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In this paper, the current knowledge of the cratering record of Jupiter's largest icy satellites Ganymede and Callisto are reviewed and strategies for further investigations using images from the JANUS camera aboard ESA's future JUICE mission are discussed.

Abstract Neutron diffraction is well suited for the analysis of archaeological findings and museum objects if drilling, cutting or coring for material sampling is unacceptable. Quantitative information on the phase composition and on the microstructure of an intact and valuable object can be non-destructively obtained in order to assess its properties, to support its authenticity, or to reconstruct details of the process of its production. The present paper surveys on recent work carried out on the time-of-flight diffractometer ROTAX at ISIS. Particular attention is given to the multi-phase analysis of 18th-century stoneware ceramics and to the texture analysis of 16th-century Ag/Cu coins.

The Transural steppe is a cultural contact zone between areas east and west of the Ural Mountains. Mobile pastoralism is the traditional way of life in the steppe, while sedentary cultures constitute an exception, probably as a result of climatic variations. A change of lifestyle together with other innovations is documented at the turn of the 3rd to the 2nd millennia BC and often believed to have been accompanied by a shift to agro-pastoralism. To examine the ecology and economy in the Bronze Age steppe, we employed a combination of methods. As proxy-data, plant macro-remains from archaeological excavations of Sintashta fortified settlements and pollen from off-site archives were used for a high-resolution palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Statistical comparisons of past and present pollen spectra show no significant differences in vegetation distribution. This allowed us to map the recent vegetation units by multispectral satellite imagery and to use them for modelling. Models further incorporate steppe productivity, carrying capacity and population figures to estimate herd sizes. Even if the climate was suitable for agriculture, evidence is missing from all botanical records. The economic mainstay was animal husbandry. Models consider autonomous activity zones of at least 4 km radius surrounding each Sintashta settlement where grazing resources could easily sustain the estimated population and their livestock. The river is seen as the determining factor to settle in this region as it provided constant access to water and valuable natural grazing areas. During dry years and winter, the productive meadow steppes functioned as reserve pastures.

Abstract With the pre-Roman Iron Age, approximately in the 2nd century BCE, a cluster of iron smelting sites began to develop in the catchment area of the Widawa River, located in the Old Drift landscape of northeastern Silesia, Poland. Before this area became an important local center for early iron smelting during the late pre-Roman Iron Age to the Roman period, its landscape had undergone distinct changes since it was covered for the last time by ice sheets during the Saalian Drenthe stadial. Besides climate driven environmental and landscape changes during the late Pleistocene and Holocene the area is influenced by a settlement history since the Mesolithic. In order to understand the holistic development of this pre-Roman Iron Age iron smelting cluster this paper investigates the late Pleistocene landscape history of the southeastern part of the Widawa catchment with a focus on study sites in the context of early human impacts. Therefore a multi-proxy approach was applied, integrating geomorphological mappings and sedimentological analyses (lithology, particle grain size, bulk parameters, total inorganic and organic carbon) of selected drilling transects, dated by AMS radiocarbon with archaeological records, geological and topographical data. The study area developed its present shape in six main phases: Subsequently to the last ice coverage (A), which extensively accumulated Saalian glacial till, the Widawa valley initially developed its present directionality (B). The subsequent valley formation is characterized by a succession of accumulation phases of glaciofluvial deposits of the Drenthe (C) and Warthe stadial (D) and fluvial deposits of the Weichselian glacial period (E) and the Holocene (F), which each were followed by a subsequent incision of the Widawa valley. First human impacts on the sediment budget are represented by alluvial fan deposits, which accumulated at the end of the 4th millennium BP. This alluvial fan, situated in the context of three prehistoric slag sites, shows a complex sedimentological succession of charcoal dated fan sediments that indicate a human impact on the landscape development during the pre-Roman Iron Age and the Roman period, pointing to a temporal and spatial context of early iron smelting.

36th IDDRG Conference - Materials Modelling and Testing for Sheet Metal Forming : 2-6 July 2017, Munich, Germany / editor: Wolfram Volk (chair of Metal Forming and Casting, Technical University of Munich, Germany) 36th IDDRG Conference - Materials Modelling and Testing for Sheet Metal Forming, Munich, Germany, 2 Jul 2017 - 6 Jul 2017; Bristol : IOP Publ., Journal of physics. Conference Series, 13, 1-8 (2017). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/896/1/012096 Published by IOP Publ., Bristol

This chapter contains sections titled: Fundamentals of Search Weighted Finite‐State Transducers Knowledge Sources Fast On‐the‐Fly Composition Word and Lattice Combination Summary and Further Reading Principal Symbols

The use of deep parsers in spoken dialogue systems is usually subject to strong performance requirements. This is particularly the case in human-robot interaction, where the computing resources are limited and must be shared by many components in parallel. A real-time dialogue system must be capable of responding quickly to any given utterance, even in the presence of noisy, ambiguous or distorted input. The parser must therefore ensure that the number of analyses remains bounded at every processing step. The paper presents a practical approach to addressing this issue in the context of deep parsers designed for spoken dialogue. The approach is based on a word lattice parser combined with a statistical model for parse selection. Each word lattice is parsed incrementally, word by word, and a discriminative model is applied at each incremental step to prune the set of resulting partial analyses. The model incorporates a wide range of linguistic and contextual features and can be trained with a simple perceptron. The approach is fully implemented as part of a spoken dialogue system for human-robot interaction. Evaluation results on a Wizard-of-Oz test suite demonstrate significant improvements in parsing time.

This contribution describes the reorientation of the magnetization of thin ferromagnetic Heisenberg films as function of the temperature and/or an external field. Working in a rotating frame allows an exact treatment of the single-ion anisotropy when going to higher-order Green's functions. Terms due to the exchange interaction are treated by a generalized Tyablikov (RPA) decoupling. Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures

Grounded semantics is typically learnt from utterance-level meaning representations (e.g., successful database retrievals, denoted objects in images, moves in a game). We explore learning word and utterance meanings by continuous observation of the actions of an instruction follower (IF). While an instruction giver (IG) provided a verbal description of a configuration of objects, IF recreated it using a GUI. Aligning these GUI actions to sub-utterance chunks allows a simple maximum entropy model to associate them as chunk meaning better than just providing it with the utterance-final configuration. This shows that semantics useful for incremental (word-by-word) application, as required in natural dialogue, might also be better acquired from incremental settings.

Activities of four enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, hexokinase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, were determined in a vesicular brush-border preparation from rabbit kidneys. The specific activities of the enzymes were decreased several-hundredfold in the brush-border preparation compared with a kidney homogenate, but the enzymes were not totally absent. Density-gradient centrifugation of the brush-border preparation yielded brush border of even higher purity and also a characteristic pattern of distribution for each of the contaminating intracellular membranes. The presence of hexokinase in the brush-border preparation could be traced to contaminating mitochondria, and that of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase to contaminating vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. The brush-border vesicles contained some ATP. An intravesicular concentration of 0.1mm was estimated, indicating that the vesicles had retained at least a part of their original content. Experiments in which fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (mol.wt. 20000) was present during cell lysis revealed that much, but not all, of the brush-border contents had been exchanged with the medium. The complete absence of glycolytic enzymes from brush-border vesicles, which had retained part of their original content, indicates that the brush border does not contain glycolytic enzymes in vivo and can be thought of as a compartment of its own, somehow separated from the cytoplasm.