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Chambers, Jack, Trudgill, Peter (1998) Dialectology. New York: Cambridge University Press. Chodkowski, Andrzej (1995) Encyklopedia muzyki. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo PWN. Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition 2009: “Eponym”. Retrieved from: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/eponym. Date: 28th August 2020 Craine, Debra, Mackrell, Judith (2010) The Oxford Dictionary of Dance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dąbrowska, Grażyna (1979) W kręgu polskich tańców ludowych. Warszawa: Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza Grabias, Stanisław (1997) Język w zachowaniach społecznych. Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie Skłodowskiej. Grabias, Stanisław (2001) “Środowiskowe i zawodowe odmiany języka – socjolekty”, [In:] [Współczesny język polski, 223-240] Bartmiński, J. (ed.), Lublin: UMCS. Haigh, Chris (2009) The Fiddle Handbook. London: Backbeat Books. Khokhlova, Irina Nickolaevna (2017) “Contact variantology: problems of national language variety terminology” [In:] [Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2017; 2(1):15-18]. Retrieved from: http://scholarsmepub.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/SJHSS-2115-18.pdf. Date: 28th August 2020. Kopaliński, Władysław (2003) Słownik wyrazów obcych i zwrotów obcojęzycznych z almanachem. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo PWN. Kopaliński, Władysław (1996) Słownik eponimów, czyli wyrazów odimiennych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo PWN. Lewandowski, Marcin (2008) “The Language of Soccer – a Sociolect or a Register?” [In:] [Język, Komunikacja, Informacja, 3/2008: 21-32] P. Nowak, P. Nowakowski (eds.). Retrieved from: https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/bitstream/10593/4562/1/02- Lewandowski.pdf. Date: 28th August 2020. McArthur, Thomas (1996) The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press Murrmann, Julia (2014) Profesjolekt branży turystycznej, czyli o specyficznych cechach zawodowego języka turystyki” [In:] [Rozprawy Naukowe Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu 47, 47-57]. Retrieved from: http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-b05414f5-c42f-49b0-b7b0-810e26136e00. Date: 28th August 2020. Newman, Albert (1914) Dances of to-day, Philadelphia: The Penn Publishing Co. Popescu, Floriana, Sorcaru, Daniela (2008) Eponyms: an instance of linguistic interculturality. Retrieved from: https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/9502218/culture-subculture-and-counterculture-facultatea-de-litere/167. Date: 28th August 2020. Rudnicka, Ewa (2004) “Eponimical lexical items as the object of translation”. [In:] [Bісник Сумского державного університету, серія “Філологічні науки” 4(63) 154-161] Retrieved from: http://www.vuzlib.com.ua/articles/book/25635- Eponymical_lexical_items_as_th/1.html. Date: 28th August 2020. Sadowski, Mirosław (2013) „Eponimy jako sposób wzbogacania leksyki” [In:] [„Acta Erasmiana”]. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/15578944/Eponimy_jako_spos%C3%B3b_wzbogacania_leksyki_Eponyms_as_a_mean_of_enriching_vocabulary_. Date: 28th August 2020. Trudgill, Peter (2003) A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Wilkoń, Aleksander (2000) Typologia odmian językowych współczesnej polszczyzny. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. This paper raises both the issue of eponyms emerging in dance terminology and problems concerning their translation. In Section 1, a short introduction to the topic is presented. Section 2 covers theoretical background crucial to understand the topic, defining the notion of an eponym vital to the paper, as well as the term of sociolect in terms of dance community. Moving on to the methodology of this research, Section 3 contains the corpus of 56 Polish eponyms in dance terminology, gathered mostly from books such as Kopaliński’s “Słownik eponimów, czyli wyrazów odimiennych” (1996), his “Słownik wyrazów obcych i zwrotów obcojęzycznych” (2003), Chodkowski’s “Encyklopedia muzyki” (1995), Dąbrowska’s “W kręgu polskich tańców ludowych” (1979) and during various lectures conducted by numerous dance teachers, along with English translations of the units. Then, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the corpus is discussed. Finally, in Section 4, conclusion of the research is presented to show the complexity of the issue of eponyms and problems that may occur in their translation.

Studies have documented that traditional motor skills (i.e. motor habits) are part of the cultural way of life that characterises each society. Yet, it is still unclear to what extent motor skills are inherited through culture. Drawing on ethnology and motor behaviour, we addressed this issue through a detailed description of traditional pottery skills. Our goal was to quantify the influence of three kinds of constraints: the transcultural constraints of wheelthrowing, the cultural constraints induced via cultural transmission, and the potters’ individual constraints. Five expert Nepalese potters were invited to produce three familiar pottery types, each in five specimens. A total of 31 different fashioning hand positions were identified. Most of them (14) were cross-cultural, ten positions were cultural, five positions were individual, and two positions were unique. Statistical tests indicated that the subset of positions used by the participants in this study were distinct from those of other cultural groups. Behaviours described in terms of fashioning duration, number of gestures, and hand position repertoires size highlighted both individual and cross-cultural traits. We also analysed the time series of the successive hand positions used throughout the fashioning of each vessel. Results showed, for each pottery type, strong reproducible sequences at the individual level and a clearly higher level of variability between potters. Overall, our findings confirm the existence of a cultural transmission in craft skills but also demonstrated that the skill is not fully determined by a cultural marking. We conclude that the influence of culture on craft skills should not be overstated, even if its role is significant given the fact that it reflects the socially transmitted part of the skill. Such research offers insights into archaeological problems in providing a representative view of how cultural constraints influence the motor skills implied in artefact manufacturing.

A classification of wordless yodel melodies from five different regions in Switzerland was made. For our analysis, we used a total of 217 yodel tunes from five regions, which can be grouped into two larger regions, central and north-eastern Switzerland. The results show high accuracy of classification, therefore confirming the existence of regional differences in yodel melodies. The most salient features, such as rhythmic patterns or intervals, demonstrate some of the key differences in pairwise comparisons, which can be confirmed by a postanalysis survey of the relevant scores. + ID der Publikation: hslu_83278 + Art des Beitrages: Wissenschaftliche Medien + Jahrgang: 4 + Sprache: Englisch + Letzte Aktualisierung: 2022-06-01 13:58:19

In this paper, we present a novel context-dependent approach to modeling word meaning, and apply it to the modeling of metaphor. In distributional semantic approaches, words are represented as points in a high dimensional space generated from co-occurrence statistics; the distances between points may then be used to quantifying semantic relationships. Contrary to other approaches which use static, global representations, our approach discovers contextualized representations by dynamically projecting low-dimensional subspaces; in these ad hoc spaces, words can be re-represented in an open-ended assortment of geometrical and conceptual configurations as appropriate for particular contexts. We hypothesize that this context-specific re-representation enables a more effective model of the semantics of metaphor than standard static approaches. We test this hypothesis on a dataset of English word dyads rated for degrees of metaphoricity, meaningfulness, and familiarity by human participants. We demonstrate that our model captures these ratings more effectively than a state-of-the-art static model, and does so via the amount of contextualizing work inherent in the re-representational process.

AbstractThis study examined how people choose their path to a target, and the visual information they use for path planning. Participants avoided stepping outside an avoidance margin between a stationary obstacle and the edge of a walkway as they walked to a bookcase and picked up a target from different locations on a shelf. We provided an integrated explanation for path selection by combining avoidance margin, deviation angle, and distance to the obstacle. We found that the combination of right and left avoidance margins accounted for 26%, deviation angle accounted for 39%, and distance to the obstacle accounted for 35% of the variability in decisions about the direction taken to circumvent an obstacle on the way to a target. Gaze analysis findings showed that participants directed their gaze to minimize the uncertainty involved in successful task performance and that gaze sequence changed with obstacle location. In some cases, participants chose to circumvent the obstacle on a side for which the gaze time was shorter, and the path was longer than for the opposite side. Our results of a path selection judgment test showed that the threshold for participants abandoning their preferred side for circumventing the obstacle was a target location of 15 cm to the left of the bookcase shelf center.

Pitch-class distributions are of central relevance in music information retrieval, computational musicology and various other fields, such as music perception and cognition. However, despite their structure being closely related to the cognitively and musically relevant properties of a piece, many existing approaches treat pitch-class distributions as fixed templates. In this paper, we introduce the Tonal Diffusion Model, which provides a more structured and interpretable statistical model of pitch-class distributions by incorporating geometric and algebraic structures known from music theory as well as insights from music cognition. Our model explains the pitch-class distributions of musical pieces by assuming tones to be generated through a latent cognitive process on the Tonnetz, a well-established representation for harmonic relations. Specifically, we assume that all tones in a piece are generated by taking a sequence of interval steps on the Tonnetz starting from a unique tonal origin. We provide a description in terms of a Bayesian generative model and show how the latent variables and parameters can be efficiently inferred. The model is quantitatively evaluated on a corpus of 248 pieces from the Baroque, Classical, and Romantic era and describes the empirical pitch-class distributions more accurately than conventional template-based models. On three concrete musical examples, we demonstrate that our model captures relevant harmonic characteristics of the pieces in a compact and interpretable way, also reflecting stylistic aspects of the respective epoch. Paper with appendix

<span>The work presents new theoretical equipment for the representation of natural languages (NL) in computers. Linguistics: morphology, semantics, and syntax are also presented as components of subtle computer science that form. A structure and an integrated data system. The presented useful theory of language is a new method to learn the language by separating the fields of semantics and syntax.</span>