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The first century of Abbasids (132–232/749–847) is of great importance in terms of Islamic History and World History. The Abbasid State, which consists of the rulers and the people of Muslims, has taken on a role model task for the Muslim states established after itself in terms of the evolution and functioning of Islamic politics. This period, which began with the prophecy and statesmanship of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.a.w.), growingly continued with Abbasids in power following Rashidun Caliphs (Four Great Caliphs) and Umayyads. During this period, the political skill and intelligence of caliphs and the presence of capable statesmen and commanders influenced the development and expansion of the state. Having taken lessons from the mistakes of the Umayyads, Abbasids gave great importance to the education of the children who were thought crown princes and assigned the most distinguished and best scholars of their era for them. In the Abbasid politics, the fact that the crown princes have such a great importance in the state also raised the topic of the functioning and legitimacy of practice of crown prince system; however, both the scholars of the era and the contemporary researchers disaccorded on this issue. This study consists of introduction and two parts. In the first part, the lives of the Abbasid caliphs before the caliphate, educational backgrounds and political experiences of them have been examined and important characters that continue to influence the caliph have been explored. In the second part, the fact of crown prince system in terms of Islamic religion and politics, the struggles for being crown prince and the influencing and determining factors of crown princes have been studied. Abbâsîler'in ilk yüzyılı (132-232/749-847) İslâm Tarihi ve Dünya Tarihi açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Yöneticileri ve halkı Müslümanlardan oluşan Abbâsî Devleti, İslâm siyasetinin tekamülü ve işleyişi bakımından, kendisinden sonra kurulan Müslüman devletler için model bir görev üstlenmiştir. Hz. Muhammed (sav)'in peygamberliği ve devlet adamlığı ile başlayan bu süreç, Hulefâ-i Râşidîn ve Emevîler'in ardından Abbâsî hanedanının iktidara gelmesiyle gelişerek devam etmiştir. Bu dönemde devletin gelişmesi ve genişlemesinde halîfelerin siyâsî becerisi, zekası, liyakatlı devlet adamları ve komutanların varlığı etkili olmuştur. Kendilerinden önce varlığını sürdüren Emevîler'in hatalarından ders çıkartan Abbâsîler, veliaht olarak düşündükleri çocuklarının eğitimine büyük önem vermişler, onlar için dönemin en seçkin ve iyi âlimlerini görevlendirmişlerdir. Abbâsî siyasetinde veliahtların devlet içinde bu kadar büyük önem arz etmesi, veliahtlık uygulamasının işleyişi ve meşruiyetini de gündeme getirmiş, gerek dönemin âlimleri gerekse muâsır araştırmacılar bu konuda farklı görüş beyan etmişlerdir. Giriş ve iki bölümden oluşan bu çalışmanın ilk bölümünde; Abbâsî halîfelerinin hilâfete geçmeden önceki yaşamları, eğitim hayatları, siyâsî tecrübeleri ve hilâfete geçtiklerinde bile halîfe üzerinde tesiri devam eden önemli şahsiyetler incelenirken; ikinci bölümde; veliahtlık uygulamasının İslâm dini ve siyaseti açısından durumu, veliahtlık için verilen mücadeleler ve veliahtların belirlenmesinde etkili olan faktörler incelenmiştir. Doktora Tezi

SUSPENDED IN BEDLAM is a coming-of-age novel set in coke addled, yellow sapphire pinky ringed, gun toting, do-it-all-for-the-money 1980’s Hollywood, California. The narrator recalls one intense year in a childhood of cigarettes, her beaver fur-coat wearing grandfather, Porsches, her philandering father, and her alcoholic mother. During this year, her large and bejeweled, nose-jobbed family enter the deal of deals in Henderson, Nevada. As the business deal spirals out of control, so does her family, leaving her to question everything and, perhaps, grow up too soon.

Cette thèse porte sur les liens entre écriture, dynamique sociale et perception du monde au Moyen Âge, depuis le VIIe jusque vers le XIIIe siècle. Elle repose sur l’examen d’un corpus numérisé de 150 000 documents diplomatiques (CEMA), l’exploitation systématique de la Patrologie latine, le dépouillement chronologique de près de 520 000 chartes, ainsi que sur un corpus de près de 9 000 édifices romans (Zodiaque). Un parcours théorique y est tout d’abord présenté (scripturalité, linguistique et perception du monde, humanités numériques et traitements statistiques, cohérence et fragmentation du féodalisme), sous forme de prolégomènes, permettant de dégager certains présupposés mais aussi d’articuler la production des observations et les analyses qui suivent.L’examen des interactions entre ces différentes structures documentaires, via des procédures automatisées inspirées de la fouille de données, de la cartographie numérique et du Data / Text Mining (dont certaines méthodes et programmes développés pour la thèse), permet par la suite de dégager différentes phases de la dynamique inégale de l’Europe médiévale, comme autant de moments dans lesquels le texte n’est pas seulement un support de transaction, mais aussi un dispositif de transformation de la société et du monde, à la sémantique évolutive. L’analyse fait ainsi apparaître des groupes chrono- géographiques, valant tant pour la production scripturaire comme objet, que pour son lexique ou pour les bâtiments, et dont les dynamiques différentielles s’échelonnent sur plus de quatre siècles. L’acte haut médiéval, peu révélateur de traits régionaux - bien que fortement spécifique et hétérogène en tant que corpus -, est examiné en opposition avec celui naissant dans quelques espaces (zone médiane de l’actuelle France, Catalogne, centre de la Péninsule italique), vers le milieu-la fin du IXe siècle. Les actes originaux (base de l’Artem), analysés comme un tout, montrent par ailleurs qu’à ces structures chrono- géographiques répondent des typologies d’actes (auteurs, actions, dimensions, etc), mais encore que ces groupes sont identiques à ceux dégagés à partir des chartes conservées en copie, par exemple sous la forme de cartulaires. Ces observations permettent alors de mettre en avant différents complexes sociaux qui renseignent ces différences, entre centre et périphérie, monastères et aristocratie, système domanial et seigneurial, gothique et roman, qualité de fixation et contrôle ecclésial enfin.La dernière partie du travail permet d’approfondir la sémantique de ces rapports inégaux et des actes eux-mêmes, en examinant deux réseaux lexico-sémantiques omniprésents dans les actes, autour des lemmes aqua et terra. Tandis que l’élément aquatique apparaît, sous certaines de ses formes (manifestations célestes, fontaines, larmes), comme un opérateur fondamental du transitus et de la spiritualisation du monde, la terre oscille quant à elle entre rejet, association à une chair mondaine d’une part, et d’autre part ultra- valorisation, analogie de l’ecclesia elle-même, en lien avec les saints, la Vierge ou le Christ Or, tandis que le rôle spiritualisateur de l’eau demeure très fort depuis le haut Moyen Âge, l’insistance sur l’association entre terra et ecclesia/sanctus, plutôt faible au début de notre chronologie, ne cesse de se renforcer. Sont alors abordées les transformations du vocabulaire des actes, comme écritures du monde fortement variables d’une chrono-géographie à l’autre, mais qui tendanciellement se rapprochent, en particulier au XIIIe siècle. En examinant les résonances entre l’écriture comme pratique ou représentation et ces tenues - en particulier comment les pics variables de mentions de terra correspondent aux pics de production des actes dans une zone donnée -, se dégagent ainsi graduellement un champ de sens et une structure, dans lesquels le texte de l’acte, tout comme l’eau, spiritualise les êtres et le mundus, tandis que ceux-ci sont transférés ou tout simplement liés à l’ecclesia, intégrés au sein de réseaux à la complexité grandissante, articulés par analogie. En tant que dispositifs agissant sur le monde, les actes deviennent ainsi un des catalyseurs d’une spiritualisation et d’une stabilisation inégale de celui-ci, d’une fixation ecclésiale multipolaire. This thesis focuses on the links between writing, social dynamics and perception of the world in the Middle Ages, from the 7th to around the 13th century. It is based on the examination of a digitised corpus of 150,000 diplomatic documents (CEMA), the systematic exploitation of Patrologia Latina, the chronological analysis of nearly 520,000 charters, and a corpus of nearly 9,000 Romanesque buildings (Zodiaque). A theoretical background is first presented (scripturality, linguistics and perception of the world, digital humanities and data / text mining, coherence and fragmentation of feudalism), in the form of prolegomena, allowing us to identify certain presuppositions but also to articulate the production of the observations and the analyses that follow.The examination of the interactions between these different documentary structures, via automated procedures inspired by data mining, digital cartography and Data / Text Mining (including some of the methods and programmes developed for the thesis), subsequently makes it possible to identify different phases of the unequal dynamics of medieval Europe, as so many moments in which the text is not only a transaction support, but also a device for transforming society and the world, with evolving semantics. The analysis thus reveals chrono-geographical groups, which apply to scriptural production as an object, as well as to its lexicon or to buildings, and whose differential dynamics are spread over more than four centuries. The Early Middle Ages charters, which does not reveal much in the way of regional features - although it is highly specific and heterogeneous as a corpus - is examined in contrast to the one that emerged in some areas (the central area of present-day France, Catalonia, the centre of the Italian Peninsula), towards the middle to end of the 9th century. The original charters (the basis of the Artem), analysed as a whole, also show that these chrono-geographical structures are reflected in the typologies of acts (authors, actions, dimensions, etc.), but also that these groups are identical to those found in the charters preserved in copy, for example in the form of cartouches. These observations then make it possible to highlight different social complexes that inform these differences, between centre and periphery, monasteries and aristocracy, state and seigniorial system, Gothic and Romanesque, quality of settlement and ecclesial control finally.The last part of the work allows us to deepen the semantics of these unequal relations and of the acts themselves, by examining two lexico-semantic networks omnipresent in the acts, around the lemmas aqua and terra. While the aquatic element appears, in some of its forms (celestial manifestations, fountains, tears), as a fundamental operator of the transitus and spiritualisation of the world, the earth oscillates between rejection, association with worldly flesh on the one hand, and ultra- valorisation on the other, analogy of the ecclesia itself, in connection with the saints, the Virgin or Christ Gold, while the spiritualising role of water has remained very strong since the High Middle Ages, the insistence on the association between terra and ecclesia/sanctus, rather weak at the beginning of our chronology, continues to grow stronger. The transformations in the vocabulary of acts, as world writings that vary greatly from one chrono-geography to the next, but which tend to come closer together, particularly in the 13th century, are then discussed. By examining the resonances between writing as practice or representation and these outfits - in particular how the variable peaks of mentions of terra correspond to the peaks of production of acts in a given area - a field of meaning and structure gradually emerges, in which the text of the act, like water, spiritualises beings and the mundus, while these are transferred or simply linked to the ecclesia, integrated within networks of increasing complexity, articulated by analogy. As devices acting on the world, acts thus become one of the catalysts of an unequal spiritualisation and stabilisation of the world, of a multipolar ecclesial fixation.

Mimarlık tarihinde ibadet yapılarının sembolik özelliklerine yönelik yeterli çalışma olmadığı gözlenmektedir. Yapılara salt işlevsel ve estetik bir nesne gibi yaklaşılarak biçim, renk, kompozisyon ve bezeme özellikleriyle, içerik arasında var olabilecek sembolik bağlantılar çoğu kez eksik bırakılmıştır. Sinan camilerinin de sembolik özellikleri üzerine yeterince çalışılmadığı dikkati çekmektedir. Sinan camilerine odaklanmanın sebebi, kendisinin de tasarladığı camilerini diğer yapı türlerine göre daha fazla önem vererek, bunlara daha yoğun simgesel ve kozmolojik anlamlar yüklemesidir. Bu nedenle amacımız Sinan camilerinin sembolik özellikleri üzerine olan bu alandaki boşluğu dolduracak bilimsel bir çalışma yapmaktır.`Mimar Sinan Camilerinde Sembolizm` başlıklı bu çalışmada, Sinan dönemi Osmanlı mimarisinin en anıtsal ibadet yapısı olan camilerinin yaratılmasındaki düşünsel arka plan ile cami mimarisini şekillendiren sembolik unsurların kökenleri ve gelişimleri örnekler üzerinde incelenmiştir.Sekiz bölümden oluşan tezin `Giriş` bölümünde, sembolizmin kısaca tanımı yapılarak, İslam ibadet yapılarının tarihi, önemi ve farklı adlandırmalarına ilişkin terminolojik tanımlaması yapılmıştır. Cami plan gelişiminde önemi olan kutsal yapı ve mekânlar tanıtılarak, Kısaca cami mimarisinin gelişimi ile Mimar Sinan'ın kimliği ve Osmanlı cami mimarisi açıklanmıştır. İkinci bölümden itibaren, tezimizin konusunu oluşturan Sinan camilerindeki sembolik uygulamalar `Kuruluş ve Tesis Ediliş`, `Malzeme ve Teknik`, Plan Şeması`, `Örtü Sistemi`, `İç Mekân Kurgusu`, `Mimari Plastik` ve `Mukaddes Emanetler` ana başlıkları altında detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Ayrıca çizim ve fotoğraflar eşliğinde tanım ve yorumları yapılmıştır. Değerlendirme ve Karşılaştırma bölümünde Mimar Sinan camilerindeki sembolizmin önemine değinilmiş, tespit edilen örneklerin bani, inşa yeri, inşa amacı, plan, malzeme, mimari ve fonksiyonel elemanlar, süsleme, hat programı, hikâye-efsane-benzetmeler vb. özellikleri bakımından simgesel ve kozmolojik anlamları ile değerlendirilmiştir. Tespit edilen bütün sembolik unsurlar İslam dini ve kültürü başta olmak üzere diğer dinler ve kültürlerdeki özellikleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Mimar Sinan camilerinin sembolik özellikleri üzerine yapılan araştırma ve incelemeler sonucunda; Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun en güçlü döneminde İslam dininin en önemli dinsel ve sosyal odaklı yapıları olmalarının yanı sıra kuruluş ve tesisi edilişi, malzeme ve teknik, plan şeması, örtü sistemi, iç mekân kurgusu ve mimari plastik gibi pek çok unsurlarının birtakım sembolik anlamlara bağlı olarak şekillendiklerini söyleyebiliriz. It is observed that there is not enough study on the symbolic features of places of worship in the history of architecture. Symbolic connections between form, color, composition and ornamental attributes and content can often be left out by approaching the structure as a purely functional and aesthetic object.It is worth noting that the symbolic features of the Sinan's mosques are also not studied enough. The reason for focusing on Sinan's mosques is that he gives more emphasis to the architectural and cosmological meanings of the mosques that he designed compared to other building types. For this reason, our aim is to carry out a scientific study on the symbolic features of the Sinan's mosques to fill this void in this area.In this work, which is entitled `Symbolism in Mimar Sinan's Mosques`, the intellectual background in the creation of the most monumental places of worship of the Sinan's era Ottoman architecture and the origins and development of the symbolic elements that shaped the mosque architecture were examined on examples.In the `Introduction` section of the thesis that consists of eight chapters, a brief description of symbolism has been made, along with a terminological description of the history, importance and different naming of Islamic places of worship has been made. The holy structures and spaces which are important in the development of the mosque plan were introduced and in short, the development of the mosque architecture and the identity of Mimar Sinan and the architecture of the Ottoman mosque were explained.From the second section onward, the main topics of the symbolic applications in the Sinan's mosques which constitute the theme of our thesis are analysed in detail under the sections `Establishment and Installation`, `Material and Technique`, `Plan Schemes`, `Cover System`, `Interior Design`, `Architectural Plastics` and `Sacred Relics`. In addition, definitions and comments were made in the context of drawings and photographs.In the evaluation section, the importance of symbolism in Mimar Sinan's mosques is mentioned, and defined examples are evaluated by their characteristics of its founder, building site, building purpose, plan, material, architectural and functional elements, decoration, calligraphy program, story-legend-metaphores etc. with in terms of its symbolic and cosmological meanings. All identified symbolic elements are compared with other religions and cultures, especially Islamic religion and culture.As a result of the research and studies on the symbolic features of Mimar Sinan's mosques; we can say that, in the most powerful period of the Ottoman Empire, many elements such as establishment and installation, material and technique, plan scheme, cover system, interior design and architectural plastic are shaped by some symbolic meanings as well as being the most important religious and socially oriented structures of Islamic religion. 354

The problem addressed in this study is nihilism. The philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche traced its origin to the long history of apocalyptic and eschatological thought in Western religions, and to the survival of the linear and universalizing aspects of their theology in modern secular thought. Nietzsche saw this unconscious legacy affecting everything from Enlightenment philosophes, to the natural and biological sciences, to politics and economics. An existential crisis in European civilization – the advent of nihilism – thus came about because of the “death of God”, i.e., the loss of unshakeable objective faith amongst Europeans in the truth of the Abrahamic faiths.I take seriously Nietzsche’s suggestion in Thus Spoke Zarathustra of a genealogical relationship between the ancient Iranians and the ancient Hebrews, which Nietzsche scholars have neglected. Exploring that historical interchange allows us to establish that Zoroastrian concepts of universal time and absolute morality entered Judaism, and thus the West, at a formative stage. I then discuss some key modern thinkers to which Nietzsche’s project responded, and show that apocalyptic eschatology lived on in the work of Kant, Hegel, Marx, and the Darwinians. Having established for himself that modernity was tainted at its origin by this kernel of religious dogma, Nietzsche saw no need to save modernity from itself, and thus looked beyond it, and beyond the naïve worship of reason that underpinned it.The solution to the problem of nihilism, in Nietzsche’s view, was not to overcome religion, but to transform it. What was needed was a new mythology – one consistent with the natural sciences, and one which glorified the world as it is, and not an ideal world to come. His challenging notions of Eternal Recurrence and Overhumanity were contributions to this new, life-affirming mythology.I make use of an extensive body of primary sources, ranging from the works of philosophers and scientists of the nineteenth century, to that of the ancient Greeks whom Nietzsche so admired, to the scriptural traditions of Zoroastrianism and Judaism. The work involves close reading and historical contextualization, seeking to establish contingent relationships as ideas moved and were transformed over time.

[por] Esta investgação versa sobre diversos modos de relação entre jovens e museus de arte contemporânea, mediados pela escola. Através de quatro estudos de casos, foi possível verifcar que os jovens reclamam por pratcas mais partcipatvas do que aquelas que tradicionalmente a escola e os museus lhes oferecem. O cumprimento do currículo e as imposições programatcas dos museus consttuem constrangimentos à criação de relações pedagogicas entre museus e escolas. Além disso, a legitmidade para ensinar esta ainda muito centrada na fgura docente ou de quem dinamiza as visitas nos museus, enquanto aos alunos é atribuído um papel essencialmente subordinado. É a escola que aprende com o museu, sendo muito raramente criadas oportunidades para que o museu aprenda também com a escola. Contudo, a forma como as professoras e as educadores de museu encaram o conhecimento, a aprendizagem e a arte contemporânea é determinante para o modo como os estudantes aprendem. Se aos jovens for dado um espaço partcipatvo e de autoria na relação com o museu, isso permitra a criação propostas alternatvas às macro-narratvas, sejam estas provenientes dos museus ou mesmo da propria escola tradicional que perpetua a ordem social. No caso desta investgação, foram as propostas alternatvas concebidas pelos jovens que lhes proporcionaram a realização de aprendizagens dotadas de sentdo. [eng] This research is about the various kinds of relationship between young people and museums of contemporary art, mediated by school. Through four case studies, it was possible to find that young people claim for more participatory practices than those, traditionally, school and museums offer them. The compliance with the curriculum and the programmatic impositions of museums are constraints to the creation of pedagogical relationships between museums and schools. Moreover, the legitimacy of teaching is still very focused on the teacher and on the museum educator, while students are assigned to an essentially subordinate role. It is the school that learns from the museum, and very rarely are created opportunities for the museum learn from school. However, the way the teachers and museum educators face knowledge, learning and contemporary art is crucial to the way students learn. If young people are given a participatory and authoring space in the relationship with the museum, they will create alternative proposals for macro-narratives, whether this ones come from museums or even from the traditional school itself, perpetuating the social order. In this research, the alternative proposals designed by the young people, helped them to construct learning, to which they gave sense.

ÖZETDOSTLUK, BUNALIM, YABANCILAŞMA:A. B. D.-İTALYA İLİŞKİLERİ, 1871-1920Gürsel, BaharDoktora, Tarih BölümüTez Yöneticisi: Yard.Doç. Dr. Timothy Mason RobertsNisan 20071870'li yıllarda Birleşik İtalya Krallığı neredeyse bütün İtalyan yarımadasını tek bir bayrakaltında toplamış ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri de bir iç savaşı geride bırakıp ülkeyi vekurumlarını güçlendirmişti. Bu tez, 1871 ve 1920 yılları arasında Amerika Birleşik Devletlerive İtalya arasında gelişen ilişkileri anlatmaktadır. Sözü geçen dönem, İtalya'dan Amerika'ya1880'li yıllarda başlayan kütlesel göç, askerlik hizmeti ve vatandaşlığa kabul edilme sorunu,özellikle Birleşik Devletler'in güney eyaletlerinde İtalyan göçmenlerinin linç edilmesi, her ikiülkedeki anarşizm hareketleri, Kuzey Afrika'da İtalya'nın kolonileşme faaliyetleri,Amerika'nın denizaşırı genişlemesinin başlangıcı ve Birinci Dünya savaşı gibi sayısız önemliolaya şahit olmuştur. Bu tez, her iki ülkenin yasalarını, siyasi koşullarını, içişlerini veideolojik gelişmelerini inceleyerek, İtalya ve Amerika'nın dış ilişkilerine şekil veren şartlarıbelirlemeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu konuların üzerinde dururken, aslında her iki ülkenin deiçişleri ve dış ilişkilerinde odaklandığı ana unsurun ulusal büyüklük olduğunu vurgulamayaçalışmaktadır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, İtalya, dış ilişkiler, Risorgimento ABSTRACTFRIENDSHIP, CRISIS AND ESTRANGEMENT:U.S.-ITALIAN RELATIONS, 1871-1920Gürsel, BaharPh.D., Department of HistorySupervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Timothy Mason RobertsApril 2007In the 1870s, the united Kingdom of Italy brought together nearly the whole Italian peninsulaunder a single flag, and the United States left behind a civil war and strengthened the countryand its institutions. This dissertation is an account of the relations between the United Statesand Italy from 1871 to 1920. This era witnessed numerous important incidents like the massItalian immigration to America beginning in the 1880s, military service and the problem ofnaturalization, the lynchings of Italian immigrants particularly in the southern United States,anarchism in both countries, Italian colonialist activities in North Africa, the beginning ofAmerican overseas expansion, and World War I. By analyzing both countries? laws, politicalcircumstances, internal affairs and ideological developments, the dissertation aspires toexplore the aspects that shaped Italian and American foreign relations. While emphasizingthese features, it seeks to clarify the fact that the main issue which both countries focused onwas national greatness.Keywords: United States, Italy, foreign relations, late nineteenth century, Risorgimento,World War I 320

Toplumsal hareketler ve sanat akımları, ortak bir akıl ya da fikir tabanında oluşmuş insan topluluklarının ortaklaşa hareketleri olarak ifade edilebilir. Birbirinden ayrı hareket eden ortak akıl grupları ve sanat akımları da toplumsal hareketler içerisinde varlığını gösterir. 1789 Fransız Devriminin ardından Oluympede Gouges tarafından 1791 yılında `Les Droits La Femme` (Kadın ve Kadın Yurttaşların Hakları Bildirgesi) ile başlayan, 1960'larda Avrupa ve ABD'de, 1980'lerde ülkemizde, etkilerini gösteren ve hız kazanan feminist toplumsal hareketler sosyolojik, kültürel ve sanatsal boyutta cinsiyetçi bakış açısının tartışılıp yaygınlaşmasında yeni mücadele alanları geliştirmiştir. Postmodern sanat, popülist kültürün sunduğu tüketici anlayışla, alternatif teknik ve malzemelerin kullanılması sonucunda modern dönem sanat disiplinlerine; Kavramsal Sanat (Conceptual Art), Yoksul Sanat (Art Povera), Süreç Sanatı (Process Art), Beden Sanatı (Body Art), Gösteri Sanatı (Performans Art), Happinings, Eylemler (Actions), Fluxus, Yeryüzü Sanatı (Eart Art), Queer Art gibi yeni sanat disiplinlerinin tanımlanmasına neden olmuştur. Bunun sonucunda sanat nesnesinin statüsünü, izleyicinin rolünü yeniden biçimlendirmiştir.Türkiye feminist sanatçılarını incelediğimizde uzun yıllar yurt dışında yaşamış ya da yaşayan, doğuya batının alışık olduğu perspektiften; oryantalist bakış açısıyla bakan ve kadın konusunu yapıtlarında cesurca dile getiren: Nil Yalter (1938), Füsun Onur (d.1938), İpek Düben (d.1941), Gülsün Karamustafa (d.1946), Hale Tenger (d.1960), Şükran Moral (d.1963), Canan Şenol (d.1970) ve Nezahat Ekici (d.1970) yi görürüz.1980'li yıllarda oluşan `kimlik` ve `farklılık` politikası, `postmodern politika` çatısı altında birleştirilmiş kültür, mekân ve zaman parçalanmalarına, öznelliğe ve yeni sanat biçimlerine sebebiyet vererek, feminist sanat algısını değiştirmiş, postfeminist sanat algısını oluşturmuştur.Feminist sanatçıların (Nancy Spero, May Stevens, Judy Chicago, Martha Roslar vb.) `başkaları için varlık` ya da `kendi başına varlık` olan kadına yönelik eleştirel yapıtları, postfeminist sanatçıların (Sarah Lucas, Cindy Sherman, Canan Şenol, Tracey Emin) `kendi için varlık` olduklarını yansıtan yapıtlara evrilmiştir.Hayata bakış ve kavrayışımı, postfeminist bir yaklaşımla ele aldığım bu tez çalışmasında, iktidar ve toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri üzerine göndermeler bulunmaktadır. Eril ve iktidar nitelikleri görünür kılan, toplum içinde yerleşmiş cinsiyet ve kültür kodlarına, eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla gerçekleştirilen çalışmalarımda, özgün bir plastik dilin oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır.Anahtar Sözcükler:Postmodernizm, feminizm, postfeminizm, sanat, kadın. Social activities and art movements may be stated as collective activities of human groups which formed on the ground of a common mind or idea. Collective opinion groups and art movements which move separately are also existed in social movements. Feminist social movements which started with `Les Droits La Femme` (Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen) by Oluympe de Gouges in 1791 after 1789 French Revolution, effected Europe and the USA in 1960's and Turkey in 1980's, opened new grounds on which sexist viewpoint in culture and art is discussed.Postmodern art, with the consumer mentality offered by populist culture, as a result of using alternative techniques and materials, caused defining new art disciplines like Conceptual Art, Art Povera, Process Art, Body Art, Performance Art, Happening, Actions, Fluxus, Earth Art, Queer Art in modern art. As a result, it reshaped the status of the art object and the role of the viewer.When we study Turkish feminist artist we see Nil Yalter (b. 1938), Füsun Onur (b. 1938), İpek Düben (b. 1941), Gülsün Karamustafa (b. 1946), Hale Tenger (b. 1960), Şükran Moral (b. 1963), Canan Şenol (b. 1970) and Nezahat Ekici (b. 1970) who lived or has been living abroad for many years, can look at the east through a perspective which the west is used to: the orientalist view; and express the subject of woman in their works bravely. `Identity` and `difference` policy, emerged in 1980's, causing subjectivity, new forms of art and fragmentations in culture, place and time, which unified in `postmodern policy`, has changed the feminist art perception and formed the post feminist art perception.Critical works of feminist artists (Nancy Spero, May Stevens, Judy Chicago, Martha Roslar etc.) against woman `being for others` or `being in itself` have evolved to post feminist artists' (Sarah Lucas, CindySherman, Canan Şenol, Tracey Emin) works which reflect woman `being for itself`In this thesis study, in which I discuss how I view and comprehend life with a post feminist approach, there are some references to power and social gender roles. With my works, which are formed with a critical approach to the common gender and culture codes of society that make masculine and power characters visible, it is intended to form an original plastic language.Key Words:Postmodernism, feminism, post feminism, art, woman 88

"Found at Sea" is a historical study centered on the Atlantic Ocean. This dissertation employs ships' logbooks in combination with a GIS mapping methodology to address the ocean, itself, as a site for historical developments. Eighteenth-century mariners sailed the ocean in more varied ways than historians have previously described. This dissertation demonstrates that the Atlantic Ocean of the late eighteenth century was a highly-populated, very social, international space. It was normal for a ship to see another ship about half of the days while it was at sea. During peacetime these sightings could lead to friendly exchanges of news, food, and even spare parts in case of emergency. During wartime, shipping patterns adjusted to reflect new trading alliances and the threat of enemy vessels.