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projektem OP VK PVBV – Popularizace vědy a badatelsky orientované výuky, reg. č. CZ.1.07/2.3.00/45.000

In this paper, we present a framework for the interactive 3D visualization of archaeological sites on handheld devices using fast augmented reality techniques. The user interface allows for the ubiquitous, personalized and context-aware browsing of complex digital contents, such like 3D models and videos. The framework is very general and entirely devised and built by the means of free, cross-platform components. We demonstrate the flexibility of our system in a real case scenario, namely the augmented visualization of a historically reliable model of the Ancient Forum of Nerva located in Rome, Italy.

Roman historians developed a tradition of placing ethno graphic information into their works. The “Other” was an everyday reality of the Roman state. With its expansion more nations came into its orbit and thus to the attention of its writers. Arabs were among many others whom the Romans confronted. The position of the Arabs changed rapidly since the emergence of Islam in the 7th century. From a peripheral nation they became the major superpower in the East. The Roman/Byzantine perception did change due to various factors, such as the emergence of new religion as well as military expansion of the newly founded Arab state. It was in this period when ethnographic tradition under went a major transformation. Ethnography was in decline with snippets of information throughout literary works instead of vast descriptions of the “Other” as known in antiquity. Merging the snippets, however, a more coher ent image may occur. The aim of this paper is to look on the ethnographic information about Arabs in three literary works of the 10th century Byzantium – the Taktika, De administran do imperio and History of Leo the Deacon. Arabs will be analysed under the scope of elements that affected Byzantine perception on them – religion, military, and ethnic stereotypes. With the analysis I intend not only to gain a more coherent picture about the ethnographic perception of the Arabs in Byzantium, but also the differ ence of the perception among its various social classes.

S rozvojem archeologie konfliktu se do popředí zájmu dostává zejména výzkum bojišť, polních opevnění, obléhacích prací a táborů. Méně pozornosti archeologie věnuje systematickému studiu širšího socio‑kulturního kontextu „velkých vojenských událostí“ raného novověku. Předložená studie prezentuje současný stav a perspektivy archeologického studia stop, které zanechala třicetiletá válka ve střední Evropě v letech 1618 až 1648. Přináší základní informace nejen o bojištích, militárních pozicích a trendech ve výzkumu obětí války, ale poukazuje i na dlouhodobý zájem archeologů o zaniklé lokality a zánikové horizonty v žijících sídlech. Díky dílčím lokálním výzkumům se daří studovat globální dopady války na širší sídelní síť, její zázemí, hospodářství a rozkrývat změny, jimiž válka poznamenala společnost i kulturu doby. The development of conict archaeology has brought to the fore, in particular, the investigation of battleelds, eld fortications, siege structures and military camps. Less attention has been devoted to the systematic study of the broader socio‑cultural context of major military conicts in the early modern age. This article presents the current state and perspectives of archaeological research concerning the traces of the Thirty Years’ War in central Europe in the years 1618–1648. It brings basic information about battlefields, military positions and trends in the research into war casualties, and it also points out a long‑term interest of archaeologists in deserted sites and desertion horizons in functioning settlements. Thanks to local investigations, archaeologists can study the global impact of the war on a broader settlement network, its hinterland and economy, and disclose changes in society and culture brought about by the Thirty Years’ War.

Marco Polo and his knowledge of Asian languages Marco Polo (1254–1324) claimed (or rather his editors) that he could speak (and read) in other languages in ad dition to his own, at least five. Although he spoke little Chinese or rather not, he spoke a number of languages used in East Asia at the time – most likely Turkic (in the Kuman dialect: (lingua) tartara; tartaresce; tartaresche), which was also spoken among Mongols, Arabized Per sians, Uighurs and perhaps even he knew Mongolian. While communicating with the Great Khan, Marco Polo was almost certainly able to speak and write Mongolian. Marco Polo usually referred to Chinese local names in Persian, so it is very likely that he spoke Persian and was able to read the Arabic script. In addition, Persian was the lingua franca used throughout the region at the time even at Kublai Khan’s court. The paper brings some particular examples from Marco’s Mss.

Documenting the first appearance of modern humans in a given region is key to understanding the dispersal process and the replacement or assimilation of indigenous human populations such as the Neanderthals. The Iberian Peninsula was the last refuge of Neanderthal populations as modern humans advanced across Eurasia. Here we present evidence of an early Aurignacian occupation at Lapa do Picareiro in central Portugal. Diagnostic artifacts were found in a sealed stratigraphic layer dated 41.1 to 38.1 ka cal BP, documenting a modern human presence on the western margin of Iberia ∼5,000 years earlier than previously known. The data indicate a rapid modern human dispersal across southern Europe, reaching the westernmost edge where Neanderthals were thought to persist. The results support the notion of a mosaic process of modern human dispersal and replacement of indigenous Neanderthal populations. Significance We report the remarkable discovery of an early Aurignacian occupation, ∼5,000 years older than any Upper Paleolithic site in westernmost Eurasia. The archaeological and radiocarbon data provide definitive evidence that modern humans were in western Iberia at a time when, if present at all, Neanderthal populations would have been extremely sparse. This discovery has important ramifications for our understanding of the process of modern human dispersal and replacement of Neanderthal populations. The results support a very rapid, unimpeded dispersal of modern humans across western Eurasia and support the notion that climate and environmental change played a significant role in this process.

Ve svém příspěvku popisuji využití orální historie v hodinách dějepisu v České republice. Zaměřuji se v něm na základní školství a konkrétní realizaci projektů. Hlavním přispěním orální historie do školství je možnost propojení rodiny a školy. V článku je představeno české základní školství, propojení orální historie s dějepisem, tématické oblasti a návrhy tří konkrétních projektů. První se zabývá každodenností a tedy životem v době tzv. normalizace. Druhý s názvem Staň se průzkumníkem popisuje zaznamenání historických změn prostřednictvím proměny názvů ulic. Třetí se zabývá listopadovými událostmi roku 1989 a jeho výstupem je tzv. živé muzeum. Žáci zde prezentují své znalosti a dovednosti, které získali prostřednictvím výuky. Svými výtvory pak zdobí stěny ve třídě i chodbu školy. In my work I present possibilities of oral history usage in history lessons in the Czech Republic. I focus on primary schools and present tasks and realization of concrete projects. Main task is communication among the children and narrators, and cooperation among the families and the school. In my paper is introduced Czech elementary education, connection of oral history and history lessons, thematic areas and proposals of three concrete projects. First project is about daily life in normalization. The second one named “Become an explorer” describes record of historical changes through the street name changes. The third one deals November’s events in the 1989 and its output is “living museum”. Students present here their knowledge and skills, which they gained at the school. With their creations they decorated walls of the classes and corridors of school.

Cílem studie je vysvětlit dlouhodobý proces vedoucí k rozhodnutí sardinského krále Karla Alberta vést válku proti Rakousku v březnu 1848 v kontextu úpadku postnapoleonského státního systému, který byl v Evropě nastolen na Vídeňském kongresu v roce 1815. Chování evropských velmocí po roce 1830 oslabilo důvěru krále a jeho okolí ve stabilitu a spravedlnost tohoto systému, čímž poklesla i jejich loajalita k systému samotnému. V momentě, kdy bezpečnost vlastního království mohla být zvýšena teritoriální expanzí, neváhal Karel Albert dané situace využít i za cenu porušení mezinárodního práva. The aim of this article is to explain the long-term process leading to the decision of Sardinian King Charles Albert to wage war against Austria in March 1848. Moving beyond the normal stress on Italian national consciousness, the article focuses more on the King’s attitude towards the conduct of European powers in Italian affairs and attempts to prove that repeated illegal and aggressive actions of the European powers after 1830 destroyed the King’s faith in the fairness of the political-legal system established at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, leading also to his loss of faith in the strength of law and increasing his belief in the power of armed force in international relations. All this significantly contributed to his final decision to start a war of conquest against Austria, which he regarded as weak and thus no longer respected, much like his attitude towards the existing political-legal order in general.

Tato studie je zaměřena na zkoumání pojiva na bázi popílku s vhodnými vlastnostmi pro potřeby stavebního inženýrství. Popílek z české hnědouhelné elektrárny Prunerov II byl mechanicky aktivována k dosažení vhodné velikosti částic pro alkalickou aktivaci procesu vytvrzení. Tento proces je řízen rozpuštěním obsahu aluminosilikátů v popílku a následným vývojem anorganické polymerní sítě zvané geopolymer. Kinetika vytvrzení při 25 a 30 °C byla měřena oscilační rheometrií s malou amplitudou řízenou přetvořením s hodnotou 0,01% a mikrostruktura vytvrzeného pojiva byla vyhodnocena pomocí rastrovací elektronové mikroskopie. Vývoj pevnosti vytvrzeného pojiva byl zkoumán ve vztahu k tlakové a ohybové pevnosti po dobu 180 dnů. Bylo zjištěno, že mechanicky aktivovaný popílek může být srovnatelný s geopolymery na bázi metakaolinu ve vztahu k době tuhnutí a mechanickým parametrům i při vytvrzování za pokojové teplotě. Navíc, na základě dlouhého časového rozvoje, byla dosažena pevnost v tlaku 134,5 po 180 dnech srovnatelná s vysokopevnostními pojivy na bázi Portlandského cementu. This study is aimed for investigation of fly ash binder with suitable properties for civil engineering needs. The fly ash from Czech brown coal power plant Prunerov II was used and mechanically activated to achieve suitable particle size for alkaline activation of hardening process. This process is driven by dissolution of aluminosilicate content of fly ash and by subsequent development of inorganic polymeric network called geopolymer. Hardening kinetics at 25 and 30 °C were measured by strain controlled small amplitude oscillatory rheometry with strain of 0.01 % and microstructure of hardened binder was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Strength development of hardened binder was investigated according to compressional and flexural strength for a period of 180 days. Our investigation finds out, that mechanically activated fly ash can be comparable to metakaolin geopolymers, according to setting time and mechanical parameters even at room temperature curing. Moreover, on the bases of long time strength development, achieved compressional strength of 134.5 after 180 days is comparable to performance of high grade Portland cement concretes.

The aim of our research partnership was to outline the history of the area called Kosovo today, and to analyse its characteristics from the age of the Roman Empire up to now. This study is to introduce the results of the second phase of the research. In June 1458 the troops of the Ottoman Empire occupied the castle of Smederevo, the last Serbian-ruled area, and thus the Medieval state of the Serbs ceased to exist. Serbia – includig Kosovo – was under Turkish rule for almost 500 years, until as late as 1913. The 454 years of the history of Ottoman Kosovo can be divided into three shorter periods. 1. The period of relatively peaceful coexistence (1458–1683). 2. The period of srtict Turkish control (1686–1804). 3. The period of permanent conflicts (1804–1913). Our paper is to give and in-depth analysis of the characteristics of the above three periods, including political, economic and religios issues, ethnic processes, administrative changes and spatial processes.