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The translation and cultural adaptation of the ESSENCE-Q: Experience from south Slavic languages (Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Serbian, Slovenian)

In Croatia, like in the rest of Europe, gynecologists were the first to perform microscopic analysis of cervical cytological specimens. The first laboratory headed by E. Baršić, a gynecologist, was established in 1953 at University Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, now University Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zagreb University Hospital Center. Jasna Ivić, MD was the first to devote exclusively to gynecologic cytology since 1959. In 1968, she was appointed Head of the Laboratory of cytology, which developed into Institute of Gynecological Cytology in 1984; Jasna Ivić organized cytology service in line with the principles adopted worldwide, and is most credited for the progress of gynecological cytology in Croatia. During the past fifty years, Institute of Gynecological Cytology in collaboration with other institutions, Department of Cytology and Clinical Genetics, University Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Merkur University Hospital – Zagreb in particular, has stimulated continuous development of gynecological cytology in the professional, scientific and educational aspects in Croatia, while promoting due recognition of the Croatian gynecological cytology abroad. At the beginning of the third millenium, these efforts have also been intensified at Department of Gynecological Cytology, University Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Rijeka University Hospital Center and Department of Clinical Cytology, Osijek University Hospital, which also became the leading laboratories in the field in Croatia. In the period 1967–1974 organized education of cytotechnologists (Continuing education course for cytotechnologists in 1968) and cytologists (Postgraduate Study in Medical Cytology in 1967 and respective independent residency in 1974, both subsequently renamed as Clinical Cytology) was established. Both played a key role in the development of clinical as well as gynecological Cytology in Croatia. According to the Croatian Society of Clinical Cytology of the Croatian Medical Association (CMA) survey in 2005 454 619 Pap tests were performed by 72 cytotechnologists and 50 cytologists in 33 laboratories. This potential of gynecological cytology is of decisive importance in the secondary prevention of cervical carcinoma through properly designed, organized and controlled national screening programme to be carried out in Croatia, which should include new methods, HPV typing before all. Prvi laboratorij za ginekološku citologiju u Hrvatskoj osnovan je 1953. godine u današnjoj Klinici za ženske bolesti i porode Kliničkog bolničkog centra (KBC) Zagreb. Prvi voditelj bio je ginekolog Eduard Baršić, a od 1959. liječnice koje se bave isključivo citologijom i postaju specijalisti kliničke citologije. Prva je Jasna Ivić, koja je na čelu laboratorija do 1990. godine i najzaslužnija je za visoki stupanj razvijenosti ginekološke citologije u Hrvatskoj. Godine 1984. laboratorij prerasta u Zavod za ginekološku citologiju. Pola stoljeća Zavod je, kao vodeći laboratorij u nas, u suradnji s drugim uglednim institucijama i stručnjacima, posebice s Odsjekom za citologiju i kliničku genetiku Klinike za ženske bolesti i porode KB »Merkur« iz Zagreba, inducirao i realizirao razvoj ginekološke citologije u stručnom, znanstvenom i nastavnom području i promicao ugled hrvatske ginekološke citologije u svijetu. Početkom ovog stoljeća tim putem snažnije su krenuli i Odjel ginekološke citologije Klinike za ginekologiju i porodništvo KBC Rijeka i Odjel za kliničku citologiju KB Osijek, svrstavajući se tako među naše vodeće laboratorije. U razdoblju od 1967. do 1974. godine u Hrvatskoj je osnovana organizirana nastava za citotehnologe (Tečaj za trajno usavršavanje citoskrinera 1968. godine) i citologe (Poslijediplomski studij iz Medicinske citologije 1967. godine i istoimena samostalna specijalizacija 1974. godine; studij i specijalizacija kasnije su preimenovani u Klinička citologija). Zahvaljujući dugogodišnjem radu 2005. godine u Hrvatskoj postoji razvijena ginekološka djelatnost s 33 laboratorija u kojima su 72 citotehnologa i 50 citologa analizirali 454 619 Papa testova. Taj potencijal ginekološke citologije od presudnog je značaja u sekundarnoj prevenciji raka vrata maternice sa ciljem smanjenja incidencije i mortaliteta, a u okviru dobro osmišljenog, organiziranog i kontroliranog nacionalnog probira u Hrvatskoj, koji bi uključio i nove metode, prvenstveno HPV tipizaciju.

Zvonimir Maretic was the pioneer of the study of venomous animals and plants, toxicology, and tourism medicine. His achievements have been recognized, but insufficiently researched. His work covers a broad range of biomedical sciences: from public health, ecology, and environmental protection, to epidemiology and infectology. Maretic was one of the founding members of the International Society on Toxinology and the Toxicon journal's first Editorial Board. He was the first in Europe to prepare the antilatrodectic serum and to successfully apply the weever and scorpionfish antiserum on humans. This brief note tries to commemorate the achievements of Maretic, up to now poorly recognized and insufficiently researched. Zvonimir Maretić pionir je proučavanja otrovnih životinja i biljaka, njihove toksikologije te turističke medicine. Njegovo djelo i rad principijelno je cijenjeno, ali slabo istraženo. Djelovao je u širokom području medicine i biomedicinskih znanosti: od javnog zdravstva, ekologije i očuvanja okoliša do zaštite ljudskog zdravlja u obliku epidemiologije i infektologije. Jedan je od članova i osnivača Internacionalnog društva za toksinologiju i član prvoga uredničkog odbora časopisa To x i c o n . Prvi je u Europi priredio anilatrodektički serum i na ljudima pri - mijenio serum protiv otrova morskog pauka. Ovaj rad nastoji komemorirati njegova dosad zanemarena i nedovoljno istražena postignuća.

The last major cholera epidemic in the 19th century hit the city of Rijeka in the summer of 1886, during the fifth pandemic wave of 1881-1896. Previous research did not encompass a detailed analysis of the deaths caused by this infectious disease in the area of what was then the city of Rijeka. Analysing the causes of deaths in the register of deaths for the territory of the Rijeka parish, the authors present some of the characteristics of those who fell victim to the consequences of cholera. According to their death certificates, a total of eighty-two men and sixty-seven women died during epidemic. The average age of those who died of cholera was 36.4 years. The first death from cholera recorded in the Rijeka parish register of deaths occurred on June 25, and the last on September 24, 1886. In order to gain additional insight into the origin and course of the epidemic in the city, public health measures and measures enforced by the city authorities, as well as public reactions to the threat, the content of articles published in the weekly periodical La varietà was analysed. La varietà was published in Rijeka in the Italian language. Along with regular updates on the number of new cases and deaths, it contain until-now unrevealed details about the epidemic in the city, such as elements of oral tradition – the legend of cholera in Rijeka - and ethnomedically relevant information and superstitions tied to cholera infections or their treatment. In conclusion, the authors underscore the problem of reporting the number of deaths caused by cholera, which differ between the register of deaths and reports published in La varietà, as well as the need to investigate other archival sources in order to gain a broader insight into the cholera epidemic in the city of Rijeka in 1886. Posljednja velika epidemija kolere u 19. stoljeću u Hrvatskoj pojavila se u Rijeci u ljeto 1886., tijekom petog pandemijskog vala 1881-1896. Dosadašnja istraživanja nisu uključivala detaljniju analizu smrtnosti od ove zarazne bolesti na području tadašnje Rijeke. Analizirajući upise smrti u maticu umrlih na području župe Rijeka u 1886., autori u tekstu predstavljaju neka obilježja smrtnosti preminulih od kolere. Kako bi se dobio dodatan uvid u pojavu i tijek epidemije u gradu, u provedene javno-zdravstvene i druge mjere od strane gradskih vlasti kao i u reakciju građanstva na ugrozu, učinjena je analiza sadržaja članaka riječkog tjednika na talijanskom jeziku La varietà. U zaključku autori problematiziraju izvješćivanje o broju smrti od kolere i navode potrebu da se za širu sliku o epidemiji u Rijeci 1886. istraže i izvori na mađarskom jeziku.

The new Krapina Neanderthal Museum consists of two sections: a section reconstructing the life of the Krapina Neanderthal and a section bringing the latest knowledge about the evolution of life on Earth. It is a well of scientific information, a teaching tool, and the world’s largest find of Neanderthal fossil remains. This article briefly reports a tour visit of members of the Croatian Scientific Society for the History of Health Culture to the Museum, describes the facets of the exhibition, and gives the most important facts about the life of the Krapina Neanderthal. Novootvoreni Muzej krapinskih neandertalaca s dvosegmentarnim postavom: prikazom karakteristika života krapinskog pračovjeka te suvremenih znanja o evoluciji života na Zemlji izvor je znanstvene, stručne i edukativne spoznaje posjetiteljima, kao i reprezent najbogatijeg nalazišta fosilnih ostataka neandertalaca u svijetu. U ovom radu ukratko je prikazan stručnoznanstveni posjet Muzeju članova Hrvatskoga znanstvenog društva za povijest zdravstvene kulture, ispreplećući pritom opis funkcije i postav Muzeja s najvažnijim činjenicama o životu krapinskog pračovjeka.

Male circumcision has been perceived differently in different cultures. In modern times, if it is a non-medical indication, circumcision becomes the starting point of many ethical and other discussions. Its rootedness in Christianity is fixed, among other things, in sacral art and iconography. This article presents five sacral images of the Circumcision of Christ from the holdings of the Croatian sacral heritage with the aim of noticing their iconographic and sacral-medical values. In this article, it is presented the results of field research related to the identification and medical-iconographic presentation of the motive for the circumcision of Jesus Christ in the area of the northern and central Adriatic coast. Five such paintings have been recorded and will be described and compared with similar works by European masters. These are the works of Venetian and Central European provenance and were created between the 16th and 18th centuries. The basic traditional Jewish iconography is visible in all the paintings but modified according to current religious standards. These depictions from the area of Croatia contextualizing and filling in the gaps in verbal records on this topic in our region fit Croatia into an undoubted component of the European Judeo-Christian heritage and when it comes to rare iconographic depictions. Obrezivanje muškaraca u različitim je kulturama različito percipirano. U suvremenosti, ako je riječ o nemedicinskoj indikaciji, cirkumcizija postaje polazištem mnogih etičkih i drugih rasprava. Njezina ukorijenjenost u kršćanstvu fiksirana je, između ostalog, i u sakralnoj um-jetnosti i ikonografiji. U ovom radu prikazano je pet sakralnih slika Obrezanje Krista iz fundusa hrvatske sakralne baštine s ciljem uočavanja njihovih ikonografskih i sakralno-me-dicinskih vrijednosti. Djela su venecijanske i srednjoeuropske provenijencije, a nastala su u razdoblju od 16. do 18. stoljeća. Na svim je slikama vidljiva i osnovna tradicionalna židovska ikonografija, ali modificirana prema aktualnim vjerskim standardima. Sakralni prikazi ove tematike upotpunjuju praznine u verbalnim zapisima o ovoj tematici i njezinim simboličkim i drugim značenjima na hrvatskim prostorima.

Paleoradiology is the study of biological and other materials from archeological settings through the use of various medical imaging techniques. Although it is most often used in the scientific study of ancient human remains, it can also be used to study metals, ceramics, paper, and clothes. The aim of this study was to test two paleoimaging techniques (MSCT and mammography) in the analysis of an important Croatian liturgical vestment: the hood of a bishop’s cope from St. Lawrence’s Treasury in Trogir depicting St. Martin and a beggar. To ensure a safe environment for scientists participating in the analysis, a preliminary microbiological analysis was performed, which contributed to the database of microbiological flora found on Croatian archeological remains and relics studied to date. Due to a great amount of metal filaments, the paleoradiological analysis did not produce satisfactory results. However, a digitally enhanced image clearly showed fine metal embroidery of the hood that was not so easily perceived by naked eye. This article argues in favor of expanding paleoradiological studies on materials other than human remains and also of publishing unsatisfactory results, as important lessons for future development of techniques and methods to analyze ancient remains and seek answers about human historical and cultural heritage. Paleoradiologija je znanstvena disciplina koja se u analizi arheološki značajnih bioloških i drugih materijala služi različitim medicinskim slikovnim metodama. Iako se danas najčešće primjenjuje u istraživanju ljudskih ostataka, paleoradiologija se može koristiti i u analizi metala, keramike, papira i odjeće. Cilj je ovoga rada prikazati rezultate paleoradiološke (MSCT i mamografske) analize značajnoga hrvatskog obrednog crkvenog ruha: kapuljače biskupskog plašta s likom sv. Martina i prosjaka iz Trogirske riznice. Da bi se istraživačima osigurali sigurni uvjeti rada, izvedeno je mikrobiološko testiranje plašta, kojim su se nadopunili dosadašnji podaci o mikrobiološkoj flori hrvatskih arheoloških ostataka i relikvija. Zbog velikog broja metalnih niti prisutnih u kukuljici, paleoradiološka analiza nije dala zadovoljavajuće rezultate. Ipak, digitalno poboljšanje slike omogućilo je bolje uočavanje samog stila figuralnoga metalnog veza kapuljače, koji je teže uočiti golim okom. Naposljetku, studija obrazlaže značenje paleoradiologije u proučavanju nehumanoga arheološkog materijala kao i objavljivanje rezultata koji nisu posve zadovoljavajući, a bitni su za daljnji razvoj i poboljšavanje tehnika koje se koriste u istraživanju i arheološkog materijala i ljudske povijesti.

Whatever part of the World you come from, when you come to Rijeka you came to the heart of Europe. Rijeka is waiting for you with the scent of its sea and the hospitality of its people. Rijeka is a town of unusual, turbulent and intersected history. At the end of the IX Century the area of Rijeka was one of the most powerful industrial zones in Europe. Prof. Eugen Cerkovnikov, Ph. D., a much-respected chemist, first Head of the Department for Chemistry and Biochemistry on the then newly established Medical School in Rijeka, launched the initiative to form a branch-office of the Croatian Chemist Society in Rijeka. On 18 January, 1958 in the Big Classroom of the Medical School in Rijeka the Founding Assembly was held, and many respected scientists of that period were present. In 1960, the Rijeka branch-office of the Croatian Chemist Society merged with the Society of Chemists and Technologists and in 1973 the Biochemists section joined. In the five decades of its existence, the love towards chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, technology and chemical engineering, the love towards the basis of natural sciences and the wish to educate new, progressive generations formed the mission of the Society. The Society does not want to be closed in a guild organisation; its aim is to open its doors towards all those striving to progress. Former presidents of the Society were: Eugen Cerkovnikov (1958-1974), Marijan Kolombo (1974-1980), Josip Šilipeter (1980-1984), Marinko Oršia (1984-1996) i Nikola Bla?evia (1996-); and each one of them marked his era. Transitional circumstances have shut down forever many, until recently, extremely powerful industries in Rijeka. Today, Rijeka is searching for new paths, and we believe that our Society will continue to work on and give its contribution to this search. S koje god strane svijeta dođete u Rijeku, došli ste u srce Europe. Rijeka vas čeka mirisom svojega mora i gostoljubivošću svojih stanovnika. Rijeka je grad neobične i burne, čvornate prošlosti. Krajem 19. stoljeća riječko je područje bilo jedna od najsnažnije koncentriranih industrijskih zona u Europi. Ugledni kemičar prof. dr. sc. Eugen Cerkovnikov, prvi predstojnik Zavoda za kemiju i biokemiju na novoosnovanom Medicinskom fakultetu u Rijeci pokrenuo je inicijativu za osnivanje podružnice Hrvatskog kemijskog društva u Rijeci. U Velikoj predavaonici Medicinskog fakulteta u Rijeci, 18. siječnja 1958. održana je Osnivačka skupština, kojoj su nazočili mnogi ugledni znanstvenici onog vremena. Godine 1960. Hrvatsko kemijsko društvo podružnica Rijeka spaja se s Društvom kemičara i tehnologa, a 1973. i sa Sekcijom za biokemiju. Tijekom pet desetljeća postojanja ljubav prema kemiji, biokemiji, molekularnoj biologiji, tehnologiji i kemijskom inženjerstvu, ljubav prema temeljima prirodnih znanosti i želja da se odgajaju nove napredne generacije misao je vodilja Društva. Društvo ne želi biti zatvoreno u cehovsku organizaciju, već se otvoriti svima koji teže napretku. Dosadašnji predsjednici Društva bili su: Eugen Cerkovnikov (1958.-1974.), Marijan Kolombo (1974.-1980.), Josip Šilipeter (1980.-1984.), Marinko Oršić (1984.-1996.) i Nikola Blažević (1996.-). Svaki od njih na svoj je način obilježio vrijeme svoga djelovanja. Tranzicijske okolnosti zauvijek su ugasile mnoge sve do jučer iznimno moćne industrije u Rijeci. Danas Rijeka traži neke nove puteve, a mi vjerujemo da će naše Društvo i dalje djelovati.