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This paper is about food culture in Uppland under early iron age in Upplans, Sverige. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analysis the lipids that were extracted from archaeological potsherds from Påtåker Raä 62, Sollentuna, Uppland. The result of the lipid analysis shows content of aquatic animal products, terrestrial animal products, vegetables and indication of being heated. Based on these results and what is considered to be a normal diet during the Iron Age, it is possible to say that there are similarities. These results are also compared with three sites from Late Iron Age – Vendel 1:1, Vendel 28 and Tuna, to see if there are any similarities. The reason to choose three sites from Late Iron Age, and not Early Iron Age, is because there haven’t been done studies like this on material from the early Iron Age. Vendel 28 was the site that was most similar to Påtåker, when it comes to its enviorment with meadows and woods, and the ceramics application areas. This study is part of the on going research of Påtåker Raä 62, Sollentuna, Oppland.

QC 20220318

Døden og gravmaterial har definert arkeologifaget som disiplin siden tidenes morgen, men selv i den antikvariske samtiden ble etnologi og folklore i liten grad brukt som kilde til kunnskap om forhistorien og oldnordiske gravskikker. De fleste gravstudier har derfor ikke analysert dødens essens: sjelens substans. Gjennom en religionsvitenskapelig forståelse av etnologi og folklore presenteres en ny arkeologisk analyse av Nordens forhistoriske gravmaterial og døden som fenomen. En studie av sjelens substans må bokstavelig talt trenge inn i hjernen, beinmargen, blodet og skjelettet, som er menneskets åndelige essens, og inn i kvinnens livmor hvor sjelen skapes og fødes. Sjelene til forfedrene kroppsligjorde seg som alver, vetter og andre åndelige vesener. Den sjelelige essens i fysisk substans var også kosmologisk kraft, som kunne brukes og misbrukes, og derfor er dette også en berettelse om sykdom og trolldom. Medisinsk kannibalisme og bruk av de døde og døden var et effektivt beskyttelsesmiddel og den sterkeste medisin i tradisjonell legekunst. I den forhistoriske medisinhistorien var sykdom direkte og personlige angrep av ulike forfedre, som levde misfornøyde i en hinsidig tilværelse i ny kroppslig form. Sjelene kunne ta utallige former som ulike vetter, noen gode og andre onde, men en ting var sikkert: De ville komme tilbake til de levende, og de var farlige for de gjenlevende. Slekten definerte de døde og de døde definerte slekten. Dødsbryllup forente derfor ikke bare de levende og døde, men også fremtidige familier og slekter av forfedre, og sentralt i denne kosmologien var de store årtidsfestivaler, som kulminerte med den tradisjonelle julefeiringen.

The subject of this study is the exploitation of marrow in European elk (Alces alces), at two Stone Age settlements in northern Sweden. The bone material presented in this study originate from Bellsås in Jämtland county, and Bastuloken in Västernorrland county. Only bones containing white marrow have been analysed: the mandibula, the long bones, and the first and second phalanges. This study aims to understand if, and how the extraction and use of bone marrow varied between the two sites. Is there a difference in which elements that were chosen for exploitation between the two sites? What can differences in the choice of elements for marrow extraction tell us about changes in local preferences and alterations in practises over time? Can the stone material from the two sites in combination with the bones give any clue to how the localities were used? The results of this study shows that the difference in marrow exploitation between the two sites lies mainly in the choice to exploit phalanges as a source for marrow at Bastuloken but not at Bellsås. The reasons for this are discussed and the conclusion is that cultural choices or preferences, rather than nutritional stress, are the cause for the choice to use these elements as a source for marrow. The bone and stone material in combination show that the two localities have been used in different ways.

The aim of the essay is to investigate rock art in Sweden as a cultural heritage. The material in the essay is rock art. The method is a literature study that compiles and analyzes other researchers’ views of the material (rock art). I limit the essay to rock art in Sweden. The essay has 3 questions: 1 How can cultural heritage be used? 2 Which laws protect rock art? 2 Are there archaeological traces of the fact that the rock art continued to have significance after no new rock art were created? The theoretical point of departure of the essay is historical perspective. The physical traces of the past are seen as different functions and have different meanings for different periods of time. The result of the essay is that rock art are seen as memories preserved in physical form (in books) and the actual ritual to punch the pictures or that performing rituals are seen as bodily preserved memory for example memorial ceremonies. The Heritage Board of Sweden works with the protection of culture, with knowledge dissemination and knowledge building, conservation and care authority work and archaeological assignments. County Administrative Board is responsible for protecting, informing and protecting the regional cultural environment as building and settlements, ancient objects and churches, cultural landscapes and industrial history sites. The Heritage Law determines the protection of valuable buildings such as ancient monuments, ancient finds, church cultural monuments and some cultural objects. The rock art form Stone Age may have affected where new rock art were placed under the Bronze Age, which affected the location of Rockies during the younger Bronze Age. Recent visits created a movement pattern in the landscape that may have lived and structured peoples activities also after the tradition of making new pictures had ceased. Rock art premises may have affected where new rock art were placed during the early Bronze Age, which affected the location of Rockies during the younger Bronze Age.