier; Anna-Kari Trondman; +37 Authors

    The major objectives of this paper are: (1) to review the pros and cons of the scenarios of past anthropogenic land cover change (ALCC) developed during the last ten years, (2) to discuss issues related to pollen-based reconstruction of the past land-cover and introduce a new method, REVEALS (Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites), to infer long-term records of past land-cover from pollen data, (3) to present a new project (LANDCLIM: LAND cover – CLIMate interactions in NW Europe during the Holocene) currently underway, and show preliminary results of REVEALS reconstructions of the regional land-cover in the Czech Republic for five selected time windows of the Holocene, and (4) to discuss the implications and future directions in climate and vegetation/land-cover modeling, and in the assessment of the effects of human-induced changes in land-cover on the regional climate through altered feedbacks. The existing ALCC scenarios show large discrepancies between them, and few cover time periods older than AD 800. When these scenarios are used to assess the impact of human land-use on climate, contrasting results are obtained. It emphasizes the need for methods such as the REVEALS model-based land-cover reconstructions. They might help to fine-tune descriptions of past land-cover and lead to a better understanding of how long-term changes in ALCC might have influenced climate. The REVEALS model is demonstrated to provide better estimates of the regional vegetation/landcover changes than the traditional use of pollen percentages. This will achieve a robust assessment of land cover at regional- to continental-spatial scale throughout the Holocene. We present maps of REVEALS estimates for the percentage cover of 10 plant functional types (PFTs) at 200 BP and 6000 BP, and of the two open-land PFTs “grassland” and “agricultural land” at five time-windows from 6000 BP to recent time. The LANDCLIM results are expected to provide crucial data to reassess ALCC estimates for a better understanding of the land suface-atmosphere interactions. NordForsk LANDCLIM VR LANDCLIM MERGE

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    OPUS Augsburg
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    Climate of the Past
    Article . 2010
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    Climate of the Past (CP)
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Climate of the Past (CP)
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    Copernicus Publications
    Other literature type . 2018
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      OPUS Augsburg
      Article . 2010
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      Climate of the Past
      Article . 2010
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      Climate of the Past (CP)
      Other literature type . 2018
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      Climate of the Past (CP)
      Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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      Copernicus Publications
      Other literature type . 2018
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    Authors: Aleksei Kelli; Krister Lindén; Kadri Vider; Pawel Kamocki; +10 Authors

    The article focuses on determining responsible parties and the division of potential liability aris-ing from sharing language data (LD) containing personal data (PD). A key issue here is to identify who has to make sure and guarantee the GDPR compliance. The authors aim to answer 1) whether an individual researcher is a controller and 2) whether sharing LD results in joint controllership or separate controllership (whether the data's transferee becomes the controller, the joint control-ler or the processor). The article also analyses the legal relations of parties involved in data sharing and potential liability. The finalsection outlines data sharing in the CLARIN context. The analy-sis serves as a preliminary analytical background for redesigning the CLARIN contractual frame-work for sharing data.

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    Usiena air - Università di Siena
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2021
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