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Cadre de recherche : Durant les trente années qui précèdent la Grande Guerre, l’expansion de l’économie mondiale engendre de nouvelles possibilités et de nouvelles contraintes pour les enfants et les adolescents, comme pour les adultes. Cependant, l’avis des mineurs sur leurs expériences de travail est peu documenté dans les sources écrites. Objectifs : Afin de découvrir les changements sociétaux qui ont affecté les jeunes, nous examinons la « page des enfants » d’un hebdomadaire rural de l’île du Sud de la Nouvelle-Zélande. Le point de vue des jeunes est essentiel à l’interprétation des trajectoires déduites des sources plus conventionnelles disponibles dans un contexte urbain nord-américain (Montréal, Québec).Méthodologie : À partir du site web d’archives PapersPast, nous avons recueilli 12 000 lettres de jeunes âgés de 6 à 19 ans, publiées entre 1886 et 1909, et extrait leurs commentaires sur deux sujets populaires : le travail qu’ils effectuaient (avec ou sans rémunération), et leurs maux de dents.Résultats : Les lettres nous informent des tâches assumées par les jeunes selon leur âge, leur sexe, la saison, la routine quotidienne et la structure familiale. Les changements dans la distribution des tâches entre 12 et 14 ans – changements qui coïncident avec une poussée de croissance et, pour la majorité, avec la fin de la scolarité – ont suscité des discussions à propos des comportements genrés et, chez les filles, de la résistance face à l’imposition d'un calendrier de leur passage à la vie adulte.Conclusion : La saisonnalité des tâches confiées aux enfants témoigne d’une contribution méconnue à l’économie rurale, cette dernière faisant partie du paysage de l’approvisionnement alimentaire industriel à l’échelle mondiale. La réaffectation du travail des jeunes se révèle continue et négociable. Contribution : Le foisonnement de l’information et des opinions contenues dans les lettres incite à étendre davantage l’expérimentation avec les sources journalistiques, afin de reconnaître la participation des groupes sociaux dont la contribution à la croissance économique demeure sous-estimée. Research Framework : Over the thirty years before World War I, expansion of the world economy occasioned new opportunities and new constraints for children and adolescents as well as adults; but experiences and responses of minors are understated in print sources. Objectives : To discover what societal changes young people noticed and talked about, we examined the « children's page » of a weekly newspaper available for a rural setting in the South Island of New Zealand. The perspective of youth is essential to interpret trajectories inferred from the more conventional sources available in a North American urban setting (Montreal, Quebec). Methodology : From the internet archive PapersPast we collected 12,000 letters of young people aged six through nineteen years, 1886-1909, and extracted their comments on two popular topics : the work they reported (paid or unpaid) and their accounts of toothache.Results : The letters inform us about tasks of young people by age, gender, season, daily routine and household structure. Changes in work assignments at ages 12 to 14, coincident with a spurt of growth and, for most, the end of formal schooling, evoked discussion among them about gender roles and, among girls, protest of the scheduling of their growing up.Conclusion : The seasonality of tasks assigned to children still in school indicates an unrecognized contribution to the elasticity of the rural economy on a global frontier of the industrial food supply. Reallocation of the labour of young people was an ongoing process, subject to negotiation.Contribution : The wealth of information and opinion accessed in the letters invites further experiment with newspaper content analysis for recognizing the participation of segments of the population whose contributions to economic growth have been underestimated.

BACKGROUND: Access to affordable inhaled medicines for chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) is severely limited in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), causing avoidable morbidity and mortality. The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease convened a stakeholder meeting on this topic in February 2022.METHODS: Focused group discussions were informed by literature and presentations summarising experiences of obtaining inhaled medicines in LMICs. The virtual meeting was moderated using a topic guide around barriers and solutions to improve access. The thematic framework approach was used for analysis.RESULTS: A total of 58 key stakeholders, including patients, healthcare practitioners, members of national and international organisations, industry and WHO representatives attended the meeting. There were 20 pre-meeting material submissions. The main barriers identified were 1) low awareness of CRDs; 2) limited data on CRD burden and treatments in LMICs; 3) ineffective procurement and distribution networks; and 4) poor communication of the needs of people with CRDs. Solutions discussed were 1) generation of data to inform policy and practice; 2) capacity building; 3) improved procurement mechanisms; 4) strengthened advocacy practices; and 5) a World Health Assembly Resolution.CONCLUSION: There are opportunities to achieve improved access to affordable, quality-assured inhaled medicines in LMICs through coordinated, multi-stakeholder, collaborative efforts. Funder: Medical Research Council

Recent work on Model Informed Drug Discovery and Development (MID3) has noted the need for clarity in model description used in quantitative disciplines such as pharmacology and statistics. 1-3 Currently, models are encoded in a variety of computer languages and are shared through publications that rarely include original code and generally lack reproducibility. The DDMoRe Model Description Language (MDL) has been developed primarily as a language standard to facilitate sharing knowledge and understanding of models.

Abstract A freshwater diatomite deposit near Dunedin, South Island, New Zealand provides an exceptional archive of mid-latitude, seasonal climate variation during latest Oligocene-early Early Miocene time. The diatomite accumulated in a small ~ 1.5 km diameter maar-floored lake that formed during basaltic volcanism. Except for exposures of basanite dated at 23.2 Ma by 40 Ar/ 39 Ar, and remnants of a Paleogene sandstone and conglomerate cover, the diatomite body is surrounded by Otago Schist. Geophysical profiles indicate that the total diatomaceous sediment thickness may exceed 100 m. Two depositional facies are described from 15.5 m of weakly-consolidated fresh diatomite accessible in two pits. A thinly laminated facies, comprising 60% of the section, consists of dark brown and white couplets of average thickness 0.5 mm. Both brown and white laminae are composed essentially of frustules of a single pennate diatom, along with 1–2% of siliceous sponge spicules. Dark laminae also contain abundant 5–7.5 µm diameter siliceous chrysophycean stomatocysts and organic matter. Decalcified complete skeletons of Galaxias , a southern hemisphere group of freshwater or diadromous fish, are found throughout. Diverse well-preserved leaves, some with attached scale insects, are dominated by Lauraceae. Rare flowers are also present. Trace fossils preserved in the laminated comprise 1–1.5 mm wide pale diatomaceous strings of probable faecal origin, and isolated 20–40 mm diameter sand lenses interpreted as faecal remains of swimming waterfowl. The second diatomite facies group comprises dark brown speckled beds, interpreted as sediment gravity flows. Up to 14 cm thick and interspersed throughout the study section, they incorporate abundant laminated diatomite flecks and leaves, and minor woody plant matter and terrigenous silt. Almost all are capped by 1–8 mm of white diatomite that is interpreted as post-flow fall-out of resuspended diatom frustules. Associated breccia and swirly beds up to 8 cm thick are composed of variably contorted clasts of laminated diatomite in a speckled matrix. Nodules, spheroids, and films of authigenic framboidal pyrite are commonly associated with plant and fish remains. As in modern lakes, white laminae likely formed from diatom blooms when light flux, temperature, or nutrients were optimal during spring–early summer; dark laminae accumulating during autumn–winter months. Laterally continuous pinstripe lamination, absence of bioturbation, and excellent fish and plant preservation indicate that the profundal lake and floor were anoxic. Periodic variations in couplet thickness of ~ 3–10 years compare with Quaternary records of El Nino–Southern Oscillation variability and indicate that the early Early Miocene low altitude New Zealand climate was seasonal and strongly ocean-influenced, as it is today.

The development of systematic mathematics requires writing, and hence a non-literate culture cannot be expected to advance mathematics beyond the stage of numeral words and counting. The hundreds of languages of the Australian aborigines do not seem to have included any extensive numeral systems. However, the common assertions to the effect that ‘Aborigines have only one, two, many’ derive mostly from reports by nineteenth century Christian missionaries, who commonly understood less mathematics than did the people on whom they were reporting. Of course, in recent decades almost all Aborigines have been involved with the dominant European-style culture of Australia, and even those who are not literate have mostly learned to use English-style numerals and to handle money. Similar qualifications should be understood when speaking of any recent primitive culture.