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For decades, the Malaysian national history is in a stable condition and not being challenged by anyone. The enhancement of national history is constantly progress through educational system starting from primary school to university level. The consciousness of national history is the foundation for the unity of the people and country development. Though, from time to time, the status quo starts to face the challenges and disputes which began with small scale and got bigger. This could trigger a national issue. Thus, this study focus on the date of Independence Day amongst Sarawak citizens. As one of the states that form the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, the history of Sarawak as a separate nation with the history of Malaysia has been detected. The consciousness of Merdeka Day for Sarawakian is more to refer to the establishment of the federation rather than the date of August 31, 1957 as the day of independent. To add, this research is to identify the level of consciousness in revising the national history amongst Sarawakian. This study also delves the understanding of “Merdeka” from Sarawakians’ point of view and discuss whether the nation history is proportionate for the Sarawakian. For the methodology, this study applies quantitative and qualitative approaches, a concurrent triangulation mixed method design. The phases of data collection are two including surveys and focus group discussions. Generally, the result shows that the Sarawakian have a new consciousness of the national history. Type of Paper: Empirical

AbstractDiscovery of materials which exhibit large real third-order optical nonlinearities have recently become the topic of a broad scientific interest, due to its potential applications in many areas especially in the field of all-optical signal-processing. Here in this work, we report a preliminary investigation on the third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) response of different type of trace metal ions in nitric acid standard solution. A facile and rapid single beam z-scan technique incorporating 532nm diode pump solid state laser was employed to study the response of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), Zinc (Zn), Aluminum (Al) ions towards NLO properties. Nonlinear refraction (NLR) response of the heavy metal samples were recorded from closed-aperture output and the maximum values of nonlinear refractive index,n2for all Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Al were recorded at 1.96355×10−9, 3.38228×10−9, 9.36907×10−9, 8.67559×10−10,3.28211×10−9cm2W−1respectively. Based on the experimental findings, the negative sign of the nonlinear refractive index values successfully indicates that the samples exhibit nonlinear self-defocusing effect, which is further expected to have potential applications in all-optical devices.

As the First World War shattered the old empires, Orthodox Christians in former imperial territories faced a dilemma. Should they remain loyal to their Russian “Mother Church,” from which they were...

Abstract The development of selective and sensitive chemical sensors to overcome fluoride ions is needed, especially for applications in chemical and biological processes. One of the chemical compounds that can act as sensors is the Schiff base compound group. This study aims to synthesis a Schiff base based on salicylaldehyde and as a fluoride ion sensor. The one-pot synthesis approach was carried out in room terms by mixing salicylaldehyde with hydrazine hydrate or phenylenediamine with a molar ratio of 2: 1 in ethanol solvent under stirring for 24 hours. The bright yellow crystal was obtained with a yield of 80% for salicylaldazine (SB). The compounds in the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent tend to be colorless, but in the presence of F-ions, the solution turns orange. The results indicate an interaction between SB1 with F-ions in solution.

The purpose of this study is to discuss on contemporary colours in artwork. Contemporary colours have developed a bridge between theory and practice, particularly in the production of works of art. While other studies have been conducted on colours solely, this one focuses on the relationship between artwork and contemporary colours. This teaches the reader that contemporary colours are an integral component of the world of painting and design art. The study of contemporary colours employs artwork to address the subject about the significance of modern colours. As a result, the significance of modern colours has become significant that it has evolved into a movement within the context of contemporary art. This writing is an attempt to convey information about colours using a common language. Keywords: Colour, contemporary

AbstractThe parametric approach is commonly used to estimate the actual distribution and thus measure income inequalities while analyzing the income distribution. The parametric estimate of the income distribution is useful as it helps in inferences about the estimated inequalities to be made more easily. Centered on household income survey data from 2007, 2009, 2012, and 2014, a comparative assessment of six parametric distribution candidates that represent urban household income in Malaysia was conducted in this research. The gamma, lognormal, Weibull, Dagum, Singh – Maddala, and generalized beta of the second kind distributions were some of the two, three, and four parameters considered in this study. Based on our analysis, it was found that the generalized beta of second kind distribution was the most adequate model for explaining the urban household incomes in Malaysia. Then, on the basis of the generalized beta of second kind distribution, income inequality analysis of the urban households in Malaysia was assessed using Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient.

The outbreak of the Covid-19 Pandemic has gravely impacted various sectors, such as the economy, tourism and education industries. It is also affecting social activities and the standards of everyday life. The effects it has on the art community includes the suspension of many art exhibitions and even the cancellation of these events when the MCO (Movement Control Order), designed to curb and contain the spread of the virus, was implemented by the government. In response, an initiative by prominent local artist Zainon Abdullah to hold a virtual exhibition of his work began. Throughout the partial lockdown, he delivers his artistic expressions through the lens of a world coloured by Covid-19. This study has identified certain themes like nature, the divine, environmental awareness, submission and resurrection in his artwork as extensions of the artist’s emotional landscape. Research concludes that this series of Zainon Abdullah’s artworks can be classified by phases wherein each phase represents a different order of shapes, meanings and messages while still operating within the restrictions of Covid-19. Thus, Zainon Abdullah’s work has become a chronologically recorded documentation of an artist’s reaction towards a momentous event in world history.Keywords: pandemic COVID-19, virtual art exhibitions, expression artwork.

The aim of this study is to investigate the determinants of behavioral intention to visit a historical city in the context of cultural heritage tourism from a marketing experiential perspective. Specifically, the main objective is to investigate the relative influence of the three experiential constructs identified as service experience, novelty experience, and leisure experience towards the tourist’s intention to recommend and return to the historical city of Malacca. To the best knowledge of the researcher, this study is the first to incorporate all three variables together in a single research model. A total of 300 respondents consists of both local and foreign tourists were involved in this study. Data were collected around the historical city of Malacca, a popular UNESCO World Heritage Site in Malaysia. To qualify as the respondents of this study, the so-called cultural tourists must have been visiting the historical city for at least 2 days. Multiple Regression Analysis was employed to test all hypotheses developed in this study. The results showed that two of the independent variables namely leisure experience and service experience were found to have positive relationships with behavioral intention. Interestingly, this study found no evidence to support the relationship between novelty experience and behavioral intention in the context of cultural heritage tourism. Undeniably, the novelty of the cultural heritage tourism products is not the core determinant of tourist’s revisit intention as well as favourable word-of-mouth as these products are considered as distinctive in nature and standing on their own.