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THE efficacy of the resistance to wave action of vertical wall breakwaters built on a rubble mound foundation has been called into question recently by reason of two unfortunate, and, in fact, structurally disastrous, incidents which have been experienced, at Catania in Sicily in March 1933 and at Algiers in North Africa in February 1934. The matter is one of fundamental importance, since quite a number of important harbours in the Mediterranean and elsewhere are protected by breakwaters of this type. It was. discussed at considerable length by an eminent Italian engineer, Prof. E. Coen Cagli, in a lecture which he delivered lately at the Institution of Civil Engineers, a short reference to which was made in NATURE of July 20, p. 99.

La Société française des Historiens locaux a décidé, en 1965, de renouveler les anciennes enquêtes sur la vie populaire traditionnelle, qui avaient été lancées, à partir de 1934, par une Commission des Recherches collectives sous la présidence de Lucien Febvre.La première de ces enquêtes portait sur les usages de moisson et notamment sur la mise en tas des gerbes de blé et la fabrication des meules, qui comportaient encore, à l'époque, bien des variantes régionales intéressantes, parce qu'elles correspondaient souvent à la préparation de la dîme. Comme, entre temps, les moissonneuses-batteuses se sont substituées aux simples moissonneuses et à la moisson à bras, une telle enquête eût été, de nos jours, sans objet.Il n'en est pas de même de l'évolution de la forge de village. Bien que touchée à mort par les transformations en cours, ainsi que nous le verrons, elle subsiste encore, pour quelques lustres tout au plus. Il est donc grand temps d'en étudier l'évolution régressive.

Mary Douglas (1921–2007) war eine der bekanntesten britischen Ethnologinnen der Nachkriegsgeneration, die sich besonders durch ihre Anwendung ethnologischer Konzepte auf westliche Gesellschaften auszeichnete. Als Tochter eines Beamten im britischen Kolonialburo in Burma, wurde Douglas von ihrer Grosmutter in England aufgezogen, wo sie den Sacred Heart Convent in London besuchte. Diese strukturierte katholische Erziehung spielte eine pragende Rolle fur ihre Theorien, die sie wahrend ihrer Karriere entwickelte.

This Article is intended less as a descriptive piece on the archaeology of the Rimac Valley than it is as a single-valley application of various conclusions reached by Richard P. Schaedel in his Major Ceremonial and Population Centers in Northern Peru (1951). Schaedel, in a broad synthetic study of major ruins on the North Coast of Peru, comes to several interesting conclusions on the “urban revolution” in that region. The author, who was already engaged in a survey of the Rimac, with the focus on the coastal cultures from sea level to the 1000-meter line, felt impelled to shift the emphasis of his survey from straight description to a Central Coast application of Schaedel's North Coast findings. This was a fairly easy task, as the sites were already being analyzed both architecturally and ceramically.The Rimac, the “valley of Lima,” presents sufficient of both typical and atypical features of a Peruvian coastal valley to make the application of Schaedel's theories to a single valley at least fairly indicative of their validity for the entire Peruvian coast.

The purpose of this paper is to test further a theory of international law, developed elsewhere in outline and primarily based on the evidence of the work of international judicial institutions and Anglo-American state practice. The main thesis is that, on the level of unorganized international society, international law can be presented in terms of a system of interrelated legal rules from which seven fundamental principles of international law can be abstracted.