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AbstractBased on a corpus composed entirely of texts close to the pole of communicative immediacy, mainly private letters from the sixteenth, eighteenth and twentieth centuries (c. 1960), this paper analyses the results of a variationist study on the historical evolution undergone by the Spanish modal periphrases with three distinct auxiliary verbs (haber, tener, deber). Using the heuristic tools of the comparative method, the data show that variation has been constrained by a handful of common factor groups over almost five centuries. Nonetheless, with the odd exception, these factors have conditioned each verb in a different way. Moreover, the sense of this variation changes as time goes by, with especially relevant reorganisation in the first part of the twentieth century. Furthermore, there is a notable association between these constraints and the degree of markedness and the frequency of the conditioning contexts, giving support to a usage-based approach to language change in which cognitive processes such as entrenchment play a decisive role. These data also allow a particular profile to be traced for each modal verb in the history of Spanish, in whichtenerandhaberfinally undergo a complementary distribution, whereasdeberfollows a different pattern. After several centuries of stagnation,tenerbecomes the star in the deontic firmament of spontaneous communication, diffusing abruptly as a change from below in the twentieth century, and replacinghaber, which had been the unmarked variant for centuries.

Este trabajo presenta un modelo político para la interpretación de los grandes poblados de la Edad del Cobre en la Península Ibérica. Considera que la competencia entre facciones en sociedades segmentarias genera las condiciones para el auge de procesos de agregación, y es a su vez la base de su debilidad, situación que frecuentemente provoca la fisión de los grupos. El momento clave para la consolidación del poder de los líderes faccionales es el momento inicial de movilización de trabajo colectivo. Caso de no consolidarse, la competencia entre facciones y el desarrollo de los intereses familiares multiplica los frentes de resistencia. El modelo se aplica al registro arqueológico regional y local del Alto Guadalquivir. Finalmente se sugiere que la dinámica de agregación a gran escala únicamente puede darse en aquellos lugares en los que exista suficiente población, recursos potenciales y la tecnología suficiente para su explotación y mantenimiento. Sin embargo, para explicar la variabilidad observada durante el Calcolítico de la Península Ibérica se requiere incorporar factores políticos. This contribution presents a political model for interpreting the large Copper Age settlements of the Iberian Peninsula. It considers that factional competition within segmentary societies creates conditions that both promote aggregational processes and undermine them (frequently leading to group fission). The critical moment when factional leaders may consolidate their power is the initial mobilization of a collective workforce. If such consolidation fails to take place, factional competition and the development of household interests multiplies the fronts on which resistance to leaders can take place. This model is applied to the archaeological record of the Upper Guadalquivir. The results of this analysis suggest that the dynamics of large-scale aggregation only can develop in places were there exists a sufficiently large population, abundant potential resources, and the technology by which resources and population can be exploited and maintained. A model that will explain the variability observed in the Iberian Copper Age must also consider political factors, however.

¿Qué importancia histórica pueden tener los relatos de viajeros extranjeros? Evidentemente, sus opiniones diferían en función de su origen social, educación, concepciones y prejuicios adquiridos en el país de origen (1), y los propósitos que'les guiaban a visitar países extranjeros. Pero igualmente puede aflrmarse que su valor histórico reside en que todos ellos fueron testigos de excepción de la vida local, aportándonos por ello un relato vívido de épocas y lugares concretos.

The study analyzes a ritual of the Hispanic medieval funerals dedicated to the members of the military estate (fron the knigth up to the king). The sources name or córrer les armes, solemnitat de descoament de cavaills, quebrantamiento de escudos or arrastre de banderas according to it is the Eastern territories or the kingdom of Castile and León. It is the survival of a Roman celebration the funus imperatorum, which there were leading the members of the equestrian order to the death of his maximum commander. Like in Rome, the celebration had his iconographic reflex during the Gothic centuries in peninsular ambiance. We find episodes of the same one in many tombs, be already in the sarcofagus or in the reliefs that they decorate the arch it occurred rarely that he shelters it. El estudio analiza un ritual de los funerales hispanos medievales consagrado a los miembros del estamento militar (desde el caballero al rey) que las fuentes, denominan córrer les armes o solemnitat de descoament de cavaills o bien “quebrantamiento de escudos” y “arrastre de banderas” según se trate de los territorios orientales o del reino de Castilla y León. Supone la pervivencia de una celebración romana, el funus imperatorum, que protagonizaban los miembros del orden ecuestre a la muerte de su máximo caudillo. Como en Roma, la celebración tuvo su reflejo iconográfico durante los siglos del gótico en ámbito peninsular. La hallamos como parte de la ornamentación de muchos sepulcros, ya sea del sarcófago o de los relieves que decoran el arco solio que lo cobija.

Non-financial information and its contribution to the achievement of each Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) are assuming great relevance in the business world, in which it is not enough to be economically sustainable without also being sustainable from ethical, environmental, and social points of view. An analysis of how the financial sector contributes to the achievement of the SDGs is crucial in two ways. Firstly, due to the relevance and the magnitude of this sector itself; secondly, and more importantly in our view, because of the financial leverage of the banking sector that has a mandate to facilitate the transition of all economic sectors towards sustainability, guided by the 2030 Agenda. However, despite the expectations placed on banking entities, there is a research gap on their disclosure practices and on the SDG-related information that they report. In addition, the academic literature centered on the analysis of SDG-related disclosures through artificial intelligence is very scarce. To fill this gap, the objective of our study is, on the one hand, to analyze whether there is greater homogeneity in the disclosure of non-financial information in the Spanish banking sector following the transposition of Directive 2014/95/EU into Spanish Law. On the other hand, it is to evaluate the contribution of banking entities to the SDGs. To do so, the non-financial information reports of 12 Spanish banks are analyzed, completing a comparative evaluation and using artificial intelligence to identify mentions of each SDG and its targets. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was also used to rank the banking entities in accordance with their contribution to each SDG. The results reflected the plurality, in both breadth and quality, in the disclosure of non-financial information and in the contribution to the SDGs. The only point in common between all the entities that were studied was the use of the GRI disclosure framework and the identification of the priority SDGs, positioning SDGs 8, 13, and 4 in priority positions. The banks with higher bank capitalization levels occupied the top of the ranking of contributions to the SDGs. Differences were presented for all other aspects, even to the point of highlighting that some entities or independent verifiers had not offered all the information. In conclusion, greater efforts to improve the quality of non-financial reporting and further development of the common regulatory framework will be fundamental for better comparability between the reports from banking entities. Furthermore, this study shows that natural language processing can be applied to better measure companies' alignment with the SDGs based on the text of their non-financial reports.

En este artículo, se exploran los elementos condicionantes de las dinámicas económicas y políticas en torno a la extracción de hidrocarburos en dos países del golfo de Guinea: Ghana y Guinea Ecuatorial. Para ello, atenderemos a las similitudes y diferencias entre ambos casos, a partir de los elementos teóricos señalados por el paradigma de la maldición de los recursos, perspectiva que utilizaremos de manera crítica. Las diferencias en relación con la importancia cuantitativa de los recursos petroleros respecto del total del ingreso nacional, el desarrollo regulatorio, la transparencia en la gestión de las rentas petroleras y la calidad institucional son algunas de las divergencias más importantes. No obstante, estos casos también presentan importantes similitudes; por ejemplo, en relación con el escaso rol que desempeña la especialización petrolera para favorecer la inserción regional, así como el gran reto de articular encadenamientos productivos entre la industria extractiva y el entramado empresarial local In this article, it is explored the conditioning elements of the economic and political dynamics surrounding the extraction of hydrocarbons in two countries in the Gulf of Guinea: Ghana and Equatorial Guinea. We will address the similarities and differences between both cases, based on the theoretical elements pointed out by the resource curse paradigm, a perspective that we will use critically. The differences in relation to the quantitative importance of oil resources with respect to total national income, regulatory development, transparency in the management of oil revenues and institutional quality are some of the most important divergences. However, these cases also present important similarities: in relation to the scarce role played by oil specialization in favouring regional insertion, as well as the great challenge of articulating productive linkages between the extractive industry and the local business network

Uno de los grandes problemas del hombre actual es el de la búsqueda y encuentro con los valores. Las reflexiones modernas sobre el valor se corresponden de algún modo con las especulaciones clásicas en los denominados «trascendentales>>. Las aportaciones de Santo Tomas y las de sus continuadores pueden contribuir a superar los obstáculos, que han llevado a la crisis contemporánea de los valores. One of the great problems of the present man is the search and meeting with the values. The modem thougts about the value correspond in any way with the classical especulations in the call >. The contributions of Saint Thomas and his followers can contribute to overcome the obstacles, which have let to the contemporaneus crisis of the values.