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  • Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage
  • 2013-2022
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rannamäe, Eve;

    Sheep (Ovis aries) has been one of the most exploited domestic animal in Estonia since the Late Bronze Age. Today, sheep husbandry forms a small, but important part in Estonian agriculture. By using zooarchaeological and genetic data, the aim of the dissertation is to study sheep husbandry and the development of maternal lineages in Estonia and more widely, in the Baltic Sea region, from the Middle Bronze Age (c. 1200 BC) until the present-day. The zooarchaeological part of the thesis focuses on animal consumption in Late Iron Age and medieval Viljandi and Karksi, and tackles the changes in proportion and exploitation of faunal resources over time. The genetic part of the research aims to analyse the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA both in the ancient populations and modern Kihnu native sheep. The results of the study indicate that, starting from the Bronze Age, sheep husbandry and utilisation in Estonia has been rather persistent. Nonetheless, changes occurred, which could mainly be related to two distinct periods. Firstly, the transition from prehistory to the Middle Ages, including the 13th century Crusades. Genetically it is expressed in population expansion, possibly linked to the overall increase in human population and the demand for meat supplies. Moreover, the growth of the populations seems to have relied on local herds, while the effect of imported animals was probably insignificant. Secondly, changes came along with the beginning of the large-scale breeding in the 19th century, aimed to improve the local production of mutton and wool. With slightly decreased genetic diversity, the local sheep, including the Kihnu native sheep, have been preserved up to the present. Lammas (Ovis aries) on alates hilispronksiajast olnud üks enimkasvatatud kariloomi Eestis. Tänapäeval moodustab lambakasvatus Eestis väikese, kuid järjest olulisema osa põllumajandusest. Tuginedes zooarheoloogilisele leiuainesele ja geneetilisele andmestikule, on väitekirja eesmärk uurida lambakasvatust ning lammaste emaliinide ajalugu Eestis ja laiemalt Läänemere kultuuriruumis keskmisest pronksiajast (u 1200 eKr) tänapäevani. Töö zooarheoloogiline pool keskendub hilisrauaajale ja keskajale Viljandis ja Karksis ning loomsete saaduste tarbimisharjumustele ajas ja ruumis. Geneetiline osa analüüsib emaliini pidi pärandatavat mitokondriaalset DNA-d vanades lambaleidudes ja ka tänapäevastes Kihnu maalammastes. Uurimusest selgub, et lambakasvatus ja lammaste tarvitamine toiduks on Eestis olnud pronksiajast peale üsna järjepidev. Siiski ilmnevad mõned murranguajad, millele tuleb seletust otsida laiemal ajaloolisel taustal. Need muudatused seostuvad kahe perioodiga. Esiteks üleminek muinasajalt keskajale koos 13. sajandi alguse ristisõdadega. Geneetilises andmestikus väljendub see lambapopulatsiooni suurenemises, mis on toimunud kohaliku talumajanduse ja olemasolevate loomade baasil, ning mis võib olla tingitud sellest, et keskajal kasvas koos rahvaarvuga ka kariloomade hulk. Teine murrang ilmneb seoses suure tõuaretusega 19. sajandil, mil eeskätt Lääne-Euroopast sisse toodud tõugudega hakati kohalike lammaste liha- ja villatootlikkust parandama. Hoolimata sellest on algupärased põliste tunnustega maalambad, eeskätt Kihnu maalammas, säilinud tänapäevani, kuigi mõnevõrra väiksema geneetilise mitmekesisusega. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.

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    Authors: Persiani, Michele; Hellström, Thomas;

    Affordances denote actions that can be performed in the presence of different objects, or possibility of action in an environment. In robotic systems, affordances and actions may suffer from poor semantic generalization capabilities due to the high amount of required hand-crafted specifications. To alleviate this issue, we propose a method to mine for object-action pairs in free text corpora, successively training and evaluating different prediction models of affordance based on word embeddings.

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    DSpace at Tartu University Library
    Article . 2019
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      DSpace at Tartu University Library
      Article . 2019
      License: CC BY NC ND
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    Authors: Bjerva, Johannes; Östling, Robert;

    Assessing the semantic similarity between sentences in different languages is challenging. We approach this problem by leveraging multilingual distributional word representations, where similar words in different languages are close to each other. The availability of parallel data allows us to train such representations on a large amount of languages. This allows us to leverage semantic similarity data for languages for which no such data exists. We train and evaluate on five language pairs, including English, Spanish, and Arabic. We are able to train wellperforming systems for several language pairs, without any labelled data for that language pair.

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    Article . 2017
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    Conference object . 2017
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DSpace at Tartu Univ...arrow_drop_down
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      Article . 2017
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Anderson, Jaanika;

    This dissertation focuses on one area of the University of Tartu Art Museum, namely the cast collections, their formation, development and use in the pedagogical and scientific spheres in the 19th century. Although from the historical perspective, the cast collection was established simultaneously with the university art museum’s collection of originals, researching only the cast collections enables us to study the casts as a specific form of the reception of ancient art in greater depth. The first aim of the dissertation was to determine which factors initiated the creation and development of Tartu’s cast collection. For this purpose, the cast collection has been placed into the historical, ideological and academic contexts of Europe and Estonia. The other main research question related to the reception of this cast collection in academic teaching and scientific research. When collecting casts at the university’s art museum started at the beginning of the 19th century, however, in terms of contemporary Europe, a very new ready-made model was thus adopted. In a process that lasted more than a century, we can differentiate three stages affected by different paradigms: in the first half of the century, the museum was guided by a universal period affected by the ideas of the Enlightenment and Freemasonry, when besides ancient art and casts various art forms were collected. In the middle of the 19th century, the perfectionist period began when a specialisation in ancient art came about, including the collection of sculpture casts. After this phase, the museum had an art collection that was typical of universities. We can call the third phase the systemising stage where, in addition to collecting, publishing the collections also became a priority. The historical-political and social situations of the 19th century made the continuous growth of Tartu’s cast collection possible: the period 1803–1914 was a time without external aggressive interruptions or wars that made it possible directly to increase, arrange and use the collection according to trends, visions and abilities. The cast collection was already used in teaching in the first years after the museum’s founding. On the basis of the materials that have been preserved and found, it has to be stated that idea was relatively new and idealistic in the whole German cultural space, and the practical application of the idea on his course did not go very smoothly. In comparison to using Tartu’s cast collection in teaching, its role in scientific research was even smaller, however. Vätekirja teemaks on Tartu ülikooli kunstimuuseumi valandikogu kujunemine, areng ning kasutamine pedagoogilises ja teadussfääris 19. sajandil. Ehkki ajalooliselt kujunes valandikogu samal ajal koos ülikooli kunstimuuseumi originaalide koguga, võimaldab üksnes valandile keskenduv vaatlus üksikasjalikumalt uurida seda kui antiikkunsti retseptsiooni spetsiifilist vormi. Uurimaks millistest mõjuteguritest lähtudes antud kogu loodi ja arendati, paigutati see Euroopa ja Eesti ajaloolisesse, ideoloogilisse ja akadeemilisse konteksti. Teine suurem uurimisküsimus puudutab selle valandikogu retseptsiooni akadeemilises õppetöös ja teadustegevuses. Huvi autentse antiikkunsti ja sellega seoses ka valandite vastu algas Eesti alal eelkõige tänu valgustuse, sh vabamüürluse ja haridusideede levikule 18/19. sajandi vahetusel. Enam kui sajandi kestnud protsessis võime eristada kolme, eri paradigmadest mõjutatud etappi: esimesena valitses kunstimuuseumis universaalne periood, mil antiikkunsti ja valandite kõrval koguti väga erinevaid kunstiliike. 19. sajandi keskel sai antiikkunsti, sh skulptuurivalandite kogumisele spetsialiseerumisega alguse perfektsionismiperiood, millega astuti ülikoolide tüüpiliste kunstikogude hulka. Kolmandana võib nimetada süstematiseerimise etappi, kus kogumise kõrval muutus oluliseks kogude publitseerimine. Siinsed paradigmamuutused vormusid Euroopa üldise konteksti mõjul, kuid kogu täiendamine sõltus ka muuseumi juhatjata eelistustest, teadmistest ja kontaktidest ning nende vahetumisega kaasnesid paljudel juhtudel muutused muuseumi prioriteetides ning paradigmavahetused olid kergemini sisseviidavad. Siinse valandikogu järjepideva arengu tagas 19. sajandil väliste väliste agressiivsete katkestusteta ajaloolis-poliitiline ja sotsiaalne situatsioon. Tartu ülikooli asend kahe erineva kultuuri mõjusfääris, poliitiliselt Vene impeeriumi koosseisus ning haridus- ja kunstiideaalidelt saksa kultuuriruumis, mõjus valandikogu kujunemisele pigem positiivselt. Säilinud materjalide põhjal peab nentima, et muuseumi algidee oli kogu saksa kultuuriruumis võrdlemisi uudne ja idealistlik, kuid selle rakendamine praktilises õppes ei läinud nii ladusalt. Tartu valandikogu tähtsus teadustöös jäi võrreldes kogu kasutamisega õppetöös veelgi tagasihoidlikumaks.

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    Authors: Tõrv, Mari;

    The thesis “Persistent practices. A Multi-Disciplinary Study of Hunter-Gatherer Mortuary Remains from c. 6500–2600 cal. BC, Estonia” focuses on the question of how death was handled within and among hunter-gatherer communities in Estonia. The study departs from the human remains – both intact skeletons and loose human bones in occupation layers – bringing the human body to the foreground to detect mortuary practices through the lens of archaeo-thanatology, and to recreate the primary identities of these people by the application of osteological methods and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope studies. The time depth is provided by the radiocarbon dates of human bone collagen. The new radiocarbon dates show that the first burials took place at Narva Joaorg starting from the mid of the 7th millennium cal. BC. The youngest hunter-gatherer burials derive from Tamula that was used as a burial place for a longer time period; its end date corresponds to the burial at Naakamäe, being c. 2600 cal. BC. Stable isotope results show that all the human remains belonged to inland fishers and coastal hunters of marine fished and mammals, indicating the importance of hunting and gathering subsistence until the mid of 3rd millennium cal. BC in Estonia. Burials contained the remains of both females, males, and adults and children of all age groups. These general observations about biological sex and age allege that mortuary rituals were carried out irrespective of the primary identities of the deceased. The long temporal perspective allowed observing the continuum and change of practices. As indicated by the archaeothanatological analyses, a range of practices were considered as norm. Only a fraction of the population received archaeologically observable handling; the vast majority of these constitute primary inhumations in a variety of body positions either with or without grave goods. Also, clear evidence of practices in multiple episodes was demonstrated. The deceased had been placed in the ground of contemporary settlement sites, cemeteries, and solitary graves close to the hunter-gatherer pathways. However, instead of stressing the differences in grave goods, or in places for the dead, and/or variability in body positions, it is stressed that a unchanging pattern of underlying norms of mortuary practices persisted from the first evidence of mortuary remains in c. 6500 cal. BC until the mid 3rd millennium cal. BC. This core of practices was formed by the immediate handling of the dead, primacy of the corpse, absence of clear separation between life and death, and open character of the mortuary practices that allowed the maintenance and gradual change of mortuary rituals within and among hunter-gatherer communities. Key words: mortuary practices, practice theory, body as material culture, archaeothanatology, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, radiocarbon dates, hunter-gatherers, Stone Age, Estonia Käesoleva töö “Persistent practices. A Multi-Disciplinary Study of Hunter-Gatherer Mortuary Remains from c. 6500–2600 cal. BC, Estonia” [“Praktikate püsivus. Multidistsiplinaarne uurimus küttide ja korilaste matustest Eestis, ajavahemikul 6500–2600 eKr“] keskmes on küsimus, kuidas kohtlesid kiviaja kütid ja korilased surnuid. Lähtun surnukehast, õigemini selle materiaalsetest jäänustes, milleks siin on terviklikud luustikud ja üksikud inimluud asulate kultuurkihtides. Matmispraktikaid rekonstrueeritakse arheotanatoloogia abil ning surnute esmaseid identiteete osteoloogiliste meetodite ja süsiniku ja lämmastiku stabiilsete isotoopide analüüside kaudu. Luu kollageenist tehtud radiosüsiniku dateeringud annavad uurimusele ajalise sügavuse. Uute radiosüsiniku dateeringute kohaselt leidsid kõige vanemad matused toimusid 7. aastatuhande keskel Narva Joaorus. Noorimad dateeringud seevastu kuuluvad Tamula ja Naakamäe matustele, jäädes aega umbes 2600 eKr. Stabiilsete isotoopide uuringud näitavad, et vaadeldud inimluud kuuluvad sisemaa kalastajatele ja ranniku küttidele. See omakorda näitab, et kuni 3. aastatuhande keskpaigani eKr oli püügimajanduslik elatusviis määrava tähtsusega, lubades töös vaadatud surnuid koondada ühisnimetaja kütid ja korilased alla. Arheoloogiliselt nähtavad matmispraktikad said osaks nii naistele, lastele, kui ka meestele. Seetõttu võib öelda, et esmastel identiteetidel ei olnud matmispraktikate valimisel määravat rolli. Pikk ajaline perspektiiv lubab jälgida nii praktikate püsivust, kui ka muutusi. Arheotanatoloogiline analüüs näitab, et aktsepteeritava normi moodustas hulk erinevaid praktikaid. Kusjuures suur osa toonastest rituaalidest jääb tabamatuks. Arheoloogiliselt jälgitavatest praktikatest domineerib esmane laibamatus, samas tõestati ka mitme-episoodiliste matuste olemasolu Eestis. Surnuid sängitati nii asula kultuurkihti, kalmistutele, kui ka üksikmatustena asustusest eemale. Hoolimata mitmetest erinevustest rõhutatakse töös, et matuserituaalide põhisisu säilis ajavahemikus 6500–2600 eKr suures osas muutumatuna. Selleks muutumatuks tuumikuks võib pidada kohest tegutsemist surma ilmnemisel, surnukeha kesksust praktikate läbiviimisel, elevate ja surnute maailma ranget eraldamatust ja praktikate avatud iseloomu, mis võimaldas nende säilimise ja järk-järgulise muutumise ligi nelja aasta tuhande jooksul. Võtmesõnad: matmispraktikad, praktikate teooriad, keha materiaalse kultuuri osana, arheotanatoloogia, süsiniku ja lämmastiku stabiilsed isotoobid, radiosüsiniku dateeringud, kütid ja korilased, kiviaeg, Eesti

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    Authors: Rikka, Mariann;

    http://www.ester.ee/record=b4412050~S1*est

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    Authors: Kello, Katrin;

    In today’s pluralised societies and globalised world, general education meets a diversity of expectations. For the school subject History this means choosing from among, or finding a balance between, possible tasks such as fostering national identity, providing an overview of humanity’s past, enhancing critical thinking and contributing to the development of general competencies. This PhD thesis focuses on the range of understandings and expectations of general education history teaching, and on the perceptions of these expectations in Estonia and Latvia, on several levels: society, curriculum, and teachers. On the one hand, the dissertation focuses on general understandings, including both social and professional representations, particularly in Estonia. On the other hand it studies history teachers’ concepts and professional positions against the backdrop of this range of positions. The first aspect is studied based on earlier research, curriculum materials, and analysis of the Estonian Teachers' Newspaper articles published over a decade from 1999 to 2008. The other aspect is studied based on 53 individual interviews with Estonian and Latvian history teachers. The papers published as part of this dissertation show what choices and tensions school history teaching undergoes as a result of the concurrent existence of different, at times contradictory, understandings and expectations; how history teachers perceive and represent themselves, including as intermediaries between the understandings and expectations, and what action choices they see as available. Focusing on different aspects of the school subject, the papers illustrate how the newspaper articles as well as teachers’ individual perspectives are shaped simultaneously by individual characteristics and ‘objective’ socio-cultural positions. Üleilmastumine ja ühiskonna pluraliseerumine esitavad kooli ajalooõpetusele üha mitmekesisemaid väljakutseid. Õpetajatel, õppekava koostajatel ja teistel õppeaine kujundajatel tuleb selle muutuva kontekstiga jätkuvalt kohaneda. Neil tuleb valida või leida tasakaal paljude võimalike taotluste ja ootuste vahel, mida õppeainele esitatakse – õpilaste silmaringi laiendamisest ja identiteedi kujundamisest kriitilise mõtlemise arendamise ja muude üldiste oskuste toetamiseni. Käesolev doktoritöö keskendub ajalooõpetust puudutavate ootuste ja arusaamade mitmekesisusele – ning selle mitmekesisuse tajumisele – Eestis ja Lätis ning mitmel tasandil: ühiskonnas, õppekavas ning ajalooõpetajate hulgas. Ühelt poolt vaatleb töö ajalooõpetust puudutavate üldiste, nii sotsiaalsete kui professionaalsete arusaamade spektrit peamiselt Eestis. Teiselt poolt vaatleb töö ajalooõpetajate käsitusi ja positsioone nimetatud arusaamaspektri taustal. Esimese aspekti analüüs põhineb varasematel uuringutel, õppekava materjalidel ning Õpetajate Lehes kümne aasta jooksul (1999–2008) ilmunud artiklitel. Teise aspekti analüüs põhineb 53 Eesti ja Läti ajalooõpetajaga tehtud intervjuudel. Doktoritöö raames kirjutatud artiklid näitavad, milliseid valikuid ja pingevälju tuleneb kooli ajalooõpetuse jaoks erinevate, kohati vastandlike arusaamade ja ootuste üheaegsusest; kuidas ajalooõpetajad ennast mitmesuguste arusaamade vahendaja ja erinevate ootuste objektina kirjeldavad ning milliseid valikuid ja tegutsemisvõimalusi näevad endal olevat. Õppeaine eri aspektidele keskendumise kaudu ilmestab doktoritöö ajalooõpetuse alaste vaateviiside kujunemist individuaalsete ja sotsiokultuuriliste, “subjektiivsete” ja “objektiivsete” positsioonide vastastikmõjus. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.

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    Authors: Nekoliak, Andrii;

    Doktoritöö vaatleb mälupoliitika arenguid Poolas ja Ukrainas alates 1989./1990. aasta demokraatlikest siiretest, seda eeskätt läbi seadusandliku prisma. Neid kahte juhtumit võib käsitleda esinduslikena mälupoliitiliste debattide intensiivsuse osas regioonis ning doktoritöö seadiski eesmärgiks selgitada „mäluseaduste“ arengu üldisi mustreid ning selgitada lähemalt nn karistusõiguslikul tasemel vastu võetud seadusandlike aktide spetsiifilisi protsesse Poola ja Ukraina parlamentides. Dissertatsioonis uurisin süstemaatiliselt kahe juhtumiriigi ühismälu reguleerimise protsessiga seonduvaid poliitilisi arenguid. Doktoritööga panustan teadusala arengusse kolmel viisil. Kontseptuaalsel tasandil eristab väitekiri ühismälu reguleerimise valdkonna üleminekuõigluse poliitikatest. Käsitlesin kriitiliselt „mäluseadusi“ kontseptualiseerivaid töid näitamaks, kuidas kontseptuaalset kategooriat saab kasutada kollektiivse mälu reguleerimise mustrite analüüsimisel. Iseäranis olulisena uuendasin Eric Heinze tööst lähtudes mäluseaduste kontseptualiseerimist, suhestades selle omakorda teiste temaatiliste käsitlustega. Empiiriliselt toetub doktoritöö kahe juhtumiriigi parlamentides vastu võetud mälupoliitikaga seotud aktide ammendavale ja süstemaatilisele uurimisele. Doktoritöö analüüs põhines unikaalsel, maksimaalselt ammendaval seadusandlike aktide kogumil, mis koosnes vastavalt 447 Ukraina ning 719 Poola parlamendi alamkojas ning Senatis vastu võetud aktist. Analüütiliselt selgitab väitekiri erinevuste põhjuseid mälu ja mäletamist reguleeriva seadusloome komposiitmustrites Poolas ja Ukrainas (uurimus 1) ning karistusõiguslikul tasemel vastu võetud seadusandlike aktidega seotud spetsiifilisi protsesse (uurimus 2). Kahe uurimuse kaasamine väitekirja tulenes soovist illustreerida „mäluseaduse“ kontseptsiooni operatsionaliseerimise võimalusi juhtumiriikide mälupoliitiliste protsesside empiirilisel uurimisel. Uurimus 1 formuleeris kaks hüpoteesi parlamenditaseme mäluprotsesside regulatsiooni ajastuse kohta. Doktoritöö empiiriline analüüs vaidlustas olemasolevaid teoreetilisi vaatenurki, mille kohaselt peaksid mälupoliitilised protsessid algama varakult pärast siirdeprotsessi toimumist (üleminekuõigluse hüpotees). Selle asemel leidis uurimuses 1 toetust teine hüpotees (mälupoliitika hüpotees), mida tutvutatakse väitekirja sissejuhatuses. Uurimus 1 argumenteeris, et mälupoliitilise võimuvõitluse struktuur rahvusparlamentides tõi kaasa mäluseaduste profiilide hilisema intensiivistumise nii Poolas kui Ukrainas. Uurimus 2 keskendus Poola ja Ukraina parlamentides karistusõigluslikul tasemel vastu võetud seadusandlike aktide esilekerkimise protsessi analüüsile. Keskseks küsimuseks oli, miks erinesid Poolas ja Ukrainas teatud mälu- või ajaloopoliitilisi seisukohtade avaldamist keelustavad seadused oma karistusliku iseloomu poolest? Kuigi mõlemas riigis keelustati teatud riigi minevikku puudutavatest teemadest rääkimine, erines vastavates seadustes oluliselt karistuslike meetmete ulatus. Uurimus 2 leidsin, et Poola Seimis ja Ukraina Ülemraadas välja kujunenud lähenemine rahvuslikule ajalookirjutusele ennustas variatiivsust karistuslikes meetmetes ajaloost kõnelemist puudutavas seadusandluses. The dissertation investigates the politics of memory laws in Poland and Ukraine since the democratizing moments of 1989/1990. Considering two cases emblematic of the intensity of the politics of memory in the region, the thesis aimed to explain the overall patterns of memory legislation evolution and explicate the specific processes of punitive memory law-making in the parliaments of Poland and Ukraine. It systematically investigated the political dynamics behind collective memory regulation in two country-cases. I contribute to the state of the field in three ways. On a conceptual level, the thesis distinguishes the domain of collective memory regulation from transitional justice politics. It critically revisited the works over the concept of ‘memory law’ in order to show how this conceptual category can be used to analyze the patterns of collective memory regulation. In particular, I introduced a novelty with regard to the conceptualization of memory law originally formulated by Eric Heinze against the backdrop of other works in the field. Empirically, the dissertation provided an exhaustive and systematic investigation of commemorative lawmaking in the parliaments of two country-cases. The dissertation advanced its analysis based on a unique set of legislation consisting of 447 and 719 parliamentary acts issued by Ukrainian and Polish legislatures, respectively. Analytically, the dissertation explicated the reasons behind the patterns of collective memory regulation (Study 1) and the specific processes of the emergence of punitive memory laws (Study 2) in Poland and Ukraine. The rationale for dividing the dissertation into Study 1 and Study 2 was to illustrate the potential of operationalizing the concept of memory law into the empirical investigation of the politics of memory of country-cases. Study 1 examined the patterns of commemorative lawmaking in the parliaments of Poland and Ukraine, asking why there was a variation in intensity and propensity of commemorative lawmaking occurring in the politics of Polish Sejm and Ukraine’s Verkhovna Rada. Study 1 formulated two hypotheses regarding the politics of memorialisation. It set an aim to verify these hypotheses through an empirical investigation of the politics of memory laws in two countries. Furthermore, Study 2 engaged in process analysis of the emergence of punitive memory laws in the national parliaments of Poland and Ukraine. It asked why there was a variation in criminal punishment functions between Polish and Ukrainian laws on historical denialism. While each country-case outlawed certain instances of historical speech over the national past, the severity of prohibitions found in the relevant laws was different. As an analytical added value of the investigation, Study 2 argued that the types of orientation towards national historiographies taken in the politics of the Sejm and the Verkhovna Rada predicted the variation in the formulation of punitive provisions between Polish and Ukrainian laws on historical speech. https://www.ester.ee/record=b5507839

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    Authors: Pungas-Kohv, Piret;

    The doctoral thesis focuses on landscape and heritage as processes. In the main part of the thesis the formation of heritage is discussed with the help of the concepts of sustenance and maintenance. Sustenance has been defined as an unregulated holistic process. As concerns maintenance, heritage is defined as its object and it occurs via aimed protection, introduction, and other activities. In the light of these two concepts, the transformations in the meanings of two examples, swings and mires, during the past hundred years were studied. The main aim of the thesis is divided into four subtopics that include positioning of the examples on the scale of sustenance and maintenance, as well as introducing different factors that support or impede today’s functioning of phenomena that were formed in the past. The thesis results in the construction of a model that helps to map the modes of heritage managements: (A) living-in, in the case of which the local inhabitant is the creator/consumer of the heritage; (B) jumping-into that involves heritage consumption as a guest; (C) looking-at, in the case of which mostly passive spectatorship occurs. In the course of the study it appeared that village swing sites constitute vivid examples of the conception of living-in. Swings and swing sites are not protected institutionally; often swings are built because of the wish of the community. The main factor inhibiting the survival of swing sites is the fear of ensuing responsibility in case an accident should happen to anyone using the swing. As a solution, safer village swings might be devised and the responsibility could be shared between the swingers, the swing builders, and the owner of the land. Applying the model in case of mires helped to show that mires tend to be interpreted more from the position of looking-at and less from the perspective of jumping-into. The conception of living-in has survived in the context of berry picking. Maintaining mires as natural heritage finds expression in activities related to nature protection and nature education. It can be claimed that the example of mires demonstrates that heritage culture and nature protection tend to exclude each other, first and foremost favouring heritage management based on the conception of looking-at. In order to gain a more immediate contact, using mires based on the conception of jumping-into should be facilitated. The model of heritage functioning that was created also helped to prove that maintaining helps to define heritage objects, while sustaining is conducive of the objects’ active survival. Doktoritöö keskmes on maastik ja pärand kui protsessid. Teeside üldosas on pärandi kujunemist käsitletud mõistete säilimine ja säilitamine kaudu. Säilimist on määratletud kui iseeneslikku, holistilist kulgemist. Säilitamise korral on pärand objektina defineeritud ning säilitamine toimub läbi eesmärgipärase kaitsmise, tutvustamise vms tegevuse kaudu. Nende kahe kontseptsiooni valguses uuriti maastikus kahe näite, kiikede ja soode tähendusvälja muutumist viimase saja aasta jooksul. Üldosa jaguneb neljaks alaeesmärgiks, mis sisaldab kahe näite paigutumist säilimise ja säilitamise skaalale ning erinevate tegurite esitlusele, mis toetavad või takistavad minevikus tekkinu toimimist tänapäeval. Doktoritöö tulemusena on koostatud mudel, mis aitab kaardistada pärandi majandamisviise: A) elamise-kontseptsioon (living-in), kus kohalik inimene on ise pärandi looja/tarbija; B) elamus-kontseptsioon (jumping-into), kus pärandit külalisena tarbitakse; C) vaatlus-kontseptsioon (looking-at), kus inimene on pigem passiivse pealtvaataja rollis. Uurimuse käigus ilmnes, et külakiigekohad on ilmekaks elamise-kontseptsiooni näiteks. Kiikesid ja kiigekohti institutsionaalselt ei kaitsta; sageli on kiige ehituse taga kogukonna soov. Peamine kiigekohtade elushoidmist pärssiv tegur on hirm vastutuse ees, kui kellegagi kiikujatest peaks midagi halba juhtuma. Lahendusena on võimalik välja töötada turvalisemad külakiiged ning jagada vastutust kiikujate, kiigemeistrite ja maaomaniku vahel. Loodud mudeli rakendamine soodes aitas välja tuua, et soid käsitletakse eelkõige vaatlus-kontseptsiooni ja vähem elamus-kontseptsiooni kaudu. Elamise-kontseptsioon on säilinud marjade korjamise kontekstis. Soo kui looduspärandi säilitamine väljendub looduskaitselise ja loodusharidusliku tegevuse kaudu. Võib väita, et soode näitel pärandkultuur ja looduskaitse pigem välistavad üksteist, soodustades eelkõige vaatluspõhist pärandi majandamist. Vahetuma kontakti saamiseks tuleks soodes võimaldada ka elamus-põhist kasutust. Loodud pärandi toimimise mudel aitas ühtlasi tõestada, et säilitamine aitab defineerida pärandiobjekti, seevastu säilimine aitab objekti tegevuslikult elus hoida. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.

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    Authors: Kangur, Katrin;

    Teine maailmasõda on andnud ainest tuhandetele ajaloolistele filmidele, mis erinevates žanrites ja erinevatest vaatenurkadest lähtuvalt vormivad meie ajaloomälu. Tänapäeval moodustavad nii eluloofilmid kui ajaloolised filmid märkimisväärse osa sellest pagasist, mis mõjutab publiku arusaamist, kuidas ajaloolised sündmused aset leidsid. Kuitahes palju erinevaid ajalootõlgendusi kaasaegses kultuuriruumis ka ei esine, paneb miski ajaloolise ja biograafilise filmi puhul vaataja lähenema sellele teisiti kui väljamõeldud süžeel põhinevale mängufilmile. Doktoritöö “Adaptatsiooni ja vaatepunkti poeetika: ajaloolis-biograafilise filmiteose kirjanduslikud ja dokumentaalsed allikad” keskendub ajaloolis-biograafiliste draamafilmide kui filmimuganduste uurimisele. Tuginedes kolmele näitele, Roman Polanski holokaustiteemalisele filmile “Pianist” (2002), Max Fäberböcki Teise maailmasõja lõpusündmustest jutustavale “Naine Berliinis” (2008) ning Jan Troelli kirjanikuportreele Knut Hamsunist (“Hamsun” (1996)), on doktoritöös tähelepanu all milliseid eetilisi ja filmitehnilisi väljakutseid (auto)biograafiliste tekstide filmikeelde ümberpanek filmitegijatele esitab ning kuidas sellised filmid vaataja jaoks toimivad kui adaptsioonid: lisaks ajaloolisele tõepärasusele, on nende filmide juures oluline peategelase isik, tema lugu, kogemus ja nägemus sündmustest. Kuigi ajaloolis-biograafilised filmid ja (auto)biograafiad moodustavad olulise osa meie ajalooteadmiste kujunemisest, on nende filmiadaptsioone seni vähe uuritud. Ometi peegeldavad need filmitekstid keerulisi valikuid, mida filmitegijad peavad langetama, püüdes filmitekstis edasi anda niihästi autobiograafilise jutustuse “mina”, kui ka esitada “tõetruult” ajaloosündmusi. The doctoral dissertation Poetics of Adaptation and Point of View: Literary and Documentary Sources of the Historical-Biographical Film focuses on historical-biographical films as adaptations. This is a subject matter that has received surprisingly little attention, considering the importance and impact that written and filmed life narratives have had on contemporary culture. The Second World War has been depicted in thousands of historical films in different genres and from different perspectives that each influence the public understanding of history. While recognizing that contesting perspectives on history and subjective interpretations exist, the viewer of a historical-biographical film still expects to see “a true story”. Furthermore, if a historical-biographical film is based on a published (auto)biographical book, the expectations of meeting not only history but his or her story on screen are relevant to film’s reception. Besides historical and biographical facts, a personal story, individual life experiences and subjective point of view on events are also important in these films. This dissertation explores and discusses the process of adaptation of autobiographical stories. How the subjective point of view of the autobiographical narrator has been adapted into film text, is examined closely in three case studies presented in this thesis: Roman Polanski’s The Pianist (2002), Max Fäberböck’s A Woman in Berlin (2008) and Jan Troell’s Hamsun (1996). Specifically, the focus is on the ethical and technical issues filmmakers face when they attempt to combine the “subjective perspective” with a historically “accurate” story. https://www.ester.ee/record=b5231059

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rannamäe, Eve;

    Sheep (Ovis aries) has been one of the most exploited domestic animal in Estonia since the Late Bronze Age. Today, sheep husbandry forms a small, but important part in Estonian agriculture. By using zooarchaeological and genetic data, the aim of the dissertation is to study sheep husbandry and the development of maternal lineages in Estonia and more widely, in the Baltic Sea region, from the Middle Bronze Age (c. 1200 BC) until the present-day. The zooarchaeological part of the thesis focuses on animal consumption in Late Iron Age and medieval Viljandi and Karksi, and tackles the changes in proportion and exploitation of faunal resources over time. The genetic part of the research aims to analyse the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA both in the ancient populations and modern Kihnu native sheep. The results of the study indicate that, starting from the Bronze Age, sheep husbandry and utilisation in Estonia has been rather persistent. Nonetheless, changes occurred, which could mainly be related to two distinct periods. Firstly, the transition from prehistory to the Middle Ages, including the 13th century Crusades. Genetically it is expressed in population expansion, possibly linked to the overall increase in human population and the demand for meat supplies. Moreover, the growth of the populations seems to have relied on local herds, while the effect of imported animals was probably insignificant. Secondly, changes came along with the beginning of the large-scale breeding in the 19th century, aimed to improve the local production of mutton and wool. With slightly decreased genetic diversity, the local sheep, including the Kihnu native sheep, have been preserved up to the present. Lammas (Ovis aries) on alates hilispronksiajast olnud üks enimkasvatatud kariloomi Eestis. Tänapäeval moodustab lambakasvatus Eestis väikese, kuid järjest olulisema osa põllumajandusest. Tuginedes zooarheoloogilisele leiuainesele ja geneetilisele andmestikule, on väitekirja eesmärk uurida lambakasvatust ning lammaste emaliinide ajalugu Eestis ja laiemalt Läänemere kultuuriruumis keskmisest pronksiajast (u 1200 eKr) tänapäevani. Töö zooarheoloogiline pool keskendub hilisrauaajale ja keskajale Viljandis ja Karksis ning loomsete saaduste tarbimisharjumustele ajas ja ruumis. Geneetiline osa analüüsib emaliini pidi pärandatavat mitokondriaalset DNA-d vanades lambaleidudes ja ka tänapäevastes Kihnu maalammastes. Uurimusest selgub, et lambakasvatus ja lammaste tarvitamine toiduks on Eestis olnud pronksiajast peale üsna järjepidev. Siiski ilmnevad mõned murranguajad, millele tuleb seletust otsida laiemal ajaloolisel taustal. Need muudatused seostuvad kahe perioodiga. Esiteks üleminek muinasajalt keskajale koos 13. sajandi alguse ristisõdadega. Geneetilises andmestikus väljendub see lambapopulatsiooni suurenemises, mis on toimunud kohaliku talumajanduse ja olemasolevate loomade baasil, ning mis võib olla tingitud sellest, et keskajal kasvas koos rahvaarvuga ka kariloomade hulk. Teine murrang ilmneb seoses suure tõuaretusega 19. sajandil, mil eeskätt Lääne-Euroopast sisse toodud tõugudega hakati kohalike lammaste liha- ja villatootlikkust parandama. Hoolimata sellest on algupärased põliste tunnustega maalambad, eeskätt Kihnu maalammas, säilinud tänapäevani, kuigi mõnevõrra väiksema geneetilise mitmekesisusega. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.

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    Authors: Persiani, Michele; Hellström, Thomas;

    Affordances denote actions that can be performed in the presence of different objects, or possibility of action in an environment. In robotic systems, affordances and actions may suffer from poor semantic generalization capabilities due to the high amount of required hand-crafted specifications. To alleviate this issue, we propose a method to mine for object-action pairs in free text corpora, successively training and evaluating different prediction models of affordance based on word embeddings.

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    Article . 2019
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      Article . 2019
      License: CC BY NC ND
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    Authors: Bjerva, Johannes; Östling, Robert;

    Assessing the semantic similarity between sentences in different languages is challenging. We approach this problem by leveraging multilingual distributional word representations, where similar words in different languages are close to each other. The availability of parallel data allows us to train such representations on a large amount of languages. This allows us to leverage semantic similarity data for languages for which no such data exists. We train and evaluate on five language pairs, including English, Spanish, and Arabic. We are able to train wellperforming systems for several language pairs, without any labelled data for that language pair.

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    Article . 2017
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      Article . 2017
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    Authors: Anderson, Jaanika;

    This dissertation focuses on one area of the University of Tartu Art Museum, namely the cast collections, their formation, development and use in the pedagogical and scientific spheres in the 19th century. Although from the historical perspective, the cast collection was established simultaneously with the university art museum’s collection of originals, researching only the cast collections enables us to study the casts as a specific form of the reception of ancient art in greater depth. The first aim of the dissertation was to determine which factors initiated the creation and development of Tartu’s cast collection. For this purpose, the cast collection has been placed into the historical, ideological and academic contexts of Europe and Estonia. The other main research question related to the reception of this cast collection in academic teaching and scientific research. When collecting casts at the university’s art museum started at the beginning of the 19th century, however, in terms of contemporary Europe, a very new ready-made model was thus adopted. In a process that lasted more than a century, we can differentiate three stages affected by different paradigms: in the first half of the century, the museum was guided by a universal period affected by the ideas of the Enlightenment and Freemasonry, when besides ancient art and casts various art forms were collected. In the middle of the 19th century, the perfectionist period began when a specialisation in ancient art came about, including the collection of sculpture casts. After this phase, the museum had an art collection that was typical of universities. We can call the third phase the systemising stage where, in addition to collecting, publishing the collections also became a priority. The historical-political and social situations of the 19th century made the continuous growth of Tartu’s cast collection possible: the period 1803–1914 was a time without external aggressive interruptions or wars that made it possible directly to increase, arrange and use the collection according to trends, visions and abilities. The cast collection was already used in teaching in the first years after the museum’s founding. On the basis of the materials that have been preserved and found, it has to be stated that idea was relatively new and idealistic in the whole German cultural space, and the practical application of the idea on his course did not go very smoothly. In comparison to using Tartu’s cast collection in teaching, its role in scientific research was even smaller, however. Vätekirja teemaks on Tartu ülikooli kunstimuuseumi valandikogu kujunemine, areng ning kasutamine pedagoogilises ja teadussfääris 19. sajandil. Ehkki ajalooliselt kujunes valandikogu samal ajal koos ülikooli kunstimuuseumi originaalide koguga, võimaldab üksnes valandile keskenduv vaatlus üksikasjalikumalt uurida seda kui antiikkunsti retseptsiooni spetsiifilist vormi. Uurimaks millistest mõjuteguritest lähtudes antud kogu loodi ja arendati, paigutati see Euroopa ja Eesti ajaloolisesse, ideoloogilisse ja akadeemilisse konteksti. Teine suurem uurimisküsimus puudutab selle valandikogu retseptsiooni akadeemilises õppetöös ja teadustegevuses. Huvi autentse antiikkunsti ja sellega seoses ka valandite vastu algas Eesti alal eelkõige tänu valgustuse, sh vabamüürluse ja haridusideede levikule 18/19. sajandi vahetusel. Enam kui sajandi kestnud protsessis võime eristada kolme, eri paradigmadest mõjutatud etappi: esimesena valitses kunstimuuseumis universaalne periood, mil antiikkunsti ja valandite kõrval koguti väga erinevaid kunstiliike. 19. sajandi keskel sai antiikkunsti, sh skulptuurivalandite kogumisele spetsialiseerumisega alguse perfektsionismiperiood, millega astuti ülikoolide tüüpiliste kunstikogude hulka. Kolmandana võib nimetada süstematiseerimise etappi, kus kogumise kõrval muutus oluliseks kogude publitseerimine. Siinsed paradigmamuutused vormusid Euroopa üldise konteksti mõjul, kuid kogu täiendamine sõltus ka muuseumi juhatjata eelistustest, teadmistest ja kontaktidest ning nende vahetumisega kaasnesid paljudel juhtudel muutused muuseumi prioriteetides ning paradigmavahetused olid kergemini sisseviidavad. Siinse valandikogu järjepideva arengu tagas 19. sajandil väliste väliste agressiivsete katkestusteta ajaloolis-poliitiline ja sotsiaalne situatsioon. Tartu ülikooli asend kahe erineva kultuuri mõjusfääris, poliitiliselt Vene impeeriumi koosseisus ning haridus- ja kunstiideaalidelt saksa kultuuriruumis, mõjus valandikogu kujunemisele pigem positiivselt. Säilinud materjalide põhjal peab nentima, et muuseumi algidee oli kogu saksa kultuuriruumis võrdlemisi uudne ja idealistlik, kuid selle rakendamine praktilises õppes ei läinud nii ladusalt. Tartu valandikogu tähtsus teadustöös jäi võrreldes kogu kasutamisega õppetöös veelgi tagasihoidlikumaks.

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    Authors: Tõrv, Mari;

    The thesis “Persistent practices. A Multi-Disciplinary Study of Hunter-Gatherer Mortuary Remains from c. 6500–2600 cal. BC, Estonia” focuses on the question of how death was handled within and among hunter-gatherer communities in Estonia. The study departs from the human remains – both intact skeletons and loose human bones in occupation layers – bringing the human body to the foreground to detect mortuary practices through the lens of archaeo-thanatology, and to recreate the primary identities of these people by the application of osteological methods and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope studies. The time depth is provided by the radiocarbon dates of human bone collagen. The new radiocarbon dates show that the first burials took place at Narva Joaorg starting from the mid of the 7th millennium cal. BC. The youngest hunter-gatherer burials derive from Tamula that was used as a burial place for a longer time period; its end date corresponds to the burial at Naakamäe, being c. 2600 cal. BC. Stable isotope results show that all the human remains belonged to inland fishers and coastal hunters of marine fished and mammals, indicating the importance of hunting and gathering subsistence until the mid of 3rd millennium cal. BC in Estonia. Burials contained the remains of both females, males, and adults and children of all age groups. These general observations about biological sex and age allege that mortuary rituals were carried out irrespective of the primary identities of the deceased. The long temporal perspective allowed observing the continuum and change of practices. As indicated by the archaeothanatological analyses, a range of practices were considered as norm. Only a fraction of the population received archaeologically observable handling; the vast majority of these constitute primary inhumations in a variety of body positions either with or without grave goods. Also, clear evidence of practices in multiple episodes was demonstrated. The deceased had been placed in the ground of contemporary settlement sites, cemeteries, and solitary graves close to the hunter-gatherer pathways. However, instead of stressing the differences in grave goods, or in places for the dead, and/or variability in body positions, it is stressed that a unchanging pattern of underlying norms of mortuary practices persisted from the first evidence of mortuary remains in c. 6500 cal. BC until the mid 3rd millennium cal. BC. This core of practices was formed by the immediate handling of the dead, primacy of the corpse, absence of clear separation between life and death, and open character of the mortuary practices that allowed the maintenance and gradual change of mortuary rituals within and among hunter-gatherer communities. Key words: mortuary practices, practice theory, body as material culture, archaeothanatology, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, radiocarbon dates, hunter-gatherers, Stone Age, Estonia Käesoleva töö “Persistent practices. A Multi-Disciplinary Study of Hunter-Gatherer Mortuary Remains from c. 6500–2600 cal. BC, Estonia” [“Praktikate püsivus. Multidistsiplinaarne uurimus küttide ja korilaste matustest Eestis, ajavahemikul 6500–2600 eKr“] keskmes on küsimus, kuidas kohtlesid kiviaja kütid ja korilased surnuid. Lähtun surnukehast, õigemini selle materiaalsetest jäänustes, milleks siin on terviklikud luustikud ja üksikud inimluud asulate kultuurkihtides. Matmispraktikaid rekonstrueeritakse arheotanatoloogia abil ning surnute esmaseid identiteete osteoloogiliste meetodite ja süsiniku ja lämmastiku stabiilsete isotoopide analüüside kaudu. Luu kollageenist tehtud radiosüsiniku dateeringud annavad uurimusele ajalise sügavuse. Uute radiosüsiniku dateeringute kohaselt leidsid kõige vanemad matused toimusid 7. aastatuhande keskel Narva Joaorus. Noorimad dateeringud seevastu kuuluvad Tamula ja Naakamäe matustele, jäädes aega umbes 2600 eKr. Stabiilsete isotoopide uuringud näitavad, et vaadeldud inimluud kuuluvad sisemaa kalastajatele ja ranniku küttidele. See omakorda näitab, et kuni 3. aastatuhande keskpaigani eKr oli püügimajanduslik elatusviis määrava tähtsusega, lubades töös vaadatud surnuid koondada ühisnimetaja kütid ja korilased alla. Arheoloogiliselt nähtavad matmispraktikad said osaks nii naistele, lastele, kui ka meestele. Seetõttu võib öelda, et esmastel identiteetidel ei olnud matmispraktikate valimisel määravat rolli. Pikk ajaline perspektiiv lubab jälgida nii praktikate püsivust, kui ka muutusi. Arheotanatoloogiline analüüs näitab, et aktsepteeritava normi moodustas hulk erinevaid praktikaid. Kusjuures suur osa toonastest rituaalidest jääb tabamatuks. Arheoloogiliselt jälgitavatest praktikatest domineerib esmane laibamatus, samas tõestati ka mitme-episoodiliste matuste olemasolu Eestis. Surnuid sängitati nii asula kultuurkihti, kalmistutele, kui ka üksikmatustena asustusest eemale. Hoolimata mitmetest erinevustest rõhutatakse töös, et matuserituaalide põhisisu säilis ajavahemikus 6500–2600 eKr suures osas muutumatuna. Selleks muutumatuks tuumikuks võib pidada kohest tegutsemist surma ilmnemisel, surnukeha kesksust praktikate läbiviimisel, elevate ja surnute maailma ranget eraldamatust ja praktikate avatud iseloomu, mis võimaldas nende säilimise ja järk-järgulise muutumise ligi nelja aasta tuhande jooksul. Võtmesõnad: matmispraktikad, praktikate teooriad, keha materiaalse kultuuri osana, arheotanatoloogia, süsiniku ja lämmastiku stabiilsed isotoobid, radiosüsiniku dateeringud, kütid ja korilased, kiviaeg, Eesti

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    Authors: Rikka, Mariann;

    http://www.ester.ee/record=b4412050~S1*est

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    Authors: Kello, Katrin;

    In today’s pluralised societies and globalised world, general education meets a diversity of expectations. For the school subject History this means choosing from among, or finding a balance between, possible tasks such as fostering national identity, providing an overview of humanity’s past, enhancing critical thinking and contributing to the development of general competencies. This PhD thesis focuses on the range of understandings and expectations of general education history teaching, and on the perceptions of these expectations in Estonia and Latvia, on several levels: society, curriculum, and teachers. On the one hand, the dissertation focuses on general understandings, including both social and professional representations, particularly in Estonia. On the other hand it studies history teachers’ concepts and professional positions against the backdrop of this range of positions. The first aspect is studied based on earlier research, curriculum materials, and analysis of the Estonian Teachers' Newspaper articles published over a decade from 1999 to 2008. The other aspect is studied based on 53 individual interviews with Estonian and Latvian history teachers. The papers published as part of this dissertation show what choices and tensions school history teaching undergoes as a result of the concurrent existence of different, at times contradictory, understandings and expectations; how history teachers perceive and represent themselves, including as intermediaries between the understandings and expectations, and what action choices they see as available. Focusing on different aspects of the school subject, the papers illustrate how the newspaper articles as well as teachers’ individual perspectives are shaped simultaneously by individual characteristics and ‘objective’ socio-cultural positions. Üleilmastumine ja ühiskonna pluraliseerumine esitavad kooli ajalooõpetusele üha mitmekesisemaid väljakutseid. Õpetajatel, õppekava koostajatel ja teistel õppeaine kujundajatel tuleb selle muutuva kontekstiga jätkuvalt kohaneda. Neil tuleb valida või leida tasakaal paljude võimalike taotluste ja ootuste vahel, mida õppeainele esitatakse – õpilaste silmaringi laiendamisest ja identiteedi kujundamisest kriitilise mõtlemise arendamise ja muude üldiste oskuste toetamiseni. Käesolev doktoritöö keskendub ajalooõpetust puudutavate ootuste ja arusaamade mitmekesisusele – ning selle mitmekesisuse tajumisele – Eestis ja Lätis ning mitmel tasandil: ühiskonnas, õppekavas ning ajalooõpetajate hulgas. Ühelt poolt vaatleb töö ajalooõpetust puudutavate üldiste, nii sotsiaalsete kui professionaalsete arusaamade spektrit peamiselt Eestis. Teiselt poolt vaatleb töö ajalooõpetajate käsitusi ja positsioone nimetatud arusaamaspektri taustal. Esimese aspekti analüüs põhineb varasematel uuringutel, õppekava materjalidel ning Õpetajate Lehes kümne aasta jooksul (1999–2008) ilmunud artiklitel. Teise aspekti analüüs põhineb 53 Eesti ja Läti ajalooõpetajaga tehtud intervjuudel. Doktoritöö raames kirjutatud artiklid näitavad, milliseid valikuid ja pingevälju tuleneb kooli ajalooõpetuse jaoks erinevate, kohati vastandlike arusaamade ja ootuste üheaegsusest; kuidas ajalooõpetajad ennast mitmesuguste arusaamade vahendaja ja erinevate ootuste objektina kirjeldavad ning milliseid valikuid ja tegutsemisvõimalusi näevad endal olevat. Õppeaine eri aspektidele keskendumise kaudu ilmestab doktoritöö ajalooõpetuse alaste vaateviiside kujunemist individuaalsete ja sotsiokultuuriliste, “subjektiivsete” ja “objektiivsete” positsioonide vastastikmõjus. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.

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    Authors: Nekoliak, Andrii;

    Doktoritöö vaatleb mälupoliitika arenguid Poolas ja Ukrainas alates 1989./1990. aasta demokraatlikest siiretest, seda eeskätt läbi seadusandliku prisma. Neid kahte juhtumit võib käsitleda esinduslikena mälupoliitiliste debattide intensiivsuse osas regioonis ning doktoritöö seadiski eesmärgiks selgitada „mäluseaduste“ arengu üldisi mustreid ning selgitada lähemalt nn karistusõiguslikul tasemel vastu võetud seadusandlike aktide spetsiifilisi protsesse Poola ja Ukraina parlamentides. Dissertatsioonis uurisin süstemaatiliselt kahe juhtumiriigi ühismälu reguleerimise protsessiga seonduvaid poliitilisi arenguid. Doktoritööga panustan teadusala arengusse kolmel viisil. Kontseptuaalsel tasandil eristab väitekiri ühismälu reguleerimise valdkonna üleminekuõigluse poliitikatest. Käsitlesin kriitiliselt „mäluseadusi“ kontseptualiseerivaid töid näitamaks, kuidas kontseptuaalset kategooriat saab kasutada kollektiivse mälu reguleerimise mustrite analüüsimisel. Iseäranis olulisena uuendasin Eric Heinze tööst lähtudes mäluseaduste kontseptualiseerimist, suhestades selle omakorda teiste temaatiliste käsitlustega. Empiiriliselt toetub doktoritöö kahe juhtumiriigi parlamentides vastu võetud mälupoliitikaga seotud aktide ammendavale ja süstemaatilisele uurimisele. Doktoritöö analüüs põhines unikaalsel, maksimaalselt ammendaval seadusandlike aktide kogumil, mis koosnes vastavalt 447 Ukraina ning 719 Poola parlamendi alamkojas ning Senatis vastu võetud aktist. Analüütiliselt selgitab väitekiri erinevuste põhjuseid mälu ja mäletamist reguleeriva seadusloome komposiitmustrites Poolas ja Ukrainas (uurimus 1) ning karistusõiguslikul tasemel vastu võetud seadusandlike aktidega seotud spetsiifilisi protsesse (uurimus 2). Kahe uurimuse kaasamine väitekirja tulenes soovist illustreerida „mäluseaduse“ kontseptsiooni operatsionaliseerimise võimalusi juhtumiriikide mälupoliitiliste protsesside empiirilisel uurimisel. Uurimus 1 formuleeris kaks hüpoteesi parlamenditaseme mäluprotsesside regulatsiooni ajastuse kohta. Doktoritöö empiiriline analüüs vaidlustas olemasolevaid teoreetilisi vaatenurki, mille kohaselt peaksid mälupoliitilised protsessid algama varakult pärast siirdeprotsessi toimumist (üleminekuõigluse hüpotees). Selle asemel leidis uurimuses 1 toetust teine hüpotees (mälupoliitika hüpotees), mida tutvutatakse väitekirja sissejuhatuses. Uurimus 1 argumenteeris, et mälupoliitilise võimuvõitluse struktuur rahvusparlamentides tõi kaasa mäluseaduste profiilide hilisema intensiivistumise nii Poolas kui Ukrainas. Uurimus 2 keskendus Poola ja Ukraina parlamentides karistusõigluslikul tasemel vastu võetud seadusandlike aktide esilekerkimise protsessi analüüsile. Keskseks küsimuseks oli, miks erinesid Poolas ja Ukrainas teatud mälu- või ajaloopoliitilisi seisukohtade avaldamist keelustavad seadused oma karistusliku iseloomu poolest? Kuigi mõlemas riigis keelustati teatud riigi minevikku puudutavatest teemadest rääkimine, erines vastavates seadustes oluliselt karistuslike meetmete ulatus. Uurimus 2 leidsin, et Poola Seimis ja Ukraina Ülemraadas välja kujunenud lähenemine rahvuslikule ajalookirjutusele ennustas variatiivsust karistuslikes meetmetes ajaloost kõnelemist puudutavas seadusandluses. The dissertation investigates the politics of memory laws in Poland and Ukraine since the democratizing moments of 1989/1990. Considering two cases emblematic of the intensity of the politics of memory in the region, the thesis aimed to explain the overall patterns of memory legislation evolution and explicate the specific processes of punitive memory law-making in the parliaments of Poland and Ukraine. It systematically investigated the political dynamics behind collective memory regulation in two country-cases. I contribute to the state of the field in three ways. On a conceptual level, the thesis distinguishes the domain of collective memory regulation from transitional justice politics. It critically revisited the works over the concept of ‘memory law’ in order to show how this conceptual category can be used to analyze the patterns of collective memory regulation. In particular, I introduced a novelty with regard to the conceptualization of memory law originally formulated by Eric Heinze against the backdrop of other works in the field. Empirically, the dissertation provided an exhaustive and systematic investigation of commemorative lawmaking in the parliaments of two country-cases. The dissertation advanced its analysis based on a unique set of legislation consisting of 447 and 719 parliamentary acts issued by Ukrainian and Polish legislatures, respectively. Analytically, the dissertation explicated the reasons behind the patterns of collective memory regulation (Study 1) and the specific processes of the emergence of punitive memory laws (Study 2) in Poland and Ukraine. The rationale for dividing the dissertation into Study 1 and Study 2 was to illustrate the potential of operationalizing the concept of memory law into the empirical investigation of the politics of memory of country-cases. Study 1 examined the patterns of commemorative lawmaking in the parliaments of Poland and Ukraine, asking why there was a variation in intensity and propensity of commemorative lawmaking occurring in the politics of Polish Sejm and Ukraine’s Verkhovna Rada. Study 1 formulated two hypotheses regarding the politics of memorialisation. It set an aim to verify these hypotheses through an empirical investigation of the politics of memory laws in two countries. Furthermore, Study 2 engaged in process analysis of the emergence of punitive memory laws in the national parliaments of Poland and Ukraine. It asked why there was a variation in criminal punishment functions between Polish and Ukrainian laws on historical denialism. While each country-case outlawed certain instances of historical speech over the national past, the severity of prohibitions found in the relevant laws was different. As an analytical added value of the investigation, Study 2 argued that the types of orientation towards national historiographies taken in the politics of the Sejm and the Verkhovna Rada predicted the variation in the formulation of punitive provisions between Polish and Ukrainian laws on historical speech. https://www.ester.ee/record=b5507839

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    Authors: Pungas-Kohv, Piret;

    The doctoral thesis focuses on landscape and heritage as processes. In the main part of the thesis the formation of heritage is discussed with the help of the concepts of sustenance and maintenance. Sustenance has been defined as an unregulated holistic process. As concerns maintenance, heritage is defined as its object and it occurs via aimed protection, introduction, and other activities. In the light of these two concepts, the transformations in the meanings of two examples, swings and mires, during the past hundred years were studied. The main aim of the thesis is divided into four subtopics that include positioning of the examples on the scale of sustenance and maintenance, as well as introducing different factors that support or impede today’s functioning of phenomena that were formed in the past. The thesis results in the construction of a model that helps to map the modes of heritage managements: (A) living-in, in the case of which the local inhabitant is the creator/consumer of the heritage; (B) jumping-into that involves heritage consumption as a guest; (C) looking-at, in the case of which mostly passive spectatorship occurs. In the course of the study it appeared that village swing sites constitute vivid examples of the conception of living-in. Swings and swing sites are not protected institutionally; often swings are built because of the wish of the community. The main factor inhibiting the survival of swing sites is the fear of ensuing responsibility in case an accident should happen to anyone using the swing. As a solution, safer village swings might be devised and the responsibility could be shared between the swingers, the swing builders, and the owner of the land. Applying the model in case of mires helped to show that mires tend to be interpreted more from the position of looking-at and less from the perspective of jumping-into. The conception of living-in has survived in the context of berry picking. Maintaining mires as natural heritage finds expression in activities related to nature protection and nature education. It can be claimed that the example of mires demonstrates that heritage culture and nature protection tend to exclude each other, first and foremost favouring heritage management based on the conception of looking-at. In order to gain a more immediate contact, using mires based on the conception of jumping-into should be facilitated. The model of heritage functioning that was created also helped to prove that maintaining helps to define heritage objects, while sustaining is conducive of the objects’ active survival. Doktoritöö keskmes on maastik ja pärand kui protsessid. Teeside üldosas on pärandi kujunemist käsitletud mõistete säilimine ja säilitamine kaudu. Säilimist on määratletud kui iseeneslikku, holistilist kulgemist. Säilitamise korral on pärand objektina defineeritud ning säilitamine toimub läbi eesmärgipärase kaitsmise, tutvustamise vms tegevuse kaudu. Nende kahe kontseptsiooni valguses uuriti maastikus kahe näite, kiikede ja soode tähendusvälja muutumist viimase saja aasta jooksul. Üldosa jaguneb neljaks alaeesmärgiks, mis sisaldab kahe näite paigutumist säilimise ja säilitamise skaalale ning erinevate tegurite esitlusele, mis toetavad või takistavad minevikus tekkinu toimimist tänapäeval. Doktoritöö tulemusena on koostatud mudel, mis aitab kaardistada pärandi majandamisviise: A) elamise-kontseptsioon (living-in), kus kohalik inimene on ise pärandi looja/tarbija; B) elamus-kontseptsioon (jumping-into), kus pärandit külalisena tarbitakse; C) vaatlus-kontseptsioon (looking-at), kus inimene on pigem passiivse pealtvaataja rollis. Uurimuse käigus ilmnes, et külakiigekohad on ilmekaks elamise-kontseptsiooni näiteks. Kiikesid ja kiigekohti institutsionaalselt ei kaitsta; sageli on kiige ehituse taga kogukonna soov. Peamine kiigekohtade elushoidmist pärssiv tegur on hirm vastutuse ees, kui kellegagi kiikujatest peaks midagi halba juhtuma. Lahendusena on võimalik välja töötada turvalisemad külakiiged ning jagada vastutust kiikujate, kiigemeistrite ja maaomaniku vahel. Loodud mudeli rakendamine soodes aitas välja tuua, et soid käsitletakse eelkõige vaatlus-kontseptsiooni ja vähem elamus-kontseptsiooni kaudu. Elamise-kontseptsioon on säilinud marjade korjamise kontekstis. Soo kui looduspärandi säilitamine väljendub looduskaitselise ja loodusharidusliku tegevuse kaudu. Võib väita, et soode näitel pärandkultuur ja looduskaitse pigem välistavad üksteist, soodustades eelkõige vaatluspõhist pärandi majandamist. Vahetuma kontakti saamiseks tuleks soodes võimaldada ka elamus-põhist kasutust. Loodud pärandi toimimise mudel aitas ühtlasi tõestada, et säilitamine aitab defineerida pärandiobjekti, seevastu säilimine aitab objekti tegevuslikult elus hoida. Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.

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    Authors: Kangur, Katrin;

    Teine maailmasõda on andnud ainest tuhandetele ajaloolistele filmidele, mis erinevates žanrites ja erinevatest vaatenurkadest lähtuvalt vormivad meie ajaloomälu. Tänapäeval moodustavad nii eluloofilmid kui ajaloolised filmid märkimisväärse osa sellest pagasist, mis mõjutab publiku arusaamist, kuidas ajaloolised sündmused aset leidsid. Kuitahes palju erinevaid ajalootõlgendusi kaasaegses kultuuriruumis ka ei esine, paneb miski ajaloolise ja biograafilise filmi puhul vaataja lähenema sellele teisiti kui väljamõeldud süžeel põhinevale mängufilmile. Doktoritöö “Adaptatsiooni ja vaatepunkti poeetika: ajaloolis-biograafilise filmiteose kirjanduslikud ja dokumentaalsed allikad” keskendub ajaloolis-biograafiliste draamafilmide kui filmimuganduste uurimisele. Tuginedes kolmele näitele, Roman Polanski holokaustiteemalisele filmile “Pianist” (2002), Max Fäberböcki Teise maailmasõja lõpusündmustest jutustavale “Naine Berliinis” (2008) ning Jan Troelli kirjanikuportreele Knut Hamsunist (“Hamsun” (1996)), on doktoritöös tähelepanu all milliseid eetilisi ja filmitehnilisi väljakutseid (auto)biograafiliste tekstide filmikeelde ümberpanek filmitegijatele esitab ning kuidas sellised filmid vaataja jaoks toimivad kui adaptsioonid: lisaks ajaloolisele tõepärasusele, on nende filmide juures oluline peategelase isik, tema lugu, kogemus ja nägemus sündmustest. Kuigi ajaloolis-biograafilised filmid ja (auto)biograafiad moodustavad olulise osa meie ajalooteadmiste kujunemisest, on nende filmiadaptsioone seni vähe uuritud. Ometi peegeldavad need filmitekstid keerulisi valikuid, mida filmitegijad peavad langetama, püüdes filmitekstis edasi anda niihästi autobiograafilise jutustuse “mina”, kui ka esitada “tõetruult” ajaloosündmusi. The doctoral dissertation Poetics of Adaptation and Point of View: Literary and Documentary Sources of the Historical-Biographical Film focuses on historical-biographical films as adaptations. This is a subject matter that has received surprisingly little attention, considering the importance and impact that written and filmed life narratives have had on contemporary culture. The Second World War has been depicted in thousands of historical films in different genres and from different perspectives that each influence the public understanding of history. While recognizing that contesting perspectives on history and subjective interpretations exist, the viewer of a historical-biographical film still expects to see “a true story”. Furthermore, if a historical-biographical film is based on a published (auto)biographical book, the expectations of meeting not only history but his or her story on screen are relevant to film’s reception. Besides historical and biographical facts, a personal story, individual life experiences and subjective point of view on events are also important in these films. This dissertation explores and discusses the process of adaptation of autobiographical stories. How the subjective point of view of the autobiographical narrator has been adapted into film text, is examined closely in three case studies presented in this thesis: Roman Polanski’s The Pianist (2002), Max Fäberböck’s A Woman in Berlin (2008) and Jan Troell’s Hamsun (1996). Specifically, the focus is on the ethical and technical issues filmmakers face when they attempt to combine the “subjective perspective” with a historically “accurate” story. https://www.ester.ee/record=b5231059

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