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One of the first big hurdles that mathematicians encounter when considering writing formal proofs is the necessity to get acquainted with the formal terminology and the parsing mechanisms used in the large ITP libraries. This includes the large number of formal symbols, the grammar of the formal languages and the advanced mechanisms instrumenting the proof assistants to correctly understand the formal expressions in the presence of ubiquitous overloading.

Práce se věnuje vzniku, průběhu a důsledkům čtyř posloupných válek v Africe na Zlatonosném pobřeží. Ve válkách se zajímavě kloubily zájmy afrických království a obchodní rivalita evropských států v regionu, jmenovitě Anglie a Spojených provincií. Práce války popisuje hlavně z evropské perspektivy, a zároveň je v jejím rámci i celkově popsaná koexistence Evropanů, žijících v pevnostech na pobřeží Guinejského zálivu a domorodých Afričanů, způsob, jakým se Evropané v Africe angažovali a fungování místní politiky domorodých států a evropských obchodních společností. Obhájeno The thesis follows the origin, the course and the consequences of four successive wars in Africa on the Gold Coast. In these wars, there an interesting intertwining of local African polities and trading rivalry of European states in the region, namely England and United provinces. The thesis describes the wars mainly from European perspective, and within its frameworks, it also describes the general coexistence of Europeans, living on the trading forts in Guinea bay and native Africans, the way how Europeans engaged themselves in Africa and the way local politics and politics of the European trading companies worked.

Cultural heritage institutions are currently rethinking access to their collections to allow the public to interpret and contribute to their collections. In this work, we present the Agora project, an interdisciplinary project in which Web technology and theory of interpretation meet. This we call digital hermeneutics. The Agora project facilitates the understanding of historical events and improves the access to integrated online history collections. In this contribution, we focus on defining and modeling prototypical object-event and event-event relationships that support the interpretation of objects in cultural heritage collections. We present a use case in which we model historical events as well as relations between objects and events for a set of paintings from the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam collection. Our use case shows how Web technology and theory of interpretation meet in the present, and what technological hurdles still need to be taken to fully support digital hermeneutics.

Trait-based approaches are increasingly being used to test mechanisms underlying species assemblages and biotic interactions across a wide range of organisms including terrestrial arthropods and to investigate consequences for ecosystem processes. Such an approach relies on the standardized measurement of functional traits that can be applied across taxa and regions. Currently, however, unified methods of trait measurements are lacking for terrestrial arthropods and related macroinvertebrates (terrestrial invertebrates hereafter). Here, we present a comprehensive review and detailed protocol for a set of 29 traits known to be sensitive to global stressors and to affect ecosystem processes and services. We give recommendations how to measure these traits under standardized conditions across various terrestrial invertebrate taxonomic groups. We provide considerations and approaches that apply to almost all traits described, such as the selection of species and individuals needed for the measurements, the importance of intraspecific trait variability, how many populations or communities to sample and over which spatial scales. The approaches outlined here provide a means to improve the reliability and predictive power of functional traits to explain community assembly, species diversity patterns and ecosystem processes and services within and across taxa and trophic levels, allowing comparison of studies and running meta-analyses across regions and ecosystems. This handbook is a crucial first step towards standardizing trait methodology across the most studied terrestrial invertebrate groups, and the protocols are aimed to balance general applicability and requirements for special cases or particular taxa. Therefore, we envision this handbook as a common platform to which researchers can further provide methodological input for additional special cases. A lay summary is available for this article. This work was made possible by support from different agencies funding the following authors: F.M. Azcárate: Spanish MINECO, Project CGL2014-53789-R and Madrid Regional Government, Project REMEDINAL-3; J. Hortal: Spanish DGCyT project CGL2011-29317 Peer Reviewed