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David Richard Walker’s Metrology of the Roman Silver Coinage analyzed the silver content of over 5000 Roman denarii, antoniniani, and drachmae using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. His results have been widely cited and used by scholars in the fields of Roman economic theory and numismatics. This thesis seeks to prove that Walker’s XRF results were not only inaccurate, but inconsistently so. Corrosion and surface enrichment on silver-copper coins have caused surface-level elemental examinations, like XRF, to produce incorrect results. The results from Walker’s XRF analysis have been compared against results from four individual wet chemical studies. The comparisons display striking, and significant, differences. I am forced to conclude that Walker’s data does not in any way align with the true silver content of the coins he analyzed. As a result, this thesis will re-examine several theories and hypotheses posed by scholars who used Walker’s data and propose new, more appropriate, uses for Walker and XRF analysis outside of the examination of corroded silver-copper coins.

This study seeks to give the Pacific Islander teacher and the missionary wife - European and non-European - a place in history: more specifically, a place in the history of the London Missionary Society's Torres Strait and Papuan mission in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. It illustrates the Pacific Islander's and missionary wife's activist role despite their passive depiction in official missionary discourse. Intertwined with this primary agenda is that of locating issues of racism and sexism within the structure of patriarchal power relations. Moreover, by illustrating the essential contribution of missionary women to the nineteenth century 'civilising mission' this argument refutes the contention that expatriate women were the ruin of Empire.

Orientador: José Alves de Freitas Neto Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Resumo: A presente tese analisa a iconografia de todas as moedas uruguaias emitidas até o ano de 2017, partindo de sua produção inicial no século XIX, após a conquista de sua independência, percorrendo todo o século XX e culminando nas últimas cunhagens, durante os governos do partido Frente Amplio ¿ que totalizaram, ao longo dos três séculos, a emissão de cento e vinte moedas. O objetivo foi identificar a relação dessa iconografia com a história de cada um dos períodos em que foram produzidas as moedas, suas portadoras, fazendo com que tais objetos extrapolassem o papel financeiro, a elas costumeiramente atribuído, e acabassem por se tornar tanto estandartes como agentes nas questões políticas e culturais do Uruguai. A catalogação das cento e vinte moedas (que dialoga com a produção de anteriores catálogos uruguaios) foi elaborada pelo presente autor tendo por princípio registrar as imagens de anversos e reversos da primeira emissão de todas as moedas já cunhadas oficialmente pelo governo uruguaio. O entrecruzamento, nessas moedas, de símbolos pátrios, debates políticos e da apropriação de elementos específicos da história e cultura uruguaias foram abordados, então, a partir de reflexões que remetem à própria numismática e suas interfaces com outros campos dos estudos históricos, como as questões sobre memória, política e historiografia Abstract: This thesis analyzes the iconography of all Uruguayan coins issued up to 2017, starting with their initial production in the 19th century, after the achievement of the independence, covering the entire 20th century and culminating in the last mintings, during the Frente Amplio governments ¿ which totaled, over the three centuries, the issuing of one hundred and twenty coins. The objective was to identify the relationship of this iconography with the history of each of the periods in which the coins, their bearers, were produced, taking such objects beyond the financial role usually attributed to them, becoming both standards and agents of political and cultural issues in Uruguay. The cataloguing of one hundred and twenty coins (which dialogues with the production of previous Uruguayan catalogs) was prepared by the present author with the principle of registering the images of obverse and reverse sides of the first issue of all coins already officially minted by the Uruguayan government. The intersection, in these coins, of national symbols, political debates and the appropriation of specific elements of Uruguayan history and culture were approached, then, from reflections that refer to the numismatics itself and its interfaces with other fields of historical studies, such as questions about memory, politics, and historiography Doutorado Política, Memória e Cidade Doutor em História CAPES 001

In the mid-10th century there was an increase of Byzantine coins to the Baltic area alongside the shift from the eastern Islamic dirhems to a western focus on German coins. This thesis sets out to study networks around the Baltic area from a perspective of Byzantine miliaresion minted by Constantine VII and Romanus II, Nicephorus II, John I Tzimisces and Basil II. The material consists of coin finds in foremostly hoards but also some grave finds from Gotland, mainland Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Belarus, Estonia and Finland. This essay will combine the use of two different methods, first a network analysis in Pajek and then a spatial analysis in GIS. With these two methods I want to investigate what the Byzantine coins can tell us about the transition period between the import of Islamic coins and German coins. Together with the Byzantine coins I will use other materials from Gotland such as shorttwig and longbranch runes, a type of metal vessel found in graves and a type of clay vessel with a special mark on the bottom. They will highlight different aspects of the Viking age networks, with a focus on Gotland. The result showes that the import of Byzantine silver coins into the Baltic in the 10th century consists of two phases. The first phase consists of miliaresia minted by Constantine VII and Romanus II, Nicephorus II and John I Tzimisces which were probably imported through Poland. On their way through Poland they mixed with early southern German coins from Bayern and Schwaben on their way to Denmark and Gotland. With the second phase the eastern coin import temporarily gets an upswing. The coins minted by Basil II are more commonly found on Gotland and in Estonia which lead me to conclude that these could have been imported by Gotlandic individuals on their travels east.

This thesis examines figural representations of foreign peoples and places on Roman coinage. An accompanying appendix thoroughly catalogues this imagery between its earliest extant appearance in approximately 138 B.C. and the death of Domitian in 96 A.D. A systematic survey makes it possible to nuance existing narratives of the development of this imagery that privileged the late first and early second centuries A.D. as the key moments of change by revealing considerable diversity and innovation in the earlier period. A second contribution is methodological, highlighting the need for contextual analysis of individual issues to supplement the typological approach that has dominated earlier scholarship. Chapter One focuses on image types produced between 138-31 B.C. This was a particularly vibrant period for the production of these images and the chapter reveals a diverse spectrum of imagery. This contrasts sharply with previous assessments that characterised the period as dominated by images of submission. Chapter Two concentrates on Augustan imperial coinage (31 B.C.-14 A.D.) and identifies a shift towards more consistent usage of submissive imagery. Chapter Three highlights a significant decline in the use of images of foreign peoples and places on imperial coinage minted by the Julio-Claudian successors (14-68 A.D.). Chapter Four identifies a dramatic, albeit inconsistent, resurgence in the use of personifications of foreign peoples and places on coinage minted by competing imperial claimants during the civil wars of 68-69 A.D. Chapter Five focuses on Flavian imperial coinage (69-96 A.D.) and uncovers a significant resurgence in captive imagery. It identifies a new blurring of the lines between the iconographic traditions of captives and personifications of peoples and places. This blending of the two traditions lays important foundations for subsequent imagery on Trajanic imperial coinage. Funding received through the University of St Andrews 600th Anniversary Scholarship and the School of Classics' Guthrie Award

In this thesis I consider the political and economic interactions of a representative sample of seventh and sixth century B.C. state-level societies from the Aegean basin. This thesis is structured around three material based case studies, all of which use computational network-analytical techniques, and all of which consider closely issues of representativeness and uncertainty surrounding the target datasets. First, I analyse how the distribution of coinage and of ceramic types might be used together to shed light on the nature of the ancient economy, and I also consider the extent to which coins might indicate that some economic and political networks overlapped. Second, I analyse the lettersets used on inscriptions from various parts of the Aegean, and I argue that scribes chose to associate themselves with or distance themselves from certain identities and networks of political affiliation by choosing to write in various ways. Third, I investigate what the remains of freestanding marble sculpture might tell us about the scale at which some aspects of the ancient economy operated, and about shipping routes in archaic Greece. I conclude that, contrary to the long-held belief by scholars, political activity did not determine other forms of networking between city-states, nor are political interactions readily visible in the archaeological record. Furthermore, I suggest that there was a greater degree of planning and targeting of markets in the formation of the economy of archaic Greece than has been generally understood. The contributions of this thesis, therefore, are both historical, in suggesting these alternative narratives, but also methodological, in providing ways to creatively engage with the critical mass of material data that exists from archaic Greece. Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and Pembroke College, award number AH/L503897/1